The Cambridge History of the English Language Volume 4 Part 10 pptx

Literary language

Hemingway, Ernest, 1898-1961

Herbert, George, 1593-1633

Hill, Geoffrey, 1932-

Hill, Susan, 1942-

Hoban, Russell, 1925-

Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 1844-89

Housman, Alfred) E(dward), 1859-1936

Hughes, Langston, 1902-67

Hughes, Ted, 1930-

Isherwood, Christopher, 1904-86

James, Henry, 1843-1916

Johnson, Linton Kwesi, 1952-

Johnson, Samuel, 1709-84

Jones, David, 1895-1974

Joyce, James, 1882-1941

Keats, John, 1795-1821

Kerouac, Jack, 1922-69

Kingsley, Charles, 1819-75

Kipling, Rudyard, 1865-1936

Larkin, Philip, 1922-85

Lawrence, D(avid) H(erbert), 1885-1930

Lear, Edward, 1812-88

Lindsay, Vachel, 1879-1931

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 1807-82

Lowell, Robert, 1917-77

Lowry, Malcolm, 1909-57

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Lord, 1800-59

MacDiarmid, Hugh (C. M. Grieve), 1892-1978

Mackenzie, Henry, 1745-1831

Macpherson, James, 1736-96

Mailer, Norman, 1923-

Miltonjohn, 1608-74

Moore, Marianne, 1887-1972

Morris, William, 1834-96

Nesbit, Edith, 1858-1924

O'Hara, Frank, 1926-66

Olson, Charles, 1910-70

Orwell, George (E. A. Blair), 1903-50

Owen, Wilfred, 1893-1918

Pope, Alexander, 1688-1744

Pound, Ezra, 1885-1972

RadclifFe, Ann, 1764-1823

Rossetti, Christina, 1830-94

691

Sylvia Adamson

Ruskin, John, 1819-1900

Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616

Shaw, George Bernard, 1856-1950

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 1792-1822

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 1751-1816

Smith, Stevie, 1902-71

Southey, Robert, 1774-1843

Spenser, Edmund, c. 1552-99

Swinburne, Algernon, 1837-1909

Synge, J(ohn) M(illington), 1871-1909

Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 1809-92

Thackeray, William Makepeace, 1811-63

Thomas, Dylan, 1914-53

Thomas, Edward, 1878-1917

Thomson, James, 1700-48

Tomlinson, Charles, 1927-

Trollope, Anthony, 1815-82

Tupper, Martin, 1810-89

Twain, Mark (S. L Clemens), 1835-1910

Watts, Isaac, 1674-1748

Waugh, Evelyn, 1903-66

Wells, H(erbert) G(eorge), 1866-1946

Wesker, Arnold, 1932-

Whitman, Walt, 1819-92

Wilbur, Richard, 1921-

Wilde, Oscar, 1854-1900

Williams, William Carlos, 1883-1963

Wolfe, Tom, 1930-

Woolf, Virginia, 1882-1941

Wordsworth, William, 1770-1850

Young, Edward, 1683-1765

692

GLOSSAR Y OF LINGUISTI C TERMS

For fuller definitions of linguistic terms, see D. Crystal's A Dictionary of Linguistics

and Phonetics, 3rd rev. edn. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991) or P. Matthews's A Concise

Dictionary of Linguistics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997); for stylistic terms see K.

Wales's A Dictionary of Statistics (London: Longman, 1990).

abbreviation A short form of a word or other expression; specifically, a short

written form representing the pronunciation of the full form; the process of so

shortening a form.

ablaut reduplication See consonantal reduplication.

abstraction A change in the reference of a word from something more material

or specific to something less material or more general (cf. concretion).

accentual metre A verse-design prescribing a stress-pattern rather than a sylla￾ble-count.

acronym A written short form of a word or other expression pronounced

according to the normal rules of spelling.

acronomy The process of forming acronyms.

adaptation The process of forming a loanword with relatively greater changes

from its foreign etymon (cf. adoption).

adjunct An optional modifier, most often an adverbial or adverbial clause.

adoption The process of forming a loanword with only minimal changes from

its foreign etymon (cf. adaptation).

adverbial One of the chief functional elements of clauses, along with subject and

object, predicative complement, and predicator (verbal group), and most often

filled by the categories adverb phrase, prepositional phrase or clause.

affective adjectives A sub-class of adjectives specifying the attitude of the

speaker rather than an attribute of the NP's referent, e.g. a nice book; a hideous idea.

693

Glossary of linguistic terms

affix A bound morpheme that generally is used only in combination with a base

morpheme.

affixing or affixation The formation of a composite word by the use of an

affix.

agentive A semantic role that involves instigation and volition; an agentive NP is

the doer of an action.

alexandrine The standard verse-line of French neo-classical poetry. The term

was borrowed into English to refer to the iambic hexameter.

alien word A foreign word.

alliterative metre An accentual metre in which the verse-design also prescribes

that some of the stressed syllables alliterate (i.e. have the same initial consonant).

alphabetism A written short form of a word or other expression pronounced by

the names of the letters with which it is written.

amelioration A change in the reference of a word to a referent more highly

regarded than its older referent (cf. pejoration).

anaphoric Referring back to some constituent already mentioned (the ante￾cedent).

aphesis The omission of an initial unstressed syllable from an expression.

apodosis The consequent (main) clause of a conditional construction; the sub￾ordinate or /^clause is the protasis.

apposition Adjacency of two constituents with the same function and reference

and without any overt linking element.

appositive In apposition.

argument A constituent which plays a part in the semantic structure of a verb -

subject, object, etc. - usually obligatory, and possibly subject to selectional restric￾tions imposed by the verb. Thus in The Pope kissed the ground on his arrival, the NPs

the Pope and the ground are arguments of kiss, while his arrival is not.

assimilation The change of a sound by becoming identical with or more like a

neighbouring sound.

attributive Modifying a head noun within NP, and contrasted with predicative.

backformation The shortening of a word by omitting an affix or what is taken

to be an affix.

bahuvrihi compound An exocentric compound (from Sanskrit '[having] much

rice').

