The Happiness Riddle and the quest for a good life

Mark Cieslik

The Happiness Riddle and the

Quest for a Good Life

The Happiness Riddle and the Quest for a

Good Life

Mark   Cieslik

The Happiness Riddle

and the Quest for a

Good Life

ISBN 978-0-230-28303-9 ISBN 978-1-137-31882-4 (eBook)

DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-31882-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016958025

© Th e Editor(s) (if applicable) and Th e Author(s) 2017

Th e author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identifi ed as the author(s) of this work in accordance

with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988.

Th is work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether

the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of

illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and trans￾mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or

dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

Th e use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication

does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant

protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Th e publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book

are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or

the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any

errors or omissions that may have been made.

Cover image ‘Th eo, Strangford Loch, 2011’ © Mark Cieslik

Printed on acid-free paper

Th is Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

Th e registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd. London

Th e registered company address is: Th e Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom

Mark Cieslik

Northumbria University,

Newcastle upon Tyne , United Kingdom

Dedicated to two young people,

June Jones and Kazimierz Cieslik,

South Wales, 1946,

‘where it all began’

vii

Th is book has been a long time in the making so there are many peo￾ple who have helped me and deserve some thanks. Colleagues at

Northumbria University have off ered support and constructive criticism

since I fi rst started writing this book. Likewise, many people from the

BSA Happiness Study Group have contributed ideas and inspired me to

keep working on this project. In particular, Laura Hyman and Alexandra

Jugureanu have supported me over the years in my eff orts to fi nish this

text. I also thank the editorial staff at Palgrave for their patience and also

the 19 interviewees who made this book possible. I also thank my various

family members for tolerating the years and years of conversations about

happiness and wellbeing. My friends too have also endured countless

conversations about happiness that have helped make this a much bet￾ter book. My gratitude goes to Steve Miles, Don Simpson, Craig Wood,

Mike, Jason, Phil, Sharon, Gerald, Jayne and Rob. Finally, I thank Clare

and Th eo who have provided all manner of insight, support and love,

without which this book would never have been fi nished.

Acknowledgements

ix

1 Introduction: Th e Happiness Riddle 1

2 Philosophy and the History of Happiness 13

3 Th e Economics of Happiness 27

4 Positive Psychology and Happiness 43

5 Psychoanalytical Th eory and Happiness 55

6 Sociological Approaches to Happiness 67

7 Happiness and Young People 93

8 Th e ‘Th irty Somethings’: Happiness in the Late Twenties

and Th irties 123

9 Happiness in Mid Life 157

Contents

x Contents

10 Happiness in Old Age 189

11 Conclusions: Making Sense of the Happiness Riddle 217

Bibliography 227

Index 229

© Th e Author(s) 2017 1

M. Cieslik, Th e Happiness Riddle and the Quest for a Good Life,

DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-31882-4_1

1

Introduction: The Happiness Riddle

All the world’s a stage,

And all the men and women merely players;

Th ey have their exits and their entrances;

And one man in his time plays many parts,

His acts being seven ages. At fi rst the infant,

Mewling and puking in the nurse’s arms.

And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel

And shining morning face, creeping like snail

Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,

Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad

Made to his mistress’ eyebrow. Th en a soldier,

Full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard,

Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,

Seeking the bubble reputation

Even in the cannon’s mouth. And then the justice,

In fair round belly with good capon lined,

With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,

Full of wise saws and modern instances;

And so he plays his part. Th e sixth age shifts

Into the lean and slipper’d pantaloon,

With spectacles on nose and pouch on side,

His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide

For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,

Turning again toward childish treble, pipes

And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,

Th at ends this strange eventful history,

Is second childishness and mere oblivion,

Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.

(William Shakespeare, As You Like It, Act II, Scene VII)

Shakespeare’s words have such power as they tap into some of our ele￾mental fears and desires about life. We age and change, and we rarely have

much control over this, yet we still struggle to live well. In Shakespeare’s

day as in the present, people wish to have a good life and be happy. In

modern cultures happiness is everywhere—advertising promising happi￾ness, self-help guides and simple steps to wellbeing and countless books

and fi lms depicting the pursuit of happiness. Th is book emerged from a

curiosity about the way that our everyday lives have become framed by

this idea of happiness and the desire for a good life. Is the prevalence of

ideas about happiness a good or bad thing? Does an increased awareness

of wellbeing help people live better lives or create misery as we judge

ourselves against the impossibly happy people on TV?

