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The world economy
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Sixth Edition
The World Economy
GEOGRAPHY, BUSINESS, DEVELOPMENT
Frederick P. Stutz
San Diego State University
Barney Warf
University of Kansas
Logo to come
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, 1 Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stutz, Frederick P.
The world economy : geography, business, development / Frederick P. Stutz, Barney Warf.—6th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-72250-8 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-321-72250-7 (alk. paper)
1. Economic geography. 2. Economic history—1945- I. Warf, Barney, 1956- II. Title.
HC59.S8635 2012
330.9—dc22
Printed in the United States
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Geography Editor: Christian Botting
Marketing Manager: Maureen McLaughlin
Editorial Project Managers: Anton Yakovlev, Crissy Dudonis
Assistant Editor: Kristen Sanchez
Editorial Assistant: Christina Ferraro
Marketing Assistant: Nicola Houston
Managing Editor, Geosciences and Chemistry: Gina M. Cheselka
Senior Project Manager, Science: Beth Sweeten
Compositor: Progressive Publishing Alternatives
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Art Studio: Spatial Graphics
Photo Manager: Billy Ray
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Media Producer: Tim Hainley
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Associate Media Project Manager: David Chavez
Cover photos: Pudong skyline, Shanghai, China, by Steve Allen, Getty
Images (front); Skyscrapers in Pudong, Shanghai, China, by Zheng
Xianzhang, TAO Images Limited/Alamy (back)
ISBN-10: 0-321-72250-7
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-72250-8
2010045460
iii
CONTENTS
Preface to the Sixth Edition ix
Acknowledgments xi
The Teaching and Learning Package xii
Geography Videos Online xiii
About the Authors xv
About Our Sustainability Initiatives xvi
Dedication xvii
Chapter 1 Economic Geography: An Introduction 1
Geographic Perspectives 1
Five Analytical Themes for Approaching
Economic Geography 2
Modes of Theorizing in Economic
Geography 4
Location Theory 4
Political Economy 5
Poststructuralist Economic Geography 6
Capitalism 6
Economic Geography of the World
Economy 9
Globalization 12
Globalization of Culture and
Consumption 13
Telecommunications 13
Globalization of the Economy 13
Transnational Corporations 13
Globalization of Investment 14
Locational Specialization 14
Globalization of Services 15
Globalization of Tourism 15
Information Technology and
Globalization 15
Globalization versus Local Diversity 16
Problems in World Development 16
Environmental Constraints 16
Disparities in Wealth and
Well-Being 17
Summary and Plan 18
• Key Terms 19
• Study Questions 19
• Suggested Readings 19
• Web Resources 19
Chapter 2 The Historical Development of Capitalism 20
Feudalism and the Birth of Capitalism 21
Characteristics of Feudalism 21
The End of Feudalism 23
The Emergence and Nature of Capitalism 25
Markets 26
Class Relations 28
Finance 29
Territorial and Geographic Changes 29
Long-Distance Trade 31
New Ideologies 31
The Nation-State 33
The Industrial Revolution 35
Inanimate Energy 35
Technological Innovation 36
Productivity Increases 37
The Geography of the Industrial
Revolution 38
Cycles of Industrialization 40
Consequences of the Industrial
Revolution 41
CREATION OF AN INDUSTRIAL WORKING
CLASS 41
URBANIZATION 42
POPULATION EFFECTS 42
GROWTH OF GLOBAL MARKETS AND
INTERNATIONAL TRADE 43
CASE STUDY: Railroads and Geography 44
Colonialism: Capitalism on a World Scale 45
The Unevenness of Colonialism 45
How Did the West Do It? 46
A Historiography of Conquest 47
LATIN AMERICA 47
NORTH AMERICA 48
AFRICA 48
THE ARAB WORLD 49
SOUTH ASIA 50
EAST ASIA 50
SOUTHEAST ASIA 53
OCEANIA 54
The Effects of Colonialism 54
ANNIHILATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 54
RESTRUCTURING AROUND THE PRIMARY
ECONOMIC SECTOR 54
FORMATION OF A DUAL SOCIETY 54
iv Contents
POLARIZED GEOGRAPHIES 54
TRANSPLANTATION OF THE NATION-STATE 55
CULTURAL WESTERNIZATION 56
The End of Colonialism 56
Summary 56 • Key Terms 57
• Study Questions 57
• Suggested Readings 57
• Web Resources 57
Chapter 3 Population 58
Global Population Distribution 59
Population Density 60
Factors Influencing Population
Distribution 62
Population Growth over Time and Space 63
Population Change 63
Fertility and Mortality 64
Malthusian Theory 64
CASE STUDY: Population and Land
Degradation 68
Demographic Transition Theory 69
Stage 1: Preindustrial Society 69
Stage 2: Early Industrial Society 73
Stage 3: Late Industrial Society 75
Stage 4: Postindustrial Society 76
Contrasting the Demographic Transition
and Malthusianism 79
Criticisms of Demographic Transition
Theory 79
Population Structure 80
The Baby Boom, an Aging Population, and
Its Impacts 82
Migration 84
Causes of Migration 84
The Economics of Migration 84
Barriers to Migration 86
Characteristics of Migrants 86
Consequences of Migration 86
Patterns of Migration 87
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 91
CASE STUDY: The Great Depression (Baby
Bust) Ahead 92
Summary 93 • Key Terms 94
• Study Questions 94
• Suggested Readings 95
• Web Resources 95
Chapter 4 Resources and Environment 96
Resources and Population 97
Carrying Capacity and Overpopulation 98
Types of Resources and Their Limits 98
Resources and Reserves 98
Renewable and Nonrenewable
Resources 98
Food Resources 99
Population Growth 101
Poverty 102
Maldistribution 102
Civil Unrest and War 102
Environmental Decline 103
Government Policy and Debt 103
Increasing Food Production 104
Expanding Cultivated Areas 104
Raising the Productivity of Existing
Cropland 104
Creating New Food Sources 105
Cultivating the Oceans 106
High-Protein Cereals 107
More Efficient Use of Foods 107
A Solution to the World Food Supply
Situation 107
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources 107
Location and Projected Reserves of Key
Minerals 108
Solutions to the Mineral Supply
Problem 108
Environmental Impacts of Mineral
Extraction 109
Energy 109
Energy Production and Consumption 111
Oil Dependency 111
Production of Fossil Fuels 112
Adequacy of Fossil Fuels 112
Oil: Black Gold 113
Natural Gas 113
Coal 114
Energy Options 115
Conservation 115
Nuclear Energy 117
Geothermal Power 119
Hydropower 119
Solar Energy 120
CASE STUDY: Resources: Wind Energy 121
Wind Power 122
Biomass 122
Environmental Degradation 122
Pollution 122
Air Pollution 122
Water Pollution 123
Contents v
Wildlife and Habitat Preservation 123
Regional Dimensions of Environmental
Problems 124
Environmental Equity and Sustainable
Development 126
From a Growth-Oriented to a BalanceOriented Lifestyle 127
Summary 127 • Key Terms 127
• Study Questions 128
• Suggested Readings 128
• Web Resources 129
Chapter 5 Theoretical Considerations 130
Factors of Location 131
Labor 132
Land 133
Capital 134
Managerial and Technical Skills 135
The Weberian Model 137
Weber in Today’s World 138
Technique and Scale Considerations 140
Scale Considerations 140
Principles of Scale Economies 140
Vertical and Horizontal Integration and
Diversification 141
Interfirm Scale Economies:
Agglomeration 141
Chapter 6 Agriculture 156
The Formation of a Global Agricultural
System 158
The Industrialization of Agriculture 159
CASE STUDY: Agro-Foods 159
Human Impacts on the Land 160
Factors Affecting Rural Land Use 161
Climatic Limitations 161
Cultural Preferences and Perceptions 161
Systems of Agricultural Production 162
Preindustrial Agriculture 163
PEASANT MODE OF PRODUCTION 164
SHIFTING CULTIVATION 164
PASTORAL NOMADISM 165
INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE 166
Problems of Subsistence
Agriculturalists 167
Commercial Agriculture 168