694

Glossary of linguistic terms

ballad metre A four-line stanza composed of alternating foiu>beat and three￾beat lines with a rhyming pattern abab or abcb. Also known as common metre.

base morpheme A free morpheme or a bound morpheme to which affixes

can be added to form words.

bestowal The conscious act of name-giving, as opposed to the evolution of a

referring expression into a name.

blank verse Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.

blend A word formed by combining etyma while omitting part of at least one of

its etyma.

borrowing A loanword; the process of forming loanwords.

bound morpheme A morpheme that cannot be used alone as a word, but must

be combined with another.

caique A form of borrowing in which a word or phrase from one language is

translated part-by-part into another, e.g. Eng. skyscraper (Sp. rascacie/os, Ger.

Wolkenkrat^er). Also known as loan translation.

catenative A lexical (nonauxiliary) verb with another verb in its complement.

chiasmus A pattern in which elements are repeated in the reverse order, e.g.

/xx/; abba; John kissed Mary, Mary kissed John.

clang association A change in reference by which one word acquires the refer￾ent of another word to which it is similar in sound.

clipping The shortening of a spoken or written form, specifically without

phonological motive.

clitic A form which is syntactically equivalent to a word but which is phonologi￾cally attached to a neighbouring word.

collocate Habitually co-occur, not necessarily with any syntactic relation,

commutation Intersubstitutability.

commute Can be substituted one for another,

complementary See distribution.

complementiser A constituent which acts as introducer of an embedded clause

and whose content, when lexically filled, is roughly equivalent to a subordinating

conjunction in traditional terminology.

composing The process of forming a composite word, specifically either com￾pounding or affixing.

composite word A word formed by combining etyma.

695

Glossary of linguistic terms

compound A word formed from two or more base morphemes,

compounding The formation of compounds.

concord The formal relationship between units whereby the form of one word

requires a corresponding form in another, specifically the present-tense verbal

ending -(e)s in agreement with a 3 SG subject.

concrete poetry Used from the 1950s to refer to a type of poetry in which visual

appearance makes an essential contribution to the meaning.

concretion A change in the reference of a word from something less material or

specific to something more material or less general (cf. abstraction).

conjunct An adverbial which links a clause to the preceding context, e.g. further￾more, nonetheless.

consonantal reduplication A reduplication of consonants with variation of

the stressed vowel, such as fiddle-faddle.

contrastive See distribution.

conversion The process of making a shift in part of speech; a word so shifted.

co-ordination The process or product of linking linguistic units of equal status,

usually by means of a co-ordinating conjunction and, but, or.

copula A linking verb, typically a verb of being, e.g. This is a glossary.

copulative compound A compound that combines two words, either of which

might be used alone in the same construction as the compound, such as secretary￾treasurer.

counterfactual Hypothetical and already ruled out by the known course of

events, as in the conditional sentence If Cambridge had been bombed flat in the War, it

wouldn't be such a big tourist attraction.

creation A word not based on other words, that is, with no etyma.

dactyl A metrical foot of three syllables patterned long-short-short or (as is more

commonly the case in English metres) stress-unstress-unstress e.g. HAPPily;

CALL to me.

deictic Of an item reflecting the orientation of discourse participants in time and

space, normally with reference to the speaker, deixis, along a proximal (towards￾speaker) versus distal (away-from-speaker) axis, e.g. I.you; thisithat, presentrpast.

derivation The history of a word; or the pattern or structure of a word; or the

study of either of those.

determiner The cover term for articles (a, the), demonstratives (this, that) and

quantifiers (few, three).

696

Glossary of linguistic terms

diachronic Historical.

disjunct An adverbial which conveys the speaker's comment on the rest of the

sentence, e.g. initial Frankly or Understandably.

distal See deictic.

distribution There are two important types of distribution: (a) complementary

distribution, where the environment in which the two elements may occur con￾sists of two disjoint sets, each associated with only one element; and (b) contras￾tive distribution, where the environment consists of two overlapping sets.

do-support The introduction of do as a 'dummy' auxiliary, e.g. in the interroga￾tive and negative sentences in the following pairs: They often go to Paris/Do they often

go to Paris?\ We received your parcel/We did not receive your parcel.

durative Use of verbs or clauses describing events that involve a period of time,

dvandva compound A copulative compound (from Sanskrit 'two-two'),

echoic word A word whose sound suggests its referent.

elision A spoken short form of a word or other expression resulting from the

omission of some sounds for phonological reasons; specifically by aphesis,

syncope, or assimilation.

ellipsis The omission of one or more words from an expression, as the short￾ening of a compound noun to one of its components.

embedded Used of a clause syntactically subordinate to some other clause and

therefore included within it.

empathetic deixis The re-centring of deixis on an entity or person other than

the speaker. See Lyons 1977: 677.

empathetic narrative A narrative style in which forms of empathetic deixis are

systematically employed.

enclitic A clitic which follows its host.

endocentric compound A compound, one of whose elements is logically sub￾stitutable for the whole compound, such as redbird = a bird (cf. exocentric com￾pound).

enjamb(e)ment In poetry, the continuation of a syntactic unit across the metri￾cal boundary created by a line-end.

environment The linguistic context relevant to the use or selection of some

form.

epic preterite A translation of Episches Praeteritum, the term used for the

was-now paradox by Hamburger (1973).

697