Thư viện tri thức trực tuyến
Kho tài liệu với 50,000+ tài liệu học thuật
© 2023 Siêu thị PDF - Kho tài liệu học thuật hàng đầu Việt Nam
The Cambridge History of China - Volume 6 Alien regimes and border states, 907—1368
Nội dung xem thử
Mô tả chi tiết
I THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY
OF CHINA
General Editors
DENIS TWITCHETT and JOHN K. FAIRBANK
Volume 6
Alien regimes and border states, 907—1368
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
I
Work on this volume was partially supported by the National Endowment for
the Humanities, Grants RO-21512-87 and RO-22077-90.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY
OF CHINA
Volume 6
Alien regimes and border states, 907—1368
edited by
HERBERT FRANKE and DENIS TWITCHETT
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo
Cambridge University Press
40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title:www.cambridge.org/9780521243315
© Cambridge University Press 1994
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1994
Reprinted 2002, 2006
Printed in the United States of America
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
(Revised for vol. 6)
The Cambridge history of China.
Vol 1. edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe;
v. 6 edited by Herbert Franke and Denis Twitchett;
v. 7 edited by Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett;
v. 11 edited by John K. Fairbank and Kwang-Ching Liu;
v. 13 edited by John K. Fairbank and Albert Feuerwerker;
v. 14 edited by Roderick MacFarquhar and John K. Fairbank;
v. 15 edited by Roderick MacFarquhar and John K. Fairbank.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
Contents: v 1. The Ch'in and Han Empires,
221 B.C.—AD. 220 — v. 3. Sui and T'ang China, 589—906, pt. 1 —
—v. 6 Alien regimes and border states, 710—1368.
1. China — History. I. Twitchett, Denis Crispin. II. Fairbank, John King, 1907—1991.
DS735.C3145 951' .03 76—29852
ISBN-13 978-0-521-24331-5 hardback
ISBN-10 0-521-24331-9 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for
the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or
diird-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such
Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
GENERAL EDITORS' PREFACE
When The Cambridge History of China was first planned, more than two
decades ago, it was naturally intended that it should begin with the very
earliest periods of Chinese history. However, the production of the series has
taken place over a period of years when our knowledge both of Chinese
prehistory and of much of the first millennium B.C. has been transformed by
the spate of archaeological discoveries that began in the 1920s and has been
gathering increasing momentum since the early 1970s. This flood of new
information has changed our view of early history repeatedly, and there is not
yet any generally accepted synthesis of this new evidence and the traditional
written record. In spite of repeated efforts to plan and produce a volume or
volumes that would summarize the present state of our knowledge of early
China, it has so far proved impossible to do so. It may well be another decade
before it will prove practical to undertake a synthesis of all these new discoveries that is likely to have some enduring value. Reluctantly, therefore, we
begin the coverage of The Cambridge History of China with the establishment
of the first imperial regimes, those of Ch'in and Han. We are conscious that
this leaves a millennium or more of the recorded past to be dealt with
elsewhere, and at another time. We are equally conscious of the fact that the
events and developments of the first millennium B.C. laid the foundations for
the Chinese society and its ideas and institutions that we are about to
describe. The institutions, the literary and artistic culture, the social forms,
and the systems of ideas and beliefs of Ch'in and Han were firmly rooted in
the past and cannot be understood without some knowledge of this earlier
history. As the modern world grows more interconnected, historical understanding of it becomes ever more necessary and the historian's task ever more
complex. Fact and theory affect each other even as sources proliferate and
knowledge increases. Merely to summarize what is known becomes an awesome task, yet a factual basis of knowledge is increasingly essential for
historical thinking.
Since the beginning of the century, the Cambridge histories have set a
pattern in the English-reading world for multivolume series containing
chapters written by specialists under the guidance of volume editors. The
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
vi GENERAL EDITORS' PREFACE
Cambridge Modern History, planned by Lord Acton, appeared in sixteen
volumes between 1902 and 1912. It was followed by The Cambridge Ancient
History, The Cambridge Medieval History, The Cambridge History of English
Literature, and Cambridge histories of India, of Poland, and of the British
Empire. The original Modern History has now been replaced by The New
Cambridge Modern History in twelve volumes, and The Cambridge Economic
History of Europe is now being completed. Other Cambridge histories include histories of Islam, Arabic literature, Iran, Judaism, Korea, South East
Asia, Central Asia, Africa, Japan, and Latin America.
