The critical turn in tourism studies innovative research methods (ADVANCES IN TOURISM RESEARCH)

THE CRITICAL TURN IN TOURISM STUDIES

INNOVATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES

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ADVANCES IN TOURISM RESEARCH

Series Editor: Professor Stephen J. Page

University of Stirling, UK

[email protected]

Advances in Tourism Research series publishes monographs and edited volumes that comprise state-of-the-art

research findings, written and edited by leading researchers working in the wider field of tourism studies. The

series has been designed to provide a cutting edge focus for researchers interested in tourism, particularly the

management issues now facing decision-makers, policy analysts and the public sector. The audience is much

wider than just academics and each book seeks to make a significant contribution to the literature in the field of

study by not only reviewing the state of knowledge relating to each topic but also questioning some of the pre￾vailing assumptions and research paradigms which currently exist in tourism research. The series also aims to

provide a platform for further studies in each area by highlighting key research agendas, which will stimulate fur￾ther debate and interest in the expanding area of tourism research. The series is always willing to consider new

ideas for innovative and scholarly books, inquiries should be made directly to the Series Editor.

Published:

Benchmarking National Tourism Organisations and Agencies

LENNON, SMITH, COCKEREL & TREW

Extreme Tourism: Lessons from the World’s Cold Water Islands

BALDACCHINO

Tourism Local Systems and Networking

LAZZERETTI & PETRILLO

Progress in Tourism Marketing

KOZAK & ANDREU

Destination Marketing Organisations

PIKE

Indigenous Tourism

RYAN AND AICKEN

An International Handbook of Tourism Education

AIREY & TRIBE

Tourism in Turbulent Times

WILKS, PENDERGAST & LEGGAT

Taking Tourism to the Limits

RYAN, PAGE & AICKEN

Tourism and Social Identities

BURNS & NOVELLI

Micro-clusters & Networks – The Growth of Tourism

MICHAEL

Tourism and Politics

BURNS & NOVELLI

Tourism and Small Businesses in the New Europe

THOMAS & AUGUSTIJN

Hospitality: A Social Lens

LASHLEY, LYNCH & MORRISON

Forthcoming:

