The Encyclopedia of Middle Grades Education

The Encyclopedia

of Middle Grades

Education

2nd edition

A volume in

The Handbook of Resources in Middle Level Education

Steven B. Mertens and Micki M. Caskey, Series Editors

THE HANDBOOK OF RESEARCH IN MIDDLE LEVEL EDUCATION

Steven B. Mertens and Micki M. Caskey, Series Editors

Research on Teaching and Learning With the Literacies of Young Adolescents (2015)

Edited by Kathleen F. Malu and Mary Beth Schaefer

Vincent A. Anfara, Jr., Series Editors

Common Planning Time in Middle Level Schools: Research Studies From the MLER SIG’s National Project (2013)

Edited by Steven B. Mertens, Vincent A. Anfara, Jr., Micki M. Caskey, and Nancy Flowers

Voices From the Middle: Narrative Inquiry By, For, and About the Middle Level Community (2010)

Edited by Kathleen F. Malu

An International Look at Educating Young Adolescents (2009)

Edited by Steven B. Mertens, Vincent A. Anfara, Jr., and Kathleen Roney

The Young Adolescent and the Middle School (2007)

Edited by Steven B. Mertens, Vincent A. Anfara, Jr., and Micki M. Caskey

Making a Difference: Action Research in Middle Level Education (2005)

Edited by Micki M. Caskey

Reforming Middle Level Education: Considerations for Policymakers (2004)

Edited by Sue C. Thompson

Leaders for a Movement: Professional Preparation and Development of Middle Level Teachers and Administrators (2003)

Edited by P. Gayle Andrews and Vincent A. Anfara, Jr.

Middle School Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment (2002)

Edited by Vincent A. Anfara, Jr. and Sandra L. Stacki

The Handbook of Research in Middle Level Education (2001)

Edited by Vincent A. Anfara, Jr.

THE HANDBOOK OF RESOURCES IN MIDDLE LEVEL EDUCATION

Steven B. Mertens and Micki M. Caskey, Series Editors

Clinical Preparation at the Middle Level: Practices and Possibilities (2016)

Edited by Penny B. Howell, Jan Carpenter, and Jeanneine Jones

Vincent A. Anfara, Jr. and Steven B. Mertens, Series Editors

The Legacy of Middle School Leaders: In Their Own Words (2011)

Edited by Tracy W. Smith and C. Kenneth McEwin

The Encyclopedia

of Middle Grades

Education

2nd edition

edited by

Steven B. Mertens

Illinois State University

Micki M. Caskey

Portland State University

Nancy Flowers

CPRD, University of Illinois

INFORMATION AGE PUBLISHING, INC.

M

Charlotte, NC • www.infoagepub.com

MIDDLE LEVEL EDUCATION RESEARCH

SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP

Copyright © 2016 Information Age Publishing Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any

means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

http://www.loc.gov

ISBN: 978-1-68123-569-1 (Paperback)

978-1-68123-570-7 (Hardcover)

978-1-68123-571-4 (ebook)

This edition of The Encyclopedia of Middle Grades Education

is dedicated to our beloved middle grades leaders, mentors, colleagues, and friends:

Vincent A. Anfara, Jr. and Thomas O. Erb

The Handbook of Research in Middle Level Education is endorsed

by the Middle Level Education Research Special Interest Group,

an affiliate of the American Educational Research Association.

As stated in the organization’s bylaws, the purpose of MLER

is to improve, promote, and disseminate educational research

reflecting early adolescence and middle-level education.