Another reason for my interest in happiness was that many of my friends,

now in their 40s, have gone from one crisis to another and seem far less

happy than they did 20 years ago. Th eir jobs and careers had been under￾mined by insecurity, countless reorganisations, long hours and wages failing

to keep pace with the cost of living. Balancing the demands of work with

the desire for a home life had also become diffi cult for my friends as their

children arrived, partners worked long hours and elderly family needed

caring for too. For some, these pressures were just too much to manage—

separation and divorce becoming a feature as we all entered our fourth

decade together. My friends had made choices that seemed right at the time

but they had been proved wrong—living well and being happy does seem

a riddle at times. Could my friends have made diff erent choices or pur￾sued diff erent paths in life to avoid the disappointments of work and the

heartbreak of divorce? Th is is a book then about not just how to encourage

2 The Happiness Riddle and the Quest for a Good Life

positive experiences, which is how happiness is commonly defi ned, but also

the management of the negative events that we all have to endure through

life. I understand happiness and the good life in part as the eff ort we make

to have a balance of the good and not so good experiences in life—as too

much of either can be problematic. In talking to people about happiness

I have been curious about whether we can learn from our experiences and

live happier lives. So this book is also about wisdom, and whether an aware￾ness of happiness can help us to develop ways of living that enable us to

better balance the good/bad events in our lives. In documenting happiness

through the lives of my 19 interviewees I consider whether their stories can

off er us some insights into how best to live a good life.

As an academic sociologist I had hoped that I would fi nd some research

from my discipline that would help me make sense of these questions

about happiness. A quick online search reveals thousands of books about

happiness and wellbeing so initially I was optimistic about fi nding soci￾ological research into happiness. Few of these books, however, are by

sociologists for they concern themselves far more with the problems of

modern societies than with issues such as fl ourishing and living a good life.

Indeed many sociologists actually see happiness itself as a major problem

in modern societies encouraging people to live superfi cial, consumerist

lives that distract us from more fulfi lling and socially engaged ways of liv￾ing. Even where there has been a more concerted study of happiness from

psychologists, economists, philosophers and therapists, these approaches

tend to off er a partial or idiosyncratic treatment of wellbeing. Psychologists,

through employing extensive surveys and experiments, often document

the impact of diff erent individual factors such as health or education on

wellbeing, neglecting how in reality these diff erent experiences are inter￾woven in complex ways to infl uence our happiness. Economists and phi￾losophers also use rigorous methods to generate vast amounts of data on

happiness yet use abstract models of individuals, ignoring how people

vary culturally and change as they age. Th erapy books off er us intriguing

personal testimonies about the search for happiness yet focus on personal

change as the key to a better life when in fact so much of our wellbeing

is shaped by our backgrounds and relationships with others. Th e aim,

therefore, in this book was to research happiness in a way that used the

valuable insights of these existing approaches whilst avoiding some of

their weaknesses.

1 Introduction: The Happiness Riddle 3

Researching Happiness and a Good Life

To explore some of these questions about happiness I interviewed 19

people between 2010 and 2014—some were interviewed just once over

several hours but most were interviewed several times. I selected peo￾ple of diff erent ages, men and women and those from diff erent social

backgrounds—some were middle-class professionals and others from less

affl uent backgrounds. Th e major aim was to examine what happiness and

a good life actually means to these people and whether it varies because

of class background, gender or age. I was curious about the way people

change over time and how wellbeing varies with age and so I constructed

a biographical profi le with each person in interviews that charted these

temporal developments. I also developed happiness maps for each inter￾viewee that charted how their experiences in diff erent domains such as

family, work and education infl uenced their wellbeing. In particular, I

wished to document how people feel about happiness and so I drew on

positive psychology to probe how wellbeing is very much a personal and

emotional feature of living and something that we refl ect on and think

through. Yet at the same time I also wanted to move beyond these sorts

of psychological questions to also explore how happiness is a much more

social phenomenon than just a characteristic of individuals. Here I draw

on more sociological thinking to investigate how my interviewees were

connected to social networks that infl uenced their wellbeing. Th is is an

approach that views happiness as something that can be shared, negoti￾ated and struggled over and refl ects the tensions and confl icts that emerge

out of the unequal power relationships that structure our lives.

For those wishing to explore better ways of living and for research￾ers curious about happiness it can often seem paradoxical or a sort of

riddle. Happiness is a powerful subjective feature of life and we work at

trying to be happier, yet these eff orts and emotions are infl uenced by a

complex array of relationships and processes we struggle to understand

and manage. As my interviewees’ stories show, they were at times unsure

about how best to enhance their wellbeing as the actions of others and

past events had constrained their autonomy. At the same time many also

refl ected on their lives and developed new ways of living that had helped

them to fl ourish.

4 The Happiness Riddle and the Quest for a Good Life

Happiness also seems a riddle as diff erent disciplines have a variety of

views on how to defi ne happiness, the sources of wellbeing and how best

to study these phenomena. Hence this book borrows a little from each

to develop a cross-disciplinary approach to wellbeing. From philosophers

such as Aristotle who suggested that wellbeing is something we work at in

practical ways each day. From psychologists who suggest that happiness

involves cognition and the balancing of positive and negative emotions.

From sociologists who identify the ways in which shifting economics,

cultures and policies structure lives creating patterns of wellbeing. And

from Psychoanalytical theory that shows how our deeper selves are made

and infl uences wellbeing in unpredictable ways.

Happiness is puzzling, as the study of an individual’s wellbeing has

to also consider the interrelationships that individuals have with oth￾ers. Classical philosophers acknowledged the social nature of happiness,

yet much wellbeing research by economists, psychologists and others

use experimental models and quantitative surveys that bracket out these

social aspects of happiness. As Skidelsky and Skidelsky ( 2012 ) have dis￾cussed, many philosophers, from Aristotle ( 2009 ), Marx ( 1983 ), Maslow

( 2013 ), Rawls ( 2005 ) and Nussbaum and Sen ( 1993 ) have developed

lists of universal needs or goods that are essential for a ‘good life’, such

as health, prosperity, trust, respect, reason, natural resources and so on.