Tourism Research

AIREY & TRIBE

Travel Medicine: Tales Behind the Science

WILDER-SMITH, SCHWARTZ & SHAW

For other titles in the series visit: www.elsevier.com/locate/series/aitr

Related Elsevier Journals — sample copies available on request

Annals of Tourism Research

International Journal of Hospitality Management

Tourism Management

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THE CRITICAL TURN IN

TOURISM STUDIES

INNOVATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

EDITED BY

IRENA ATELJEVIC

Wageningen University, The Netherlands

ANNETTE PRITCHARD

University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, UK

NIGEL MORGAN

University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, UK

Amsterdam ● Boston ● Heidelberg ● London ● New York ● Oxford

Paris ● San Diego ● San Francisco ● Singapore ● Sydney ● Tokyo

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Contents

List of Figures ix

List of Tables xi

List of Contributors xiii

Acknowledgements xix

Foreword xxi

Soile Veijola

Editors’ Introduction: Promoting an Academy of Hope in Tourism Enquiry 1

Irena Ateljevic, Nigel Morgan and Annette Pritchard

Part 1: The Critical School of Tourism Studies: Crafting the

Epistemological Grounds

1. De-centring Tourism’s Intellectual Universe, or Traversing the

Dialogue Between Change and Tradition 11

Annette Pritchard and Nigel Morgan

2. Critical Tourism: Rules and Resistance 29

John Tribe

3. Structural Entanglements and the Strategy of Audiencing as a

Reflexive Technique 41

Candice Harris, Erica Wilson and Irena Ateljevic

4. Resisting Rationalisation in the Natural and Academic Life-World:

Critical Tourism Research or Hermeneutic Charity? 57

Tazim B. Jamal and Jeff Everett

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vi Contents

5. Marking Difference or Making a Difference: Constructing Places,

Policies and Knowledge of Inclusion, Exclusion and Social Justice

in Leisure, Sport and Tourism 77

Cara Carmichael Aitchison

6. Gender Analysis in Tourism: Personal and Global Dialectics 91

Margaret Byrne Swain and Derek Hall

7. Interrogating the ‘Critical’ in Critical Approaches to Tourism Research 105

Donna Chambers

8. A Realist Critique of the Situated Voice in Tourism Studies 121

David Botterill

9. The Problem with Tourism Theory 131

Adrian Franklin

10. Tourism, Materiality and Space 149

René van der Duim

11. ‘Worldmaking’ and the Transformation of Place and Culture: The

Enlargement of Meethan’s Analysis of Tourism and Global Change 165

Keith Hollinshead

Part 2: Methodologies, Innovative Techniques, Methods of

Interpretation and Writing Strategies

12. Grounded Theory: Innovative Methodology or a Critical Turning

from Hegemonic Methodological Praxis in Tourism Studies 197

Gayle Jennings and Olga Junek

13. Immersing in Ontology and the Research Process: Constructivism the

Foundation for Exploring the (In)Credible OBE? 211

Tomas Pernecky

14. The Beauty in the Form: Ethnomethodology and Tourism Studies 227

Scott McCabe

15. From Principles to Practices in Feminist Tourism Research: A Call for

Greater Use of the Survey Method and the Solicited Diary 245

Bente Heimtun

16. Unresolved Power for Feminist Researchers Employing Memory-Work 261

Jennie Small, Kate Cadman, Lorraine Friend, Susanne Gannon,

Christine Ingleton, Glenda Koutroulis, Coralie McCormack,

Patricia Mitchell, Jenny Onyx, Kerry O’Regan and Sharn Rocco

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17. Enhancing the Interpretive and Critical Approaches to Tourism Education

Enquiry Through a Discursive Analysis 279

Maureen Ayikoru and John Tribe

18. What Lies Beneath? Using Creative, Projective and Participatory Techniques

in Qualitative Tourism Inquiry 293

Sheena Westwood

19. Pursuing the Past: Using Oral History to Bring Transparency to the

Research Process 317

Julia Trapp-Fallon

20. The Contribution of Biographical Research in Understanding Older

Women’s Leisure 331

Diane Sedgley

21. The Language(s) of the Tourist Experience: An Autoethnography of the

Poetic Tourist 349

Chaim Noy

22. Re-Peopling Tourism: A ‘Hot Approach’ to Studying Thanatourist

Experiences 371

Ria Ann Dunkley

23. Processes of Becoming: Academic Journeys, Moments and Reflections 387

Stephen Doorne, Stephanie Hom Cary, Graham Brown, Jo-Anne Lester,

Kath Browne, Tomas Pernecky, Susanna Curtin, Martine Abramovici and

Nigel Morgan

Subject Index 401

Contents vii

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List of Figures and Exhibits

Figure 3.1: The Entanglements of Reflexivity. 45

Figure 4.1: Alice’s adventures in the new wonderland. 68

Figure 4.2: The social research ‘cake’ in a philosophy of social science class

in the Autumn of 2001. 72

Exhibit 11.1: Worldmaking defined. 168

Exhibit 11.2: The great and grand cliches. 171

Exhibit 11.3: Writers-in-parallel — Selected lead commentators on the social

production of place and culture for (tourism) consumption. 177

Exhibit 11.4: A reasearch agenda on worldmaking. 185

Figure 13.1: Methodological process. 222

Figure 15.1: Feminist research goals. 246

Figure 18.0: Illustration. 293

Figure 18.1: Audrey’s magazines to which she is ‘addicted’. 303

Figure 18.2: Dai’s ‘stunning, delicious’ prawns and noodles. 303

Figure 18.3: Elizabeth’s holiday mood music. 304

Figure 18.4: Private eye. 307

Figure 18.5: Sweet choices. 308

Figure 18.6: Dai’s collage. 308

Figure 18.7: Elizabeth’s collage. 310

Figure 21.1: Writing a souvenir: a tourist’s yellow writing pad. 365

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List of Tables

Table 1.1: The gender balance of a selection of international

tourism journals. 14

Table 4.1: Basic beliefs (metaphysics) of alternative inquiry paradigms. 62

Table 4.2: Academic research interests and Habermas’s knowledge

constitutive interests. 65

Table 12.1: A snapshot of grounded theory usage in tourism hospitality studies. 203

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Contributors

Cara Carmichael Aitchison is a Professor in human geography at the University of the

West of England, Bristol, where she is Director of the Centre for Leisure, Tourism and

Society (CELTS). Cara’s teaching and research focus on the integration of social, cultural

and spatial theories and policies of leisure, sport and tourism as sites and processes of

inequality, identity, inclusion and social justice.