U.S. Commercial Agriculture: Crops and
Regions 169
Commercial Agriculture and the Number of
Farmers 169
Machinery and Other Resources in
Farming 170
Types of Commercial Agriculture 170
MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK FARMING 170
DAIRY FARMING 171
GRAIN FARMING 171
CATTLE RANCHING 175
MEDITERRANEAN CROPPING 176
HORTICULTURE AND FRUIT FARMING 176
U.S. Agricultural Policy 177
The Farm Problem in North America 177
The U.S. Farm Subsidy Program 178
Sustainable Agriculture 180
The Von Thünen Model 181
Summary 182 • Key Terms 183
• Study Questions 183
• Suggested Readings 183
• Web Resources 183
Chapter 7 Manufacturing 184
Major Concentrations of World
Manufacturing 185
North America 185
Europe and Russia 189
East Asia 192
Deindustrialization 193
The Dynamics of Major Manufacturing
Sectors 195
Textiles and Garments 195
Evaluation of Industrial Location
Theory 142
How and Why Firms Grow 143
Geographic Organization of
Corporations 144
Organizational Structure 144
Administrative Hierarchies 146
Economic Geography and Social
Relations 146
Relations among Owners 146
Relations between Capital and Labor 146
Competition and Survival in Space 146
The Product Cycle 147
Business Cycles and Regional
Landscapes 148
Information Technology: The Fifth
Wave? 149
Business Cycles and the Spatial Division of
Labor 149
The State and Economic Geography 150
Summary 153 • Key Terms 154
• Study Questions 154
• Suggested Readings 154
• Web Resources 155
vi Contents
Steel 196
Automobiles 200
Electronics 201
CASE STUDY: Export Processing
Zones 205
Biotechnology 206
Flexible Manufacturing 207
Fordism 207
Post-Fordism/Flexible Production 208
Summary 210 • Key Terms 210
• Study Questions 210
• Suggested Readings 211
• Web Resources 211
Chapter 8 Services 212
Defining Services 213
Forces Driving the Growth of Services 216
Rising Incomes 216
Demand for Health Care and
Education 217
An Increasingly Complex Division of
Labor 219
The Public Sector: Growth and
Complexity 220
Service Exports 220
The Externalization Debate 221
Labor Markets in the Service
Economy 222
Characteristics of Services Labor
Markets 222
LABOR INTENSITY 222
INCOME DISTRIBUTION 223
GENDER COMPOSITION 224
LOW DEGREE OF UNIONIZATION 225
EDUCATIONAL INPUTS 226
Financial Services 227
COMMERCIAL BANKING 227
INVESTMENT BANKING 227
SAVINGS AND LOANS 227
INSURANCE 227
The Regulation of Finance 228
The Deregulation of Finance 229
The Financial Crisis of 2007–2009 230
Studies of Major Producer Services by
Sector 231
Accounting 231
Design and Innovation 231
Legal Services 232
The Location of Producer Services 233
Interregional Trade in Producer
Services 233
International Trade in Services 233
Electronic Funds Transfer Systems 234
Offshore Banking 236
Back-Office Relocations 236
Consumer Services 239
Tourism 239
CASE STUDY: Medical Tourism 240
Summary 241 • Key Terms 242
• Study Questions 242
• Suggested Readings 243
• Web Resources 243
Chapter 9 Transportation and Communications 244
Transportation Networks in Historical
Perspective 245
Time-Space Convergence or
Compression 249
Transportation Infrastructure 250
General Properties of Transport Costs 251
Carrier Competition 252
Freight Rate Variations and Traffic
Characteristics 252
Regimes for International
Transportation 252
Transportation, Deregulation and
Privatization 253
Hub-and-Spoke Networks 254
Personal Mobility in the
United States 254
Automobiles 254
High-Speed Trains and Magnetic
Levitation 256
Telecommunications 256
Fiber-optic Satellite Systems 258
Telecommunications and
Geography 259
Geographies of the Internet 261
Origins and Growth of the Internet 262
Social and Spatial Discrepancies in
Internet Access 263
CASE STUDY: Chinese Internet
Censorship 265
Social Implications of the Internet 265
E-Commerce 266
E-Government 267
E-Business 267
Health Care 268
Summary 268 • Key Terms 268
• Study Questions 269
• Suggested Readings 269
• Web Resources 269
Contents vii
Chapter 10 Cities and Urban Economies 270
The Rise of the Modern City 271
Urban Economic Base Analysis 272
The Urban Division of Labor 277
Urban Residential Space 278
The Residential Location Decision 278
The Filtering Model of Housing 278
Housing Demand and Supply 278
The Sprawling Metropolis: Patterns and
Problems 279
Out to the Exurbs 281
Suburbanization and Inner-City
Decline 282
Gentrification 282
Problems of the U.S. City 283
Urban Decay 285
The Crisis of the Inner-City Ghetto 285
Employment Mismatch 289
Global Cities 289
Urban Sustainability 292
CASE STUDY: Environmental Impacts of
Cities 293
Summary 295 • Key Terms 295
• Study Questions 296
• Suggested Readings 296
• Web Resources 297
Chapter 11 Consumption 298
The Historical Context of
Consumption 299
Theoretical Perspectives on
Consumption 302
Sociological Views of Consumption 302
Neoclassical Economic Views 304
Marxist Views of Consumption 305
Geographies of Consumption 305
CASE STUDY: Commodity Chains 307
Environmental Dimensions of
Consumption 308
Summary 310 • Key Terms 311
• Study Questions 311
• Suggested Readings 311
• Web Resources 311
Chapter 12 International Trade and Investment 312
International Trade 313
Trade by Barter and Money 314
Comparative Advantage 315
Transport Costs and Comparative
Advantage 316
Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory 316
Inadequacies of Trade Theories 317
Fairness of Free Trade 317
Worsening Terms of Trade 317
Competitive Advantage 319
International Money and Capital
Markets 321
International Banking 321
Euromarkets 321
Exchange Rates and International Trade 321
Why Exchange Rates Fluctuate 322
U.S. Trade Deficits 323
Results of the U.S. Trade Deficit 324
Capital Flows and Foreign Direct
Investment 324
World Investment by Transnational
Corporations 324
Investment by Foreign Multinationals in the
United States 325
Effects of Foreign Direct Investment 327
Barriers to International Trade and
Investment 330
Management Barriers 330
Government Barriers to Trade 331
Tariffs, Quotas, and Nontariff Barriers 332
Effects of Tariffs and Quotas 332
Government Stimulants to Trade 333
Reductions of Trade Barriers 333
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 333
World Trade Organization 334
Government Barriers to Flows of
Production Factors 335
Multinational Economic
Organizations 335
International Financial Institutions 336
Regional Economic Integration 337
The European Union 338
THE EU’S SINGLE CURRENCY 339
North American Free Trade Agreement 339
CASE STUDY: North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) 342
OPEC 343
Summary 344 • Key Terms 345
• Study Questions 345
• Suggested Readings 345
• Web Resources 345
Chapter 13 International Trade Patterns 346
World Patterns of Trade 347
The United States 348
U.S. MERCHANDISE TRADE 349
viii Contents
U.S. SERVICES TRADE 351
Canada 352
The European Union 352
Latin America 353
MEXICO 353
SOUTH AMERICA 354
East Asia 354
Japan 355
China 357
Taiwan 358
South Korea 358
Australia 358
India 359
South Africa 360
Russia 360
The Middle East 360
Major Global Trade Flows 361
Microelectronics 361
Automobiles 361
Steel 362
Textiles and Clothing 363
Grains and Feed 363
Nonoil Commodities 363
Summary 364 • Key Terms 364
• Study Questions 364
• Suggested Readings 364
• Web Resources 365
Chapter 14 Development and Underdevelopment in the
Developing World 366
What’s in a Word? “Developing” 367
How Economic Development Is
Measured 368
GDP PER CAPITA 368
ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE LABOR
FORCE 369
EDUCATION AND LITERACY OF A
POPULATION 369
HEALTH OF A POPULATION 372
CONSUMER GOODS PRODUCED 375
URBANIZATION IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES 376
CASE STUDY: Remittances 379
Geographies of Underdevelopment 380
Latin America 381
Southeast Asia 382
East Asia (Excluding Japan) 383
South Asia 383
Middle East and North Africa 383
