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UNDERSTANDING

FAMILY LAW

iii

UNDERSTANDING

FAMILY LAW

ME Rodgers, LLB, BA, Solicitor

Senior Lecturer, Nottingham Law School,

The Nottingham Trent University

First published in Great Britain 2004 by

Cavendish Publishing Limited, The Glass House,

Wharton Street, London WC1X 9PX, United Kingdom

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© Rodgers, ME 2004

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Rodgers, ME

Understanding family law

1 Domestic relations – England 2 Domestic relations – Wales

I Title

346.4'2015

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

Data available

ISBN 1-85941-920-8

ISBN 978-1-859-41920-5

1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

Printed and bound in Great Britain

v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author would like to thank the staff at Cavendish for their support and

gentle persuasion to actually write this text. Ruth Massey deserves special

mention for her motivation skills!

LB Curzon is also thanked for permitting the author to rifle through his

Briefcase on Family Law for case extracts – not only saving time, but also

resulting in the wheel only being invented once.

Every effort has been made to gain permission to reproduce copyrighted

material. If any material has been overlooked, please contact the publisher.

INTRODUCTION

We all belong to a ‘family’, whether we like it or not; but you may have one

idea of what your family is, and who comprises your family, and others may

have a completely different idea. Distinctions in these definitions may arise

due to cultural differences, historical patterns, economic factors and social

values, and yet the definitions will all have some form of validity. So, for

example, a family may comprise a married couple, with or without children;

or a cohabiting couple, heterosexual or same-sex; or a single parent with

resident children; or all relationships created by a blood link. While you may

or may not class all these as being family, they can all be seen as such; but this

does not mean that they are all socially or legally accepted. Although the law

generally reflects social values, this is not always the case where family law is

concerned. To give you an example, society is generally accepting of

heterosexual cohabiting couples, and yet the law provides this type of

relationship with very little in the way of family law rights. The law faces

difficulties in providing legal codes to cover the family relationship precisely

because the family is a potentially nebulous concept; and it is interesting to

note that the law does not really define what it means by a family, but simply

provides enforceable rights to specified groups or defined relationships. The

interface between social values and the legal code is such that the law usually

reacts to changes in social norms rather than being proactive in establishing

the family unit. The acceptance, in Fitzpatrick v Sterling Housing Association

[1999] 3 WLR 1113, of same-sex relationships creating ‘family rights’

demonstrates this. Throughout this text you will come across areas where

developing social values raise issues for legal intervention – is it right to give

same-sex couples the same rights as married couples? Should parents who do

not marry have the same rights in relation to their children as those who are

married? Should the fact of marriage grant special status at all? All these issues

raise the question of how the law can, and should, intervene in the lives of

individuals, and the extent to which state regulation in family life is desirable.

While the issues can be raised, whether they can be answered is debatable, and

this book does not seek to provide an absolute answer – you should try to

form your own opinions on the issues based, of course, on sound legal

reasoning!

Before these types of questions and issues can be posed, the existing law

needs to be fully understood – and so this book will introduce you to the main

areas of state intervention in family life. You should treat this almost as a story

– a couple meet, marry, have children, fall out of love, decide to separate and

divorce and then have to sort out the consequences of ending the relationship.

They also have to consider their parenting role and how this relates to their

children’s rights, if any such rights exist. Finally, for good measure, the couple

have to be aware of the consequences of them being classed as ‘bad parents’,

and the powers the state has over their children in those circumstances. These

are the main life events for a large sector of society and are all life events

subject to legal rules and oversight by the courts and the state.

vii

Before embarking on this story of life, a couple of general points need to be

highlighted in relation to the manner in which family law operates. First, there is

no single family court, despite calls for one to be created. Hence, family law

rights can be enforced in a variety of forums, from the magistrates’ court (which

is known as the Family Proceedings Court (FPC) when dealing with family

matters) through to the High Court Family Division, although the county court

deals with the highest percentage of cases. Secondly, the passing of the Human

Rights Act (HRA) 1998 brings the European Convention on Human Rights (the

Convention) into play where family rights are concerned. Section 2(1) of the

HRA 1998 provides that the various family courts must:

take into account any judgement, decision, declaration or advisory opinion of

the European Court of Human Rights … whenever made or given, so far as, in

the opinion of the court or tribunal, it is relevant to the proceedings in which

that question has arisen.

Section 3(1) of the HRA 1998 dictates that the family courts must ensure that:

[In] so far as it is possible to do so, primary legislation and subordinate

legislation must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with the

Convention rights.

Hence, some of the issues for debate will require knowledge and

understanding of the various Convention rights – principally, in family law, the

right to a fair trial (Art 6), the right to privacy and family life (Art 8), the right to

marry and found a family (Art 12) and the right not to be discriminated against

(Art 14). Finally, the familiar system of precedent takes, to a certain extent, a

back seat in the operation of the law. While general principles can be

established through case law, the diversity of family life is so great that it is rare

to find another case with exactly the same facts and issues. This does not mean

that you can forget about reading cases! Throughout the text you will find

extracts from a range of cases and also some references to other cases that

illustrate key legal points. You will aid your studies and gain a deeper

understanding by seeking out all these decisions and reading them. These cases

are not always going to be groundbreaking decisions, nor will they always be

the most recent, but they have been selected since they provide a good

illustration of how the law is applied in practice and show how difficult it is, in

some situations, to deal with relationship breakdowns or disputes. You will

also see ‘Questions’ posed throughout the text – these are issues for you to think

about. Try to formulate your opinion on the matter, since this will help you to

understand the law and perform better in any assessments you have on the

topic. Finally, the majority of chapters will have an ‘End of Chapter

Assessment’ section comprising of one or more questions relating to the topic in

that chapter. Do attempt them since this too will aid your understanding and

assessment performance. Hence, by the time you have digested this text and

done the additional directed reading you really will ‘Understand Family Law’.

ME Rodgers

The Nottingham Trent University

Understanding Family Law

viii

ix

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments v

Introduction vii

Table of Cases xi

Table of Statutes xv

Table of Statutory Instruments xx

Table of International Legