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E12

1. Listening

processes

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SHORT-TERM

MEMORY

- takes raw speech

- organizes info.

- predicts info.

-recalls prior

knowledge < long￾term memory

LONG-TERM

MEMORY

-deletes original

form of message

-retains new info.

-stores old info.

Message

understood

Problems

- lexical

- grammatical

- phonetic

reason

for L. meaning

Top-down process

-retrieve info. <

long-term memo.

-interpret message

Bottom-up process

-analyze language

data

-interpret message

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2. Principles in Teaching

Listening

 Listening materials should be based on a wide range of

texts, including both monologues and dialogues.

 Schema-building tasks should precede listening.

 Learners should know what they are listening for and why.

 Only use the tape script (if there is one) as a last resort.

 Set a further task, or tasks, which direct learners to a more

detailed understanding

 Teaching, not testing

 Learners should be given opportunities

to listen to a text several times

and to work through increasingly challenging listening tasks.

= pre-listening activities

< top-down processing

= text-related tasks

< bottom-up processing

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3. Teaching steps

Lead-in comprehension

task Ss’ listening T’s feedback text-related

task

comprehension

task

Ss’ listening

T’s feedback

TYPE 1 TASKS

TYPE 2

TASKS

for general information

< TOP-DOWN

for detailed info. or

language aspects

< BOTTOM-UP

4. Listening Activities

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