M

MIDDLE LEVEL EDUCATION RESEARCH

SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP

vii

Contents

List of Entries........................................................................................ix

About the Editors................................................................................xiii

List of Contributors.............................................................................. xv

Foreword..............................................................................................xix

John H. Lounsbury

Introduction to the Second Edition...................................................xxi

Micki M. Caskey, Steven B. Mertens, and Nancy Flowers

Entries.....................................................................................................1

Index...................................................................................................441

The Encyclopedia of Middle Grades Education, 2nd edition, pages ix–xi

Copyright © 2016 by Information Age Publishing

All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. ix

List of Entries

A

A Curriculum for the Middle School Years.................................... 1

A Middle School Curriculum: From Rhetoric to Reality................ 2

Ability Grouping....................................................................... 2

Academic Achievement............................................................ 5

Academic Excellence................................................................ 9

Accelerated Schools................................................................ 12

Accountability......................................................................... 12

Accreditation and Middle Level Teacher Preparation

Programs....................................................................... 16

Achievement Gap.................................................................... 19

Achievement Tests.................................................................. 22

Adaptations, Accommodations, and Modifications ............ 25

Administrators: Middle Level Principals.............................. 28

Advisory Programs ................................................................. 31

Affective Development........................................................... 35

After School Programs...........................................................38

Alexander, William M. ...........................................................42

Alternative Middle Schools.................................................... 43

American Educational Research Association ......................46

American Federation of Teachers......................................... 47

American Institutes for Research.......................................... 47

AMLE Magazine.......................................................................48

Anfara, Vincent A., Jr. ............................................................ 49

Arnold, John ........................................................................... 50

Arth, Alfred A. ....................................................................... 50

Arts Education........................................................................ 51

As I See It .................................................................................. 55

Assessment: Formative Evaluation ........................................ 55

Assessment: Summative Evaluation ...................................... 57

Association for Middle Level Education............................... 59

Association for Supervision and Curriculum

Development.................................................................60

Authentic Assessment............................................................. 61

B

Beane, James A. ......................................................................65

Bergmann, Sherrel.................................................................66

Brain Development................................................................. 67

Brain Growth Periodization .................................................. 70

Breaking Ranks Framework..................................................... 72

BRIDGES Project.................................................................... 73

Briggs, Thomas....................................................................... 74

Bullying ................................................................................... 75

C

Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development................... 79

Caught in the Middle.................................................................80

Center for Early Adolescence ................................................ 81

Center for Prevention Research and Development............. 81

Charter Schools...................................................................... 82

Classroom Management ........................................................86

Cognitive Development..........................................................89

Collaborative Decision Making............................................. 92

College and Career Readiness .............................................. 94

Collegiate Middle Level Association .................................... 97

The Committee of Ten Report..................................................... 97

Common Planning Time .......................................................98

Community ........................................................................... 100

Comprehensive School Reform........................................... 103

Cooperative Learning.......................................................... 106

Council of Chief State School Officers............................... 109

Counseling ............................................................................ 110

Curriculum Alignment........................................................ 112

Curriculum: Core................................................................. 116

Curriculum Development.................................................... 119

Curriculum Integration....................................................... 122

Curriculum: Interdisciplinary Unit .................................... 125

D

Democratic Classrooms ....................................................... 131

Developmental Responsiveness........................................... 133

Dewey, John........................................................................... 137

Dickinson, Thomas S. .......................................................... 137

x ◾ List of Entries

Doda, Nancy M. .................................................................... 138

Douglass, Harl R................................................................... 139

E

Early Awareness .................................................................... 141

Early Indicator Systems........................................................ 144

Edna McConnell Clark Foundation.................................... 148

Effective Schools................................................................... 148

Eichhorn, Donald H............................................................. 152

The Eight-Year Study ............................................................ 153

The Eight-Year Study Revisited: Lessons from the Past

for the Present................................................................ 153

Eliot, Charles W. ................................................................... 154

English Language Learners ................................................ 154

Erb, Thomas O...................................................................... 159

Erikson, Erik......................................................................... 160

The Exemplary Middle School.................................................. 161

Exploratory Curriculum...................................................... 161

F

Family Involvement and Partnerships................................. 165

The Forgotten Middle: Ensuring that All Students Are on

Target for College and Career Readiness........................ 169

G

Gaining Ground in the Middle Grades: Why Some Schools

Do Better....................................................................... 171

Garvin, James P..................................................................... 172

Gatewood, Thomas E. .......................................................... 172

George, Paul S. ..................................................................... 173