In the case of China, Western historians face a special problem. The
history of Chinese civilization is more extensive and complex than that of any
single Western nation, and only slightly less ramified than the history of
European civilization as a whole. The Chinese historical record is immensely
detailed and extensive, and Chinese historical scholarship has been highly
developed and sophisticated for many centuries. Yet until recent decades the
study of China in the West, despite the important pioneer work of European
sinologists, had hardly progressed beyond the translation of some few classical historical texts, and the outline history of the major dynasties and their
institutions.
Recently Western scholars have drawn more fully upon the rich traditions
of historical scholarship in China and also in Japan, and greatly advanced
both our detailed knowledge of past events and institutions, and also our
critical understanding of traditional historiography. In addition, the present
generation of Western historians of China can also draw on the new outlooks
and techniques of modern Western historical scholarship and on recent developments in the social sciences, while continuing to build on the solid foundations of rapidly progressing European, Japanese, and Chinese studies. Recent
historical events, too, have given prominence to new problems, while throwing into question many older conceptions. Under these multiple impacts the
Western revolution in Chinese studies is steadily gathering momentum.
When The Cambridge History of China was first planned in 1966, the aim
was to provide a substantial account of the history of China as a benchmark
for the Western history-reading public: an account of the current state of
knowledge in six volumes. Since then the outpouring of current research, the
application of new methods, and the extension of scholarship into new fields
have further stimulated Chinese historical studies. This growth is indicated
by the fact that the history has now become a planned fifteen volumes but
will still leave out such topics as the history of art and of literature, many
aspects of economics and technology, and all the riches of local history.
The striking advances in our knowledge of China's past over the last
decade will continue and accelerate. Western historians of this great and
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
GENERAL EDITORS PREFACE VII
complex subject are justified in their efforts by the needs of their own peoples
for greater and deeper understanding of China. Chinese history belongs to the
world not only as a right and necessity, but also as a subject of compelling
interest.
JOHN K. FAIRBANK
DENIS TWITCHETT
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
General editors' preface page v
List of maps, tables, and figures xiv
Preface to Volume 6 xvii
List of abbreviations xix
Introduction i
by HERBERT FRANKE, Universitat Muncben, Emeritus, and
DENIS TWITCHETT, Princeton University, Emeritus
The Late T'ang balance of power 3
The frontier 7
Foreigners 11
Vassals and overlords 14
Multistate system 16
Treaty relations 18
Modes of government 21
Multilinguality 30
The Han Chinese under alien domination 36
i The Liao 43
by DENIS TWITCHETT and KLAUS-PETER TIETZE
Introduction 43
The predynastic Khitan 44
The background of A-pao-chi's rise to power 53
The rise of A-pao-chi 56
A-pao-chi becomes the new khaghan and ascends the
throne 60
The succession crisis and the reign of T'ai-tsung 68
The succession of Shih-tsung 75
The development of government institutions 76
Relation with regimes in China 80
The reign of Mu-tsung, 951—969 81
I X
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
The reign of Ching-tsung, 969—982: confrontation with Sung 84
The regency of Empress Dowager Ch'eng-t'ien 87
Changes in internal government 91
Foreign relations 98
The reign of Hsing-tsung 114
The reign of Tao-tsung 123
The reign of T'ien-tso and the collapse of the Liao 139
Final disaster 149
The Hsi Hsia 154
by RUT H DUNNEL , Kenyon College
Introduction 154
The ethnogenesis of the Tangut people 155
The surrender to T'ang and settlement in the Ordos 158
The end of the T'ang 161
The Tanguts during the Wu-tai period 164
The Tangut move toward independence, 982—1002 168
Liang-chou and Tangut expansion into Ho-hsi 172
The rise of the Tibetan Tsung-ko dynasty 173
Li Te-ming, 1004-1032 176
Ho-hsi after the Tangut conquest 179
Li Yiian-hao (Wei-ming Nang-hsiao, Ching-tsung), 1032-
1048 180
The succession to Wei-ming Yiian-hao 189
A state in peril: the reigns of I-tsung (1048-1068), Huitsung (1068-1086), and Ch'ung-tsung to 1100 191
The reign of Hui-tsung (1068-1086) 193
Hsia comes of age: Ch'ung-tsung (1086—1139) and Jentsung (1140-1193) 197