Philosophers then debate how to create ‘Good Societies’ that enable their

citizens to access these goods so they can live well and be happy. I exam￾ine how important some of these goods are to the happiness of my inter￾viewees at diff erent points in their lives such as when young, through

marriage, mid-life and into old age. But I do this in a way that allows us

to see some of the messy interrelationships between these diff erent goods,

the negotiations and trade-off s. For the problems with these philosophi￾cal debates on wellbeing is how they are far removed from the historically

specifi c, everyday social practice of trying to live well.

When one talks to people about happiness one soon realises that living

well and a good life are things we always do with others—yet researchers

continue to represent it as a personal characteristic of isolated individu￾als that can be measured and expressed numerically through equations.

Th is construction of happiness means that it is studied in ways that

avoid diffi cult but essential questions about the way that people live in

1 Introduction: The Happiness Riddle 5

contemporary societies. We have to acknowledge that one person’s hap￾piness can be at the expense of others, which raises questions about the

choices people make, how they weigh up the ethics of these decisions

and the values that inform them (Sayer 2011 ). We need to contextualise

the success and happiness of individuals by relating their wellbeing to

the harms or benefi ts they create for others. Th is sort of social analysis

of happiness, together with some sort of ethical accounting, is necessary

if we wish to develop a critical happiness studies. I have witnessed the

‘success and happiness’ of many men and women that was only possible

because of the hidden sacrifi ce, loss and disappointments of many part￾ners, children and friends. In these times of austerity since 2008, govern￾ment policies around the world have impoverished many, whilst social

elites, implicated in the crash continue to prosper. How people therefore

experience and pursue happiness is interwoven with power and resources

and how these are patterned in terms of class, gender, sexualities, ‘race’

and so on. Hence critical happiness studies links wellbeing to issues of

domination, inequality and oppression and by drawing on sociological

theories (from Marx and Bourdieu) we can model these connections

between people and their struggle to live well and be happy. As C. Wright

Mills suggested when talking of the craft of being a sociologist, employ￾ing the ‘sociological imagination’ we have to strive to connect ‘personal

troubles to public issues’ (Mills 1959 ).We see this interplay of biography

and the creativity of people trying to manage wider social processes in the

stories that people told me about their happiness. Some were accounts of

achievement and good wellbeing, others about luck or misfortune, whilst

many more were about coping with injustice and overcoming the many

challenges that confront us in our eff orts to live well.

Outline of the Book

Th e fi rst section of the book reviews various literatures from diff erent

disciplines that have examined happiness and wellbeing. I off er a short

introduction to readers (and my students) of the way that philosophers,

psychologists, economists and sociologists have researched happiness. You

may wish to skip these chapters if you are more interested in fi rst- hand

6 The Happiness Riddle and the Quest for a Good Life

accounts of how people experience happiness. Nevertheless, these dis￾ciplines have provided interesting insights into wellbeing and I employ

some of these to develop my own understanding of happiness today—

though I also acknowledge there are issues with these accounts. Th is fi rst

half of the book is concluded with a brief discussion of the particular

approach I employed in this research—synthesising these diff erent ideas

and developing a particular methodology to study happiness empirically.

Th e second half of the book is made up of the empirical chapters that

explore the diff erent ways in which happiness was experienced for each

of the age cohorts interviewed for the project.

Chapter 2 introduces some of the ideas that philosophers have devel￾oped on happiness, in particular around the Greek and Roman notion

of happiness as a social process that people work at through their lives.

Th ese are ideas that informed how I conceptualised happiness and the

way in which it might be studied. I chart the increasingly individual￾ised way that happiness has been understood which refl ects processes of

modernity and which accounts for why it is often viewed simplistically

today as ‘subjective, good feeling’. We see the emergence of contempo￾rary pessimism over modernity and the possibility of happiness in the

writings of Rousseau that he attributes to the way the State and modern

cultures have vulgarised happiness. In simplifying what is a complex pro￾cess, Rousseau (like later sociologists) argues that our abilities to envision

a good life and to fl ourish have been greatly reduced. In contrast to such

pessimism, the teachings of Eastern philosophers and religious leaders

continue to off er people hope of a good life and happiness by providing

sets of principles and ethics to live by.

Chapter 3 explores some of the contributions that economists have made

to the study of happiness and in particular how various factors or events

are associated with diff erent levels of wellbeing. Although one can under￾stand the desire to measure wellbeing in the eff ort to inform policy and

create happier societies such ambitions are fraught with challenges. Not

least that happiness is experienced subjectively, involving layers of meaning

that are accumulated over many years out of the myriad of relationships

that make up a life. Th e analytical models and numerical expressions used

by economists abstract from much of this complexity and therefore create

images of wellbeing that at times seem far removed from how ordinary

1 Introduction: The Happiness Riddle 7