Gifted Students/Programs...................................................174

Grade Configuration: K–8 Versus Middle Grades............. 177

Grade Configurations at the Middle Level ........................ 181

Growing Up Forgotten: A Review of Research and Programs

Concerning Early Adolescence........................................ 185

Gruhn, William T. ................................................................ 186

H

Hall, G. Stanley..................................................................... 187

The Handbook of Research in Middle Level Education............. 188

The Handbook of Resources in Middle Level Education ........... 189

Health: Comprehensive Health Programs......................... 190

Health: Mental Health and Young Adolescents................. 194

Historical and Influential Publications in Middle

Level Education.......................................................... 195

I

Identity Development........................................................... 199

Inclusion................................................................................202

Inclusion: Students with Disabilities...................................204

Institute for Education Sciences..........................................207

Instructional Methods: Differentiated Instruction ...........207

Instructional Methods/Strategies....................................... 211

Interdisciplinary Team Organization................................. 213

J

Johnston, J. Howard ............................................................. 219

Journal of Adolescent Research.................................................220

Journal of Early Adolescence ....................................................220

Junior High School...............................................................220

K

Kilpatrick, William H........................................................... 223

Koos, Leonard V. .................................................................. 224

L

Leadership ............................................................................ 227

Learning Forward ................................................................230

Learning Styles..................................................................... 231

Lilly Endowment, Inc........................................................... 233

Limited English Proficiency ................................................235

Lipsitz, Joan S. ......................................................................238

Literacy..................................................................................238

Looping................................................................................. 242

Lounsbury, John H............................................................... 246

M

McEwin, C. Kenneth ............................................................ 249

Melton, George E. ................................................................250

Mentoring and Induction ....................................................250

Middle Grades Research Journal.............................................. 253

Middle Level Education—Origin of the Term..................254

Middle Level Education Research Special Interest Group.... 256

Middle Level Leadership Center......................................... 257

Middle Level Literature .......................................................258

Middle School Journal .............................................................260

Mindset: The New Psychology of Success................................... 261

Motivation............................................................................. 262

Multicultural Education ......................................................266

Multiple Intelligences...........................................................268

N

National Adolescent Literacy Coalition.............................. 273

National Association of Elementary School Principals..... 274

National Association of Professors of Middle Level

Education.................................................................... 274

National Association of Secondary School Principals ...... 275

NASSP National Middle Level Studies............................... 276

National Board for Professional Teaching Standards....... 277

List of Entries ◾ xi

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)

Middle Level Studies.................................................. 278

National Clearinghouse for Comprehensive School

Reform ........................................................................ 278

National Education Association.......................................... 279

National Forum to Accelerate Middle-Grades Reform.....280

National Middle Grades Research Project on

Common Planning Time...........................................280

New American Schools ........................................................282

New Literacies.......................................................................282

No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 ......................................286

O

Online Learning................................................................... 291

Organizational Structures...................................................294

P

Parents for Public Schools ...................................................299

Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College

and Careers.................................................................300

Peer Tutoring........................................................................ 301

Piaget, Jean ...........................................................................303

Professional Learning Communities..................................304

Program of International Student Assessment..................307

Progressivism ........................................................................308

R

Relationships......................................................................... 311

Research and Resources in Support of This We Believe

(2nd edition) .............................................................. 314

Research in Middle Level Education Online ............................ 314

Research to Guide Practice in Middle Grades Education .......... 315

R3 = Research, Rhetoric, and Reality: A Study of Studies ......... 316

Response to Intervention......................................................317

Rural Middle Schools........................................................... 320

S

Scheduling: Flexible Interdisciplinary Block Schedules.....325

School Culture...................................................................... 331

School Size ............................................................................335

Schools to Watch ..................................................................338

School-Within-School Organization ..................................340

Self-Concept/Self-Esteem....................................................343

Service Learning ..................................................................346

Shadow Studies.....................................................................349

Shooting for the Sun: The Message for Middle School Reform ... 351

Smarter Balance Assessment Consortium.......................... 352

Social and Emotional Learning .......................................... 353

The Society for Research on Adolescence..........................356

Soundings: A Democratic Student-Centered Education............. 357

Southern Regional Education Board ................................. 357

Special Education in Middle Schools.................................358

Sports in Middle Schools..................................................... 361

