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UNIX

IN A NUTSHELL

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,TITLE.12845 Page ii Tuesday, August 22, 2006 4:51 PM

Fourth Edition

UNIX

IN A NUTSHELL

Arnold Robbins

Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Paris • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo

,TITLE.12845 Page iii Tuesday, August 22, 2006 4:51 PM

Unix in a Nutshell, Fourth Edition

by Arnold Robbins

Printed in the United States of America.

Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.

O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online

editions are also available for most titles (safari.oreilly.com). For more information, contact

our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or [email protected].

Editor: Mike Loukides

Production Editor: Colleen Gorman

Cover Designer: Edie Freedman

Interior Designer: David Futato

Back Cover Illustration: J.D. “Illiad” Frazer

Printing History:

May 1989: First Edition.

June 1992: Second Edition.

August 1999: Third Edition.

October 2005: Fourth Edition.

Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered

trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. The In a Nutshell series designations, Unix in a Nutshell,

the image of a tarsier, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are

claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media,

Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial

caps. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and

author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use

of the information contained herein.

ISBN: 0-596-10029-9

[M] [8/06]

,COPYRIGHT.12974 Page iv Tuesday, August 22, 2006 4:52 PM

To my wife, Miriam. May our dreams continue to come true.

To my children, Chana, Rivka, Nachum, and Malka.

To the memory of Frank Willison.

vii

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Chapter 1

Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Part I. Commands and Shells

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Unix in the 21st Century 3

Obtaining Compilers 5

Building Software 6

What’s in the Quick Reference 7

Beginner’s Guide 8

Solaris: Standard Compliant Programs 11

2. Unix Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Introduction 13

Alphabetical Summary of Common Commands 15

Alphabetical Summary of Solaris Commands 241

Alphabetical Summary of GNU/Linux Commands 260

Alphabetical Summary of Mac OS X Commands 304

Alphabetical Summary of Java Commands 321

3. The Unix Shell: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Introduction to the Shell 341

Purpose of the Shell 342

Shell Flavors 343

viii | Table of Contents

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Shell Source Code URLs 344

Common Features 344

Differing Features 345

4. The Bash and Korn Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Overview of Features 348

Invoking the Shell 349

Syntax 350

Functions 357

Variables 358

Arithmetic Expressions 366

Command History 368

Job Control 372

Command Execution 372

Restricted Shells 373

Built-in Commands (Bash and Korn Shells) 374

5. tcsh: An Extended C Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Overview of Features 417

Invoking the Shell 418

Syntax 419

Variables 423

Expressions 435

Command History 438

Command-Line Manipulation 442

Job Control 445

Built-in Commands 446

6. Package Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Linux Package Management 467

The Red Hat Package Manager 470

Yum: Yellowdog Updater Modified 484

up2date: Red Hat Update Agent 489

The Debian Package Manager 492

Mac OS X Package Management 520

Solaris Package Management 521

Table of Contents | ix

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Part II. Text Editing and Processing

7. Pattern Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

Filenames Versus Patterns 535

Metacharacters 536

Metacharacters, Listed by Unix Program 538

Examples of Searching 539

8. The Emacs Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

Conceptual Overview 543

Command-Line Syntax 545

Summary of Commands by Group 546

Summary of Commands by Key 552

Summary of Commands by Name 555

9. The vi, ex, and vim Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

Conceptual Overview 561

Command-Line Syntax 562

Review of vi Operations 565

vi Commands 567

vi Configuration 574

ex Basics 579

Alphabetical Summary of ex Commands 580

10. The sed Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

Conceptual Overview 595

Command-Line Syntax 596

Syntax of sed Commands 598

Group Summary of sed Commands 600

Alphabetical Summary of sed Commands 601

11. The awk Programming Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611

Conceptual Overview 611

Command-Line Syntax 613

Patterns and Procedures 614

Built-in Variables 616

Operators 617

Variable and Array Assignment 618

User-Defined Functions 619

Gawk-Specific Features 620

x | Table of Contents

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Implementation Limits 622

Group Listing of awk Functions and Commands 623

Alphabetical Summary of awk Functions and Commands 623

Output Redirections 632

Source Code 634

Part III. Software Development

12. Source Code Management: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

Introduction and Terminology 637

Usage Models 639

Unix Source Code Management Systems 640

Other Source Code Management Systems 641

13. The Revision Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

Overview of Commands 643

Basic Operation 644

General RCS Specifications 645

Alphabetical Summary of Commands 649

14. The Concurrent Versions System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

Conceptual Overview 659

Command-Line Syntax and Options 661

Dot Files 664

Environment Variables 665

Keywords and Keyword Modes 667

Dates 669

CVSROOT Variables 672

Alphabetical Summary of Commands 674

15. The Subversion Version Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

Conceptual Overview 697

Obtaining Subversion 702

Using Subversion: A Quick Tour 704

The Subversion Command Line Client: svn 706

Repository Administration: svnadmin 733

Examining the Repository: svnlook 737

Providing Remote Access: svnserve 742

Other Subversion Components 743

Table of Contents | xi

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

16. The GNU make Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745

Conceptual Overview 745

Command-Line Syntax 746

Makefile Lines 749

Macros 754

Special Target Names 761

Writing Command Lines 762

17. The GDB Debugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765

Conceptual Overview 765

Command-Line Syntax 768

Initialization Files 770

GDB Expressions 771

The GDB Text User Interface 773

Group Listing of GDB Commands 773

Summary of set and show Commands 777

Summary of the info Command 788

Alphabetical Summary of GDB Commands 790

18. Writing Manual Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

Introduction 813

Overview of nroff/troff 814

Alphabetical Summary of man Macros 819

Predefined Strings 823

Internal Names 823

Sample Document 823

Part IV. References

ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) Character Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

xiii

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Chapter 2

Preface

The fourth edition of Unix in a Nutshell brings the book into the 21st century.

The term “UNIX” is a registered trademark of The Open Group. It is used for

branding systems as compliant with the various standards that collectively define

the behavior of a modern Unix system. More informally though, many systems in

use today are Unix work-alikes, even though their source code base was developed independently from the original Unix systems.

Thus, the goal of this edition to present the broader state of Unix in today’s world.

In particular, it’s important to cover both the commercial variants, and those where

source code for the system and the utilities are freely available. To this end, we have

chosen to cover these systems, which are representative of “Unix” today:

Solaris 10

Solaris is the most popular commercial system based on the original Unix

System V code base.

GNU/Linux

GNU/Linux systems have gained a huge foothold in the commercial marketplace. While currently used most heavily for back-end servers, GNU/Linux is

also starting to gain ground in the desktop market.

Mac OS X

Apple’s rewrite of their operating system has a core based on Mach and

various BSD technologies. The command set is derived from FreeBSD. Thus,

besides having an exciting user interface, Mac OS X is representative of the

BSD strain of free Unix-like systems.

The commands covered by the current POSIX standard form the core of our presentation. Each specific system has commands that are unique to it; these are covered

too. Finally, many important and useful utilities are distributed as Free or Open

Source software on the Internet. We have done our best to cover those as well,

including presenting the Internet URL from which you can download the source

code, in case your particular system doesn’t include that utility in its distribution.

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