The Criminology of Criminal Law (Advances in Criminological Theory- Volume 8)

EDITORS

Freda Adler

Rutgers University

William S. Laufer

University ofPennsylvania

EDITORIAL BOARD

Kenneth Adams

Sam Houston University

Celesta Albonetti

University ofIowa

James Byrne

University ofLowell

Albert K. Cohen

University ofConnecticut

Simon Dinitz

Ohio State University

Delbert Elliott

University ofColorado

Hans Eysenck

University ofLondon

James O. Finckenauer

Rutgers University

Daniel Georges-Abeyie

Florida State University

John J. Gibbs

Indiana University (PA)

Don Gottfredson

Rutgers University

Stepehen D. Gottfredson

Indiana University

Kate Hanrahan

Indiana University (PA)

Patricia Harris

University ofTexas

Nicholas Kittrie

American University

Pietro Marongiu

University ofCaliari

Joan McCord

Temple University

Joan Petersilia

University ofCalifornia:

Rand Coporation

Marc Riedel

Southern Illinois University

Diana C. Robertson

Emory University

Robin Robinson

George Washington University

Kip Schlegel

Indiana University

Stephen D. Walt

University ofVirginia

David Weisburd

Hebrew University

Elmar Weitekamp

University of Tiibingen

First published 1999 by Transaction Publishers

Published 2017 by Routledge

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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa

Copyright © 1999 by Taylor & Francis.

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Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered

trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation

without intent to infringe.

ISSN: 0894-2366

ISBN 13: 978-1-56000-329-8 (hbk)

ISBN 13: 978-1-4128-4964-7 (pbk)

Marvin E. Wolfgang

(1924 -1998)

Editor's Note

The contributions to the first six volumes of AdvancesinCriminological Theory

have generated lively discussion and comment. These comments themselves

are contributing to the advance of criminological theory. There is one com￾ment in this volume. The editors invite others to contribute to this series .

Comments need not be in article form. Brief notes are equally welcome.