Sub-Saharan Africa 384
Characteristic Problems of Less Developed
Countries 384
Rapid Population Growth 384
Unemployment and
Underemployment 385
Low Labor Productivity 385
Lack of Capital and Investment 386
Inadequate and Insufficient
Technology 386
Unequal Land Distribution 387
Poor Terms of Trade 387
Foreign Debt 388
Restrictive Gender Roles 390
Corrupt and Inefficient Governments 390
Trends and Solutions 392
Major Theoretical Perspectives
on Global Patterns of Development 392
Modernization Theory 392
Dependency Theory 395
World-Systems Theory 396
Regional Disparities within Developing
Countries 397
Development Strategies 397
Expansion of Trade with Less Developed
Countries 398
Private Capital Flows to Less Developed
Countries 398
Foreign Aid from Economically Developed
Countries 399
Industrialization in the Developing
World 399
Import-Substitution Industrialization 400
Export-Led Industrialization 400
Sweatshops 401
The East Asian Economic Miracle 401
Sustainable Development 404
Summary 406 • Key Terms 407
• Study Questions 407
• Suggested Readings 407
• Web Resources 408
Glossary 411
References 421
Credits 423
Index 425
PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION
The World Economy: Geography, Business, Development, Sixth Edition, offers a comprehensive overview of the discipline
of economic geography and how it sheds light on issues of development and underdevelopment, international trade and
finance, and the global economy. In an age of intense globalization, an understanding of these issues is central to both
liberal arts and professional educations, including the concerned voter, the informed consumer, and the alert business
practitioner.
In keeping with the discipline’s growing concern for political and cultural issues, which recognizes that the economy
cannot be treated separately from other domains of social activity, The World Economy focuses on the political economy
of capitalism, including class, gender, and ethnic relations. Throughout, it synthesizes diverse perspectives—ranging from
mainstream location theory to poststructuralism—to reveal capitalism as a profoundly complex, important, and fascinating set of spatial and social relations. It explores conceptual issues ranging from the locational determinants of firms to
the role of the state in shaping market economies. It approaches international development in an intellectually critical
manner, emphasizing multiple theoretical views concerned with the origins and operations of the global economy.
Anyone concerned about population growth and its consequences, environmental degradation, energy use and alternatives to fossil fuels, technological change, international competitiveness, public policy, urban growth and decline, and
economic development in the underdeveloped world, requires a basic understanding of economic geography.
NEW TO THE SIXTH EDITION
The sixth edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect the current dynamic nature of the world economy. Updates
include:
• Twelve new case studies provide relevant applications to add additional context and exploration of the chapter
concepts, set aside so as not to interrupt the main flow of the chapter narrative:
Chapter 2: Railroads and Geography
Chapter 3: Population and Land Degradation
Chapter 3: The Great Depression (Baby Bust) Ahead
Chapter 4: Resources: Wind Energy
Chapter 6: Agro-Foods
Chapter 7: Export Processing Zones
Chapter 8: Medical Tourism
Chapter 9: Chinese Internet Censorship
Chapter 10: Environmental Impacts of Cities
Chapter 11: Commodity Chains
Chapter 12: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Chapter 14: Remittances
• Revised discussion of manufacturing streamlines coverage of U.S. manufacturing substantially and enhances
coverage of the causes of deindustrialization. Discussion of the global shift of manufacturing to the developing
world is included.