Martine Abramovici is a PhD candidate in tourism in the Faculty of Business at Auckland

University of Technology. Martine’s PhD focuses on Italian women and tanning, revealing

the body to be a focal point in understanding Italian contemporary society. Her research

interests include postmodern consumer society and identity, socio-cultural issues, gender

issues, the body and embodiment, and critical approaches to research.

Irena Ateljevic received her doctoral degree in human geography in 1998 at the University

of Auckland, New Zealand. She is currently positioned within the Socio-Spatial Analysis

Group at Wageningen University, The Netherlands. Interested in the post-structural analy￾sis of economy and culture, she explores the cultural complexities of gender, class, age and

ethnicity in the production and consumption of tourist spaces and experiences and how

their intersection reproduce power relations of injustice and inequality. She has engaged

with those issues in the context of various subjects, reflective in her published work on

tourism imagi(in)ing, backpacker phenomenon, peripheral regional development and

small tourism firms. Her most recent research interest lies in analysing the political impli￾cations and powers surrounding the production of academic knowledge, which shape and

condition our academic lives and of those we ‘research’ and interact with.

Maureen Ayikoru is a PhD candidate at University of Surrey in United Kingdom. Her

PhD thesis looks at the way discourses construct social reality by specifically focusing on

tourism higher education in England. The on-going research entails an analysis of various

texts (documents) that seem to have direct and indirect implications for tourism in higher

education. Thus the field of study is tourism, and main research interests include tourism

in higher education, theoretical and philosophical issues in social (tourism) inquiry, sus￾tainability in tourism and tourism in developing countries.

David Botterill is a Professor and Director of research in the Cardiff School of

Management at the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff. His current interest is in the

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xiv Contributors

interface between the philosophies of the social sciences and the practices of tourism

researchers.

Graham Brown is a Professor of Tourism Management at the University of South

Australia. He gained his PhD from Texas A&M University, has taught tourism at universi￾ties in England, Canada, Mauritius and Australia and serves on a number of academic and

editorial boards.

Kath Browne works in the area of geographies of sexualities and genders. Her research

interests include: non-heterosexual women/lesbians, queer theories, feminist geographies,

Pride festivals, ‘gay’ Brighton and Hove, civil partnerships.

Donna Chambers studied International Relations at both undergraduate and masters level

in Jamaica and Trinidad respectively prior to spending 5 years in the tourism public sector in

Jamaica. She subsequently did a masters degree in Tourism Management and completed a

PhD in tourism with Brunel University in 2003. Donna’s research interests include tourism

and politics, heritage representation, discourse theory and postcolonial perspectives. She has

presented in these areas at national and international tourism conferences and published jour￾nal articles and book chapters also in these areas. She is currently a lecturer in Tourism and

Programme Leader for postgraduate tourism programmes at Napier University, Edinburgh.

Susanna Curtin is a senior lecturer in Tourism Management at Bournemouth University.

Her research is focused on wildlife tourism, particularly that related to marine mammals.

She is currently in the writing-up stages of her PhD and has published several journal

articles from her preliminary findings as well as other related research projects.

Stephen Doorne has a background in human geography and development studies. His

research interests focus on tourism in developing countries, community development,

tourism and periphery. He currently shares his time between academia and consultancy

and has been contracted to the University of the South Pacific since 2002.

Ria Ann Dunkley is a research student and part-time lecturer at the Welsh Centre for

Tourism Research in the Cardiff School of Management, University of Wales Institute,

Cardiff. Her research focuses on the thanatourism experience and she is passionate about

alternative methodologies such as autoethnography.

Jeff Everett is an Assistant Professor in the Haskayne School of Business, The University

of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. His main focus is on social and environmental accounting

and organisational accountability, as well as the application of sociological and cultural

theories to the study of protected areas.

Adrian Franklin is a Professor of sociology at the University of Tasmania, Australia and

has held professorial positions at the University of Bristol and the University of Oslo.

Recent books include Tourism (London: Sage), Nature and Social Theory (London: Sage),

Animals Nation (Sydney: University of New South Wales Press) and Animals and Modern

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