The last years of the Hsia state and the Mongolian conquest 205
The Chin dynasty 215
by HERBER T FRANKE
General remarks 215
The Jurchen people and their predynastic history 216
The reign of A-ku-ta and the founding of the Chin dynasty 220
From war to coexistence: Chin—Sung relations before the
treaty of 1142 226
The political history of Chin after 1142 235
The annihilation of Chin, 1215-1234 259
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS XI
Government structure 265
Social structure 277
Ethnic groups 279
Economic conditions 291
Scholarship, literature, and the arts 304
Religious life 313
Conclusion 319
4 The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule in
north China 321
by THOMAS ALLSEN, Trenton State College
Mongolia and Temiijin, ca. 1150—1206 321
Chinggis khan and the early Mongolian state, 1206-1227 342
The organization of the empire: the reigns of Ogodei and
Giiyiig 365
The empire at its apogee: the reign of Mongke, 1251-1259 390
Epilogue: The empire on the eve of civil war 411
5 The reign of Khubilai khan 414
by MORRIS ROSSABI, City University of New York, Columbia
University
The early years 414
Khubilai and China, 1253—1259 418
Khubilai versus Arigh Boke 422
Foreign expansion 429
Social and economic policies 445
Khubilai as emperor of China 454
Khubilai and religion 457
Khubilai and Chinese culture 465
Preservation of the Mongolian heritage 471
Economic problems in later years 473
The regime of Sangha and economic and religious abuses 478
Disastrous foreign expeditions 482
Khubilai's last years 488
6 Mid-Yuan politics 490
by HSIAO CH'I-CH'ING , University of Singapore
Introduction 490
The reign of Temiir khaghan (Emperor Ch'eng-tsung),
1294-1307 492
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Xii CONTENTS
Temiir's succession 494
The conservator of Khubilai's achievements 496
Signs of decline 498
The transition to peace 501
The dominance of Empress Bulukhan 504
The reign of Khaishan (Emperor Wu-tsung), 1307-1311 505
Administrative anomalies 507
The "new deals" 510
The reign of Ayurbarwada khaghan (Emperor Jen-tsung),
1311—1320 513
The reign of Shidebala khaghan (Emperor Ying-tsung),
1320-1323 527
The coup d'etat at Nan-p'o 532
The reign of Yesiin Temiir khaghan (Emperor T'ai-ting),
1323-1328 535
The reign of Tugh Temur (Emperor Wen-tsung), 1328-
1332 541
The failure of the succession arrangements 556
The period in retrospect 557
7 Shun-ti and the end of Yuan rule in China • 561
by JOH N DARDESS, University of Kansas
Yuan China at the accession of Toghon Temur (Shun-ti) 561
ToghSn Temiir's enthronement and Bayan's chancellorship,
1333-134° 566
Toghto and his opposition, 1340-1355 572
The disintegration of the Yuan 580
Conclusion: Why did the Yuan dynasty fall? 584
8 The Yuan government and society 587
by ELIZABETH ENDICOTT-WEST, Harvard University
Government 587
Society 608
9 Chinese society under Mongol rule, 1215-1368 616
by FREDERICK W. MOTE, Princeton University, Emeritus
The Mongolian period in Chinese history 616
The population of Yiian China 618
Social—psychological factors 622
Social classes: traditional and new elites 627
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS Xlll
Confucian households 635
Diffusion of elite roles 638
The meaning of the Yiian drama in Yiian period social
history 640
Cultural diversity 643
The Western Asians' changing relationship to the Chinese
elite 644
Social classes: sub-elite and commoner 648
Other aspects of Yiian dynasty social history 657
Households in bondage 661
Bibliographical essays 665
Bibliography 727
Glossary-Index 777
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
MAPS, TABLES, AND FIGURES
Maps
1 The Khitan and north China, A.D. 908 page 55
2 The Khitan and north China, A.D. 924 65
3 The Khitan and north China, A.D. 943 71
4 The Khitan and north China, A.D. 959 83
5 The Liao campaigns against Koryo, 993-1019 101
6 The Liao invasion of Sung, 1004 106
7 The Liao empire, ca. 1045 118
8 The fall of Liao and the Chin invasions, 1017-24 145
9 The Hsi Liao (Khara Khitan) empire, 1131 —1213 152
10 The growth of the Hsi Hsia state 171
11 The Tsung-ko region 174
12 The Hsi Hsia state, 1111 184
13 The first Mongolian invasion of Hsi Hsia, 1209 209
14 Chinggis's invasion of Hsi Hsia, 1226-7 2I 2
15 The Chin invasions of Northern Sung 228
16 Chin raids south of the Yangtze, 1129-30 231
17 The Chin empire 236
18 The change of the Huang-ho's course, 1194 246
19 Chinggis's campaigns against Chin 253
20 The rebellions in Manchuria and Shantung 255
21 Mukhali's campaigns against Chin 260
22 The destruction of Chin, 1234 262
23 Population distribution in Chin, ca. 1211 280
24 The steppe world, 1190 322
25 The campaigns in Manchuria, 1211 —16 353
26 Chinggis's western campaigns 355
xiv
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008