Contents

List of Figures xi

List of Tables xiii

Foreword

G. O. W Mueller xvii

Part 1

1. Criminology and Criminal Law: Science versus

Policy and the Interaction of Science and Law

C. Ray Jeffery 3

2. A Perspective on Stranger Violence

Marc Riedel 29

3. Researching and Conceptualizing Drunk Driving:

An Invitation to Criminologists and Criminal Law Scholars

James B. Jacobs 53

4. The Forgotten Criminology of Genocide

William S. Laufer 71

5. Criminologists as Expert Witnesses in Criminal Law Cases:

The Growing Intersection between Criminology and

Criminal Law

Deborah W. Denno 83

6. The Measurement of Police Delinquency

Carl B. Klockars and Sanja Ivkovich 87

7. Police Enforcement of Quality-of-Life Offending: A Critique

Bernard Cohen 107

8. Sanctioning Serious Juvenile Offenders: A Review

of Alternative Models

Paul E. Tracy and Kimberly Kempf-Leonard 135

9. From Individualization of the Offender to Individualization

of the Victim: An Assessment of Wolfgang’s Conceptualization

of a Victim-Oriented Criminal Justice System

Edna Erez and Leslie Sebba 171

10. Sentencing Disparity and Sentencing Guidelines

Claire Souryal and Charles Wellford 199

Part 2

11. Punishment Policy and Commensurate Complexity

Leslie T. Wilkins 233

12. Measuring Justice: Unpopular Views on Sentencing Theory

Don M. Gottfredson 247

13. Punishment, Division of Labor, and Social Solidarity

David F. Greenberg 283

14. Back to the Future: A Reminder of the Importance of

Sutherland in Thinking about White-collar Crime

Kip Schlegel and David Eitle 363

15. The Social Reaction to Treason within a Pluralistic Society:

The Pollard Affair

Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi 389

16. Technological and Other Changes: Boundary Crossings

in the Control of Deviance

Bonnie Berry 409

17. The Theoretical Development of “CPTED”:

Twenty- ve Years of Responses to C. Ray Jeffrey

Matthew B. Robinson 427

18. Justi able Homicide by Civilians

John M. MacDonald and Abraham N. Tenenbaum 463

19. The Most-Cited Scholars and Works in Criminological Theory

Richard A. Wright and Jason Rourke 493

Author Index 513

Subject Index 519

List of Figures

6.1 Corruption Case Scenarios 94

6.2 Case Scenario Assessment Options 95

10.1 Predicted Probility of Incarceration for a Hypothetical

Individual with Mean Values on All Variables

except Race 228

10.2 Predicted Probability of Incarceration for a Hypothetical

Individual with Mean Values on All Variables

except Race 228

10.3 Predicted Probability of Incarceration for a Hypothetical

Individual with Mean Values on All Variables

except Offender Score 228

10.4 Predicted Probability of Incarceration for a Hypothetical

Individual with Mean Values on All Variables

except Offense Score 229

12.1 Number Chosen in Sentencing to Years in Prison,

England, 1893 257

12.2 Number Chosen in Sentencing to Jail and Prison,

Essex County Court, 1976-1977 258

12.3 Schematic representation of Relation between Sanction

Severity and Offense Seriousness 261

12.4 Schematic representation of Relation between Sanction

Severity and Log Stakes X Risk 263

13.1 Imprisonment Rates by Inequality 288

13.2 Homicide Rates by Inequality 289

13.3 Burglary Rates by Inequality 290

13.4 Auto Theft Rates by Inequality 291

16.1 Changes in the Purpose of Control and Their Effects 421

18.1 Age Distribution of Offenders and Felons 471

18.2 Age Distribution of Victims and Perpetrators 471

List of Tables

6.1 Reports of Their Own Perceptions of Offense Seriousness

by Croatian Students, Croatian Police Officers,

U.S. Students, and U.S. Police Officers 99

6.2 Spearman Correlation Coefficients-Rank Ordering of

Own Views of Seriousness by Croatian Students, Croatian

Police Officers, U.S. Students, and U.S. Police Officers 105

7.1 Police Enforcement Approach 109

8.1 Texas's Determinate Sentencing Act, 1987 153

8.2 Texas's Determinate Sentencing Revisions, 1995 156

8.3 Texas's Progressive Sanctions Guidelines, 1995:

Sanction Levels and Associated Offenses 159

8.4 Texas's Progressive Sanctions Guidelines, 1995:

Sanction Levels and Associated Sanctions 161-163

10.1 Descriptive Statistics ofIndividuals Sentenced

between I January 1987 and 30 September 1996

for Single Count Offenses 211

10.2 Research Variables and Variable Attributes 212

10.3 Logistic Regression Estimates Predicting the Incarceration

Decision between January 1987 and September 1996

Using Single Count Data (N=75,959). 214

10.4 Logistic Regression Estimates Predicting the

Incarceration Decision between January 1987 and

September 1996 among Individuals Convicted of a

Person Offense Using Single Count Data (N=20,780). 215

10.5 Logistic Regression Estimates Predicting the

Incarceration Decision between January 1987 and

September 1996 among Individuals Convicted of a

Drug Offense Using Single Count Data (N=39,761). 216

10.6 Logistic Regression Estimates Predicting the

Incarceration Decision between January 1987 and

September 1996 among Individuals Convicted of a

Property Offense Using Single Count Data (N=15,418). 217

10.7 Ordinary Least Square Regression Estimates Predicting

Sentence Length in Months between January 1987 and

September 1996 Using Single Count Data (N=52,627). 218

10.8 Ordinary Least Squares Regressions Estimates Predicting

Sentence Length in Months between January 1987 and

September 1996 among Individuals Convicted of Person

Offenses Using Single Count Data (N=15,122). 219

10.9 Ordinary Least Square Regression Estimates Predicting

Sentence Length in Months between January 1987 and

September 1996 among Individuals Convicted of Drug

Offenses Using Single Count Data (N=27,589). 220

10.10 Ordinary Least Square Regression Estimates Predicting

Sentence Length in Months between January 1987 and

September 1996 among Individuals Convicted of Property

Offenses Using Single Count Data (N=9,926). 221

10.11 Logistic Regression Estimates Predicting the Decision

between January 1987 and September 1996 Using Single

Count Data among Sentences Consistent with Sentencing

Guidelines (N=41,6IO). 222

10.12 Comparison of Incarceration Decision (YIN) among

White Defendants Convicted of Drug Offenses and

Sentence in Compliance with the Sentencing Guidelines 223

10.13 Comparison ofIncarceration Decision (YIN) among

Nonwhite Defendants Convicted of Drug Offenses and

Sentenced in Compliance with the Sentencing Guidelines 224

10.14 Ordinary Least Squares Regression Estimates Predicting

Sentence Length in Months between January 1987 and

September 1996 among Sentences Consistent with the

Sentencing Guidelines Using Single Count Data 225

10.15 Logistic Regression Estimates Predicting the Incarceration

Decision between January 1987 and September 1996

using Single Count Data among Sentences Inconsistent

with the Sentencing Guidelines 226

10.16 Ordinary Least Squares Regression Estimates Predicting

Sentence Length in Months between January 1987 and

September 1996 among Sentences Inconsistent with

the Sentencing Guidelines Using Single Count Data 227