The SBE Broadcast Engineering Handbook

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Jerry C. Whitaker, Editor-in-Chief, is Vice President of Standards

Development for the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) in

Washington, D.C. He is the author or editor of more than 40 technical books,

including The DTV Handbook, The Standard Handbook of Video and Television

Engineering, The Standard Handbook of Audio and Radio Engineering, and

Communications Receivers. Mr. Whitaker is a Fellow of the Society of

Broadcast Engineers.

The Society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE) is the only organization devoted

to the advancement of all levels and types of broadcast engineering. With more

than 5100 members and 115 local chapters, the SBE provides a forum for the

exchange of ideas and the sharing of information to help members keep pace

with a rapidly changing industry. The SBE amplifies the voices of broadcast

engineers by validating their skills with professional certification, by offering

educational opportunities to maintain and expand those skills, and by speaking

out on technical regulatory issues that affect how members work.

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CONTENTS

SBE Editorial Advisory Board

Authors

Preface

Section 1 Regulatory Issues Ralph Hogan

Chapter 1.1 FCC Licensing and Administrative Basics for the

Technically Minded Ernie Sanchez

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Licensing Basics

1.3 Description of FCC Reference Resources

Chapter 1.2 Chief Operator Requirements Dennis Baldridge

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The Chief Operator Selection

1.3 Duties Required by the Chief Operator

1.4 Summary

Chapter 1.3 The Alternative Broadcast Inspection Program

(ABIP) Larry Wilkins

1.1 Introduction

1.2 About the Program

1.3 Final Comments

Chapter 1.4 Broadcast Accessibility Requirements Mike Starling

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Radio Reading Services for the Print Handicapped

1.3 TV for the Visually Disabled—Video Description

1.4 Broadcast Captioning

1.5 Conclusion

Chapter 1.5 The Emergency Alert System Larry Wilkins

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Emergency Alert System

1.3 For More Information

Section 2 RF Transmission Douglas Garlinger and Gary Sgrignoli

Chapter 2.1 AM and FM Transmitters Scott Marchand and Alex

Morash

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Theory

2.3 Transmitter Overview

2.4 Factors Affecting Performance

2.5 Reducing the Total Cost of Ownership and Extending Transmitter Life

References

Chapter 2.2 Coaxial Transmission Lines Derek Small, Nicholas

Paulin, Philip Young, and Bill Harland

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Transmission Line Types

2.3 Electrical and Operational Parameters

2.4 Power Handling

2.5 Differential Expansion

2.6 Semiflexible Transmission Line Systems

2.7 Rigid Transmission Line

2.8 Pressurization

2.9 Maintenance and Inspection

Chapter 2.3 FM Channel Combiners Derek J. Small

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Combiner Types

2.3 Frequency Response

2.4 Cross-Coupled Filters

2.5 Delay/Loss Correction

Reference

Chapter 2.4 Transmitting Antennas for FM and TV

Broadcasting Kerry W. Cozad

2.1 Introduction

2.2 General Antenna Characteristics

2.3 Installation

2.4 Maintenance

2.5 Summary

Bibliography

Chapter 2.5 Practical Aspects of Maintaining Medium-Wave

Antenna Systems in AM Transmission Phil Alexander

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Elements of the Antenna System

2.3 Technical Principles

2.4 Troubleshooting a Single Radiator Problem

2.5 Troubleshooting Directional Arrays

Chapter 2.6 International Shortwave Broadcasting Douglas

Garlinger

2.1 Introduction

2.2 FCC Regulation

2.3 International Shortwave Bands

2.4 Frequency Management

2.5 Frequency Requests

2.6 Shortwave Transmitters

2.7 Antenna Types

2.8 Single Sideband

2.9 DRM® Digital Radio Mondale™

2.10 Ionosphere

2.11 Smoothed Sunspot Number

2.12 Interval Signals

2.13 Reception Reports

2.14 Defining Terms

Bibliography

For Further Information

Chapter 2.7 Evaluation of TV Coverage and Interference Bill

Meintel

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Need for a More Sophisticated Model

2.3 The Longley–Rice Model

2.4 Final Thoughts

Chapter 2.8 DTV RF Considerations Douglas Garlinger

2.1 Introduction

2.2 8-VSB Signal

2.3 FCC Spectral Mask

2.4 8-VSB Transmission Monitoring

2.5 8-VSB Power

2.6 High Power Amplifier Devices

2.7 8-VSB Specialist Certification

2.8 Defining Terms

References

Chapter 2.9 ATSC DTV Transmission System Gary Sgrignoli

2.1 Introduction

2.2 System Description

2.3 VSB Baseband Description

2.4 VSB Baseband Spectral Description

2.5 VSB RF Spectrum Description

2.6 ATSC DTV Transmission System Parameters

Chapter 2.10 Television Transmitters John Tremblay

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Amplifier

2.3 Power Supplies

2.4 Control and Metering

2.5 Mask Filters

2.6 Cooling

Reference

Chapter 2.11 DTV Mask Filters Daniel S. Fallon

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Filters and Emission Limits

2.3 Types of Filters

2.4 Thermal Stability

2.5 Installation Considerations

2.6 Maintenance

2.7 Filter Retuning

Chapter 2.12 DTV Television RF Measurements Linley Gumm

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Measurements Using General Purpose Test Equipment

2.3 Determining Signal Quality

2.4 Signal Quality Measurements

Reference

Chapter 2.13 Hybrid Microwave IP and Cellular Data for

Newsgathering Nuraj Lal Pradhan and John Wood

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Migration from Analog FM Modulation to Digital Modulation

2.3 COFDM Overview

2.4 Cellular News Gathering (CNG)

2.5 Migration from Ku to Ka Band IP Satellite Systems

2.6 Migration to Hybrid Microwave Solutions

2.7 Hybrid Aggregation

2.8 Summary

List of Acronyms

References

Section 3 DTV Transport Dr. Richard Chernock

Chapter 3.1 MPEG-2 Transport John R. Mick Jr

3.1 Introduction

3.2 MPEG-2 Systems Specification Introduction

3.3 The MPEG-2 Transport Stream

3.4 Tables, Sections, and Descriptors

3.5 MPEG-2 Program Specific Information (PSI)

3.6 TS_Program_Map_Section Syntax

3.7 MPEG-2 Packetized Elementary Stream (PES) Packets

3.8 MPEG-2 System Timing

References

Chapter 3.2 Program and System Information Protocol: PSIP

Dr. Richard Chernock

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Virtual Channels

3.3 PSIP Tables

3.4 PSIP Descriptors

3.5 The Big Picture

Chapter 3.3 IP Transport for Mobile DTV Gomer Thomas

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Content Delivery Framework

3.3 Services

3.4 Signaling

3.5 Timing and Buffer Model

3.6 Announcements

3.7 Terms

References

Chapter 3.4 Mobile Emergency Alert System Wayne C. Luplow,

Wayne Bretl, and Jay C. Adrick

3.1 Introduction

3.2 M-EAS as Part of ATSC Mobile DTV

3.3 M-EAS Relationship to National Alerting Infrastructure

3.4 M-EAS Input Sources

3.5 Use Scenario

3.6 M-EAS Advantages

3.7 Implementation

3.8 Emergency Alerting as Part of ATSC 3.0

Bibliography

Chapter 3.5 ATSC Mobile DTV System Jerry C. Whitaker

3.1 Introduction

3.2 ATSC Mobile DTV, A/153

3.3 Supporting Recommended Practice

3.4 Transmission Infrastructure

References

Section 4 Information Technology Systems Wayne M. Pecena

Chapter 4.1 Information Technology and the Broadcast Plant

Wayne M. Pecena

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The IP Network—A Technology Review

4.3 Networking Standards

4.4 The OSI Model

4.5 Encapsulation and De-Encapsulation

4.6 The Data-Flow Layers

4.7 Conclusion

A4.1 Appendix

Suggested Further Reading

Chapter 4.2 Network Systems Gary Olson

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Network Infrastructure

4.3 Network Topology

4.4 File-Based Workflow Architecture

Chapter 4.3 Time and Frequency Transfer over Ethernet Using

NTP and PTP Nikolaus Kerö

4.1 Introduction

4.2 PTP—Precision Time Protocol

4.3 IEEE 1588—What the Standard Specifies

4.4 SyncE—Synchronous Ethernet: A Solution to All Problems?

4.5 Genlock over IP

4.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4.4 Standards for Video Transport over an IP Network

John Mailhot

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Historical View of Television Transport over Carrier Networks

4.3 MPEG-2 Transport Streams over IP Networks

Section 5 Production Systems Andrea Cummis

Chapter 5.1 Production Facility Design Richard G. Cann, Anthony

Hoover, Frederic M. Remley, and Ernst-Joachim Voelker

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Studio Design Considerations

References

Bibliography

Chapter 5.2 Audio System Interconnections Greg Shay and Martin

Sacks

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Audio over IP—A Primer

5.3 What Can You Do with AOIP?

5.4 Network Requirements

5.5 Network Engineering for Audio Engineers

Resources

Chapter 5.3 Audio Monitoring Systems Martin Dyster

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Audio Monitoring in Broadcast

5.3 Connectivity—Signal Types

5.4 The Future of Audio Monitoring

Chapter 5.4 Remote Audio Broadcasting Martin Dyster

5.1 Introduction

5.2 News Remote Broadcasting

5.3 The Future of Remote Broadcasting

Chapter 5.5 Master Control and Centralized Facilities John Luff

5.1 Introduction

5.2 The Function of Master Control

5.3 Centralizing Broadcast Operations

Chapter 5.6 Video Switchers Brian J. Isaacson

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Switcher Features

5.3 The Big Picture

Chapter 5.7 Automation Systems Gary Olson

5.1 Introduction

5.2 But Enough History

5.3 Orchestration—The Next Generation of Automation

5.4 Summary

Chapter 5.8 Media Asset Management Sam Bogoch

5.1 Introduction

5.2 A Brief History of Modern MAM

5.3 Four Ways to Categorize MAM

5.4 XML—A Key Interchange Format

5.5 Workflow Automation and Process Orchestration—A Paradox

5.6 Conclusions

Chapter 5.9 Production Intercom Systems Vinnie Macri

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Analog Party-Line/TW Intercoms, Wired

5.3 Digital Partyline Systems

5.4 Wireless Production Intercoms

5.5 IFB

5.6 Matrix Intercoms

5.7 Virtual Intercoms

Chapter 5.10 Broadcast Studio Lighting Frank Marsico