Tài liệu WHO WILL DO THE SCIENCE OF THE FUTURE? docx

WHO WILL DO THE SCIENCE

OF THE FUTURE?

A SYMPOSIUM ON CAREERS OF WOMEN IN SCIENCE

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Committee on Women in Science and Engineering

Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS

Washington, D.C.

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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of

distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the

furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the

authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate

that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr.

Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the

National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is

autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the

National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The

National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting

national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve￾ments of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of

Engineering.

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secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of

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responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be

an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of

medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of

Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in

1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s

purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in

accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the

principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National

Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the

scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both

Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf

are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

National Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Engineering

Institute of Medicine

National Research Council

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SYMPOSIUM STEERING COMMITTEE

MARYE ANNE FOX, Chair, North Carolina State University

MARGARET BURBIDGE, University of California, San Diego

MILDRED COHN, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

MILDRED DRESSELHAUS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (on leave from August 2000)

MARIA NEW, Cornell University Medical College

VERA RUBIN, Carnegie Institute of Washington

KAREN UHLENBECK, University of Texas, Austin

HOWARD GEORGI, Harvard University

LILIAN WU, IBM Corporation

COMMITTEE ON WOMEN IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (1999)

HOWARD GEORGI, Co-chair, Harvard University

LILIAN SHIAO-YEN WU, Co-chair, IBM Corporation

WILLIE PEARSON JR., Wake Forest University

SUSAN SOLOMON, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

JULIA WEERTMAN, Northwestern University

OSEP ADVISORY BOARD LIAISON

STEPHEN LUKASIK, Independent Consultant

Staff

JONG-ON HAHM, Director

SHIREL SMITH, Project Coordinator

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OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PERSONNEL ADVISORY COMMITTEE (1999)

M.R.C. GREENWOOD, Chair, University of California, Santa Cruz

DAVID BRENEMAN, University of Virginia

CARLOS GUTIERREZ, California State University, Los Angeles

STEPHEN J. LUKASIK, Independent Consultant, Los Angeles

JANET NORWOOD, The Urban Institute

JOHN D. WILEY, University of Wisconsin, Madison

TADATAKA YAMADA, Smith Kline Beecham Corporation

A. THOMAS YOUNG, North Potomac, Maryland

WILLIAM H. MILLER, ex-officio, University of California, Berkeley

Staff

CHARLOTTE V. KUH, Executive Director

MARILYN J. BAKER, Associate Executive Director

NINA KAULL, Administrative Officer

CATHY JACKSON, Administrative Associate

EDVIN HERNANDEZ, Administrative Assistant

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Preface

Modern science is a complex web

of many different people and

institutions. If we are to maintain

the pace of scientific discovery for the benefit of

humankind, scientists need to ensure that

outstanding people with many different talents

will continue to join the scientific community.

Increasingly, we must compete with other

communities for the best minds the world has

to offer. If science is to continue to prosper and

move forward, we must ensure that no source

of scientific intellect is overlooked or lost. This

means including women and ethnic minorities

as active participants in the scientific enterprise.

In 1998, the National Academy of Sciences

(NAS) asked the National Research Council’s

(NRC) Committee on Women in Science and

Engineering (CWSE) to host a discussion

centered on the challenges facing all scientists in

the current scientific climate, but focused

particularly on the challenges that women face

at every transition point in their careers.

viii PREFACE

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Meeting participants agreed that these chal￾lenges contribute to the sharp losses in numbers

of women scientists at each career stage, and

that the NAS should make a strong statement to

focus attention on the importance of enabling

women to contribute to and lead in the

scientific process. This symposium is the

outcome of the 1998 meeting.

The symposium was held during the 1999

NAS annual meeting to address the question,

“Who will do the science of the future?” The

symposium focused on the need to bring in

many viewpoints to science and ways to

increase the variety of viewpoints by recruiting

and retaining women in science. The speakers,

all leaders in their fields, emphasized the need

to engage and sustain the interest of women in

science, and presented ways in which different

institutions have developed approaches to retain

women in scientific careers.

The Committee on Women in Science and

Engineering was honored to be asked to

organize the NAS symposium. Since its

inception in 1991 as a standing committee of

the NRC, CWSE has worked to coordinate,

monitor, and advocate national action on

increasing the numbers of women in science

and engineering. The committee members

represent diverse scientific and engineering

disciplines, and all have brought attention to

the importance of including women in their

own fields.

We would like to thank the staff of CWSE,

Dr. Jong-on Hahm, Director, and Shirel Smith,

Project Coordinator, for bringing to fruition the

ideas of the symposium steering committee and

CWSE. We would also like to thank Dr. Charlotte

Kuh, Executive Director of the Office of

Scientific and Engineering Personnel in which

CWSE is housed, for her support and guidance

to CWSE during coordination of the symposium.

Howard Georgi, Ph.D., Co-chair

Lilian Shiao-Yen Wu, Ph.D., Co-chair

Committee on Women in

Science and Engineering

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OVERVIEW 1

WELCOME 3

Bruce Alberts, President

National Academy of Sciences

PLENARY PANEL I: THE NEXT GENERATION: SCIENCE FOR ALL STUDENTS

Speaker Introductions 5

Marye Anne Fox (Moderator)

Chancellor, North Carolina State University

A Plan, A Strategy for K-12 7

Leon M. Lederman, Director Emeritus

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

Mentoring Minority Women in Science: Special Struggles 12

Richard Tapia, Professor, Computational and Applied Mathematics

Rice University

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