Standards ..............................................................................365

STEM—Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math.....369

Stevenson, Christopher........................................................ 372

Student-Led Conferences .................................................... 373

Successful Schools for Young Adolescents .................................. 377

Swaim, John H. ..................................................................... 377

Swaim, Sue ............................................................................ 378

T

Taking Center Stage................................................................. 381

Teacher Certification ...........................................................382

Teacher Preservice Preparation..........................................385

Teacher Professional Development.....................................388

Teaching Middle Years: Rethinking Curriculum, Pedagogy

and Assessment..............................................................390

Technology Integration ....................................................... 391

Testing ...................................................................................394

Testing: High Stakes.............................................................396

Thematic Units.....................................................................400

Third International Mathematics and Science Study .......402

This We Believe: Keys to Educating Young Adolescents.............403

Title I.....................................................................................404

Toepfer, Jr., Conrad F...........................................................406

Transition Programs ............................................................407

Transitions ............................................................................ 411

Turning Points 2000: Educating Adolescents in the

21st Century.................................................................. 414

Turning Points: Preparing American Youth for the

21st Century.................................................................. 415

21st Century Skills................................................................ 416

Tyler, Ralph W....................................................................... 418

U

U.S. Department of Education............................................ 421

Underachievement ...............................................................422

Urban Middle School...........................................................426

V

Vars, Gordon F...................................................................... 431

Vygotsky, Lev......................................................................... 432

W

W. K. Kellogg Foundation.................................................... 433

We Gain More Than We Give: Teaming in Middle Schools.......434

What Works Clearinghouse .................................................434

Y

Young Adolescent Development.......................................... 437

The Encyclopedia of Middle Grades Education, 2nd edition, page xiii

Copyright © 2016 by Information Age Publishing

All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. xiii

About the Editors

Steven B. Mertens is associate professor of middle level education in the School of Teaching

and Learning at Illinois State University. He has authored or co-authored more than 60 pub￾lications and has presented papers at 80 international, national, and state conferences ad￾dressing varying aspects of middle level education and reform. Together with Micki Caskey, he

serves as co-editor of the book series: The Handbook of Research in Middle Level Education and The

Handbook of Resources in Middle Level Education. Steve is a former chair of AERA’s Middle Level

Education Research SIG, a former member of AMLE’s Research Advisory Board, and a mem￾ber of the National Forum to Accelerate Middle Grade’s Reform. Email: [email protected]

Micki M. Caskey is associate dean and professor in the Graduate School of Education at Port￾land State University. She serves as co-editor of the book series, The Handbook of Research in

Middle Level Education and The Handbook of Resources in Middle Level Education. She is the author

or co-author of more than 60 publications and 100 conference presentations. Micki is former

chair of AERA’s Middle Level Education Research SIG, former chair of Association for Middle

Level Education’s Research Advisory Board, and past editor of Research in Middle Level Educa￾tion Online. She is also a former public school teacher who taught young adolescents for more

than 20 years. E-mail: [email protected]

Nancy Flowers is Assistant Director of Research Programs at the Center for Prevention Re￾search and Development (CPRD) in the School of Social Work at the University of Illinois in

Urbana-Champaign. For 20 years, Nancy has served as a principal investigator and project di￾rector of research and evaluation projects related to middle grades education and reform. Her

work includes large-scale evaluations of comprehensive middle-grades reform efforts. Most

recently, she serves as lead evaluator for two U.S. Department of Education Investing in Inno￾vation (i3) grants which are focused on working with middle-grades schools. Nancy has nu￾merous publications, reports, and presentations on topics related to middle-grades research.

She has served on the board of the National Forum to Accelerate Middle-Grades Reform, as a

Council Member for AERA’s Middle Level Education Research SIG, and as a co-leader for the

AERA Middle Level Education Research SIG’s National Middle Grades Research Project on

Common Planning Time. Email: [email protected]