• Updated coverage of services adds a short section on the financial crisis and recession that began in 2008, and
enhances discussion of tourism.
• Streamlined coverage of transportation and communications shortens the discussion of the technicalities of
transportation costs and aspects of communications technologies. Data on the use of the Internet have been updated
throughout.
• Revised coverage of cities and urban economies adds a section on the urban division of labor. Discussion of residential choice has been streamlined. Given the rising significance of environmental issues, discussions of related
topics such as urban sustainability have been integrated.
• Updated material on international trade and investment expands arguments in favor of protectionism.
• Reduced emphasis on the United States allows for greater exploration of other regions, such as the European
community and the developing world.
• Population data are updated throughout. Discussion of Malthusianism is enhanced, and coverage of the baby
boom is included, showing the perilous tension between the reduction of consumption (which drives the economy)
and the increase in the cost of aging through entitlement and health care costs.
• Discussion of the Weber model is streamlined in the book’s theoretical coverage.
ix
• Revised agriculture coverage reorganizes material on preindustrial agriculture.
• End-of-chapter material throughout has been revised and updated, including recommended readings and
Websites, key terms, and study questions.
• Tables and data throughout the text are updated—by far the most comprehensive of any textbook on the world
economy and economic geography.
• A new Premium Website at www.mygeoscienceplace.com. The new edition is supported by a Premium
Website, accommodating instructors’ need for a variety of teaching resources to match this dynamic discipline.
Modules include:
• New geography videos (from TVE’s Earth Report and Life series)
• In the News RSS feeds of current news related to chapter topics
• Web links and references
• Quizzes
• PowerPoint® presentations of lecture material and JPEG and PDF files of all tables and most figures
The World Economy offers a comprehensive introduction to the ways in which economic activity is stretched over
the space of the earth’s surface. Economists all too rarely take the spatial dimension seriously, a perspective that implies
all economic activity occurs on the head of a pin. In the real world, space matters at scales ranging from everyday life
to the unfolding of the capitalist world system. Geographers are interested in the manner in which social relations and
activities occur unevenly over space, the ways in which local places and the global economy are intertwined, and the
difference that location makes to how economic activity is organized and changes over time. No social process occurs in
exactly the same way in different places; thus, where and when economic activity occurs has a profound influence on
how it occurs. As globalization has made small differences among places around the world increasingly important, space
and location have become more, not less, significant.
Some students wrongly assume that economic geography is dominated by dry, dusty collections of facts and
maps devoid of interpretation. This volume aims to show them otherwise: Economic Geography has become profoundly
theoretical, while retaining its traditional capacity for rich empirical work. Others are intimidated by the mathematics of
neoclassical economics, believing that economic analysis can only be done by those with advanced degrees. This volume
does not presume that the student has a background in economics. It makes use of both traditional economic analysis as
well as political economy to raise the reader’s understanding to a level above that of the lay public but not to the degree
of sophistication expected of an expert. In doing so, this book hopes to show that economic geography offers insights
that make the world more meaningful and interesting. It is simultaneously an academic exercise, in the sense that it sheds
light on how and why the world is structured in some ways and not others, and a very practical one, that is, as a useful
narrative for those studying business, trade, finance, marketing, planning, and other applied fields. Each chapter includes
a summary, key terms, study questions, suggested readings, and useful Websites for those curious enough, brave enough,
and energetic enough to explore further. Following the introduction (Chapter 1), Chapter 2 puts today’s economic issues in
a historical context by providing an overview of the rise of capitalism and its global triumph over the last half-millennium.
The volume then lays out the basics of population distribution and growth (Chapter 3) as well as the production and use
of resources (Chapter 4), two major dimensions that underpin the economic health (or lack thereof) of different societies.
Chapter 5 summarizes major theoretical issues that run throughout the subsequent explications of agriculture, manufacturing, and services (Chapters 6–8). Chapter 9 focuses on the movement of people, goods, and information, reflecting
geography’s mounting concern for flows rather than simply places, while Chapter 10 delves into the economic geography
of cities. Consumption, a topic too often ignored in this field, is taken up in Chapter 11. Chapters 12 and 13 describe
global patterns of international finance, investment, and trade, that is, the networks of money, inputs, and outputs that
increasingly suture together different parts of the world. Finally, Chapter 14 focuses on the three-quarters of humanity
who live in the developing world, including issues of the uneven geography of capitalist development, poverty, and the
possibilities of growth in a highly globalized world system.
CAREERS INVOLVING ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
Aside from the appreciation of how economic landscapes are produced, how they change, and their implications for citizens, tourists, consumers, and voters, Economic Geography is increasingly important to the professional world. Given
how significant globalization has become in the contemporary world, there is almost no career that does not involve some
understanding of the dynamics of the world economy. Businesses and corporations increasingly operate on a worldwide
scale, in several national markets simultaneously, and must cope with foreign competitors, imports, and currencies.
National, and increasingly local, public policy is shaped in part by international events and processes. A key goal of this
volume, therefore, is to encourage students to “think globally,” to appreciate their lives and worlds as moments within
broader configurations of economic, cultural, and political relations. For example, people with an appreciation of
x Preface to the Sixth Edition
Preface to the Sixth Edition xi
Economic Geography never view the grocery store in the same light: What once appeared ordinary and mundane
suddenly becomes a constellation of worldwide processes of production, transportation, and consumption.
Economic Geography is useful professionally in several respects. It allows those who study it to understand corporate behavior in spatial terms, including investment, employment, and marketing strategies. It facilitates the complex and
important decisions made by managers and executives. Consulting firms often use Economic Geography principles in assisting firms in deciding where to invest and locate production. The analysis of global processes is vital to those involved
in public policymaking and the rapidly growing world of nongovernmental organizations. An understanding of trade
regimes, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or the European Union, for example, is critical to
appreciating trade disputes and currency fluctuations.
Anyone involved in business, marketing, advertising, finance, transportation, or communications will benefit from a
grounding in Economic Geography. As corporations increasingly become global in orientation, knowing about the
world’s uneven patterns of wealth and poverty, changing development prospects, energy usage, and the mosaic of government policies around the world is essential. Many jobs that involve Economic Geography are not labeled “geographer”
per se, but fall under different titles. A useful introduction to careers in this field may be found at the Website of the
Association of American Geographers (http://www.aag.org/), which has a section on jobs and careers.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to many people who helped us in this endeavor. Numerous colleagues in the discipline of geography,
within our departments and throughout North America and Europe, have inspired us in many ways, often without knowing it! Christian Botting of Pearson has been helpful in guiding the revision. Sylvia Rebert meticulously reviewed and managed the copyediting and page proof process for every chapter, clarifying points and polishing the writing. James
Rubenstein, author of The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Cultural Geography, graciously allowed us to use several of his figures. Matthew Engel (Northwest Missouri State University) has written the Test Bank for the book, Melvin
Johnson (Northwest Missouri State University) has authored the PowerPoint® slides, and Luke Ward (Michigan State
University) has written the chapter quizzes. Kevin Lear and Spatial Graphics have developed the new maps and figures in
this volume.
The following people have reviewed the previous edition of the book and played a key role in the revision plan for
the new edition: Steven W. Collins (University of Washington), Melanie Rapino (University of Memphis), Jeffrey Osleeb
(University of Connecticut), Hongbo Yu (Oklahoma State University), Lee Liu (University of Central Missouri), Gabriel
Popescu (University of Indiana—South Bend), Paul A. Rollinson (Missouri State University—Springfield), and Joseph
Koroma (Olympic College).
The following people have reviewed the chapters and the online material for accuracy: Lee Liu, Gabriel Popescu,
and Michael Ewers (Texas A&M University). We would like to thank the members of the Pearson team, including Project
Manager Beth Sweeten, Editorial Project Manager Anton Yakovlev, Marketing Manager Maureen McLaughlin, Senior
Technical Art Specialist Connie Long, Assistant Editor Kristen Sanchez, Associate Media Producer Tim Hainley, and
Editorial Assistant Christina Ferraro. Finally, we thank our friends and families.
Frederick P. Stutz
Department of Geography
San Diego State University
San Diego, California
http://www.frederickstutz.com
Barney Warf
Department of Geography
University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
http://www2.ku.edu/~geography/peoplepages/Warf_B.shtml
THE TEACHING AND LEARNING PACKAGE
In addition to the text itself, the authors and publisher have worked with a number of talented people to produce an
excellent instructional package.
PREMIUM WEBSITE FOR THE WORLD ECONOMY: GEOGRAPHY, BUSINESS,
DEVELOPMENT
The World Economy, Sixth Edition, is supported by a Premium Website at www.mygeoscienceplace.com, accommodating instructors’ need for dynamic teaching resources to match this dynamic discipline. Modules include:
• New geography videos (from Television for the Environment’s Earth Report and Life series)
• RSS feeds of current news related to chapter topics
• Web links and references
• Quizzes
• Lecture PowerPoints®
Television for the Environment’s Earth Report Geography Videos on DVD (0321662989)
This three-DVD set is designed to help students visualize how human decisions and behavior have affected the environment
and how individuals are taking steps toward recovery. With topics ranging from the poor land management promoting the
devastation of river systems in Central America to the struggles for electricity in China and Africa, these 13 videos from
Television for the Environment’s global Earth Report series recognize the efforts of individuals around the world to unite and
protect the planet.
Television for the Environment’s Life World Regional Geography Videos on DVD (013159348X)
This two-DVD set from Television for the Environment’s global Life series brings globalization and the developing world to
the attention of any geography course. These 10 full-length video programs highlight matters such as the growing number
of homeless children in Russia, the lives of immigrants living in the United States trying to aid family still living in their native countries, and the European conflict between commercial interests and environmental concerns.
Television for the Environment’s Life Human Geography Videos on DVD (0132416565)
This three-DVD set is designed to enhance any geography course. These DVDs include 14 full-length video programs
from Television for the Environment’s global Life series, covering a wide array of issues affecting people and places in the
contemporary world, including the serious health risks of pregnant women in Bangladesh, the social inequalities of the
“untouchables” in the Hindu caste system, and Ghana’s struggle to compete in a global market.
Goode’s World Atlas, 22nd Edition (0321652002)
Goode’s World Atlas has been the world’s premiere educational atlas since 1923, and for good reason. It features over
250 pages of maps, from definitive physical and political maps to important thematic maps that illustrate the spatial
aspects of many important topics. The 22nd Edition includes 160 pages of new, digitally produced reference maps, as well
as new thematic maps on global climate change, sea level rise, carbon dioxide emissions, polar ice fluctuations, deforestation, extreme weather events, infectious diseases, water resources, and energy production.
TestGen® Computerized Test Bank for The World Economy: Resources, Location, Trade, and Development
(download only)
TestGen® is a computerized test generator that lets instructors view and edit Test Bank questions, transfer questions to tests,
and print the test in a variety of customized formats. This test bank includes approximately 1000 multiple-choice, true/false,
and short-answer/essay questions mapped against the chapters of The World Economy, Sixth Edition. Questions map to the
U.S. National Geography Standards and Bloom’s Taxonomy to help instructors better structure assessments against both
broad and specific teaching and learning objectives. The Test Bank is also available in Microsoft Word® and is importable
into Blackboard and WebCT.
Instructor Resource Center (download only)
The Pearson Prentice Hall Instructor Resource Center (www.pearsonhighered.com/irc) helps make instructors more
effective by saving them time and effort. This Instructor Resource Center contains all of the textbook images in JPEG and
PowerPoint formats, and the TestGen Test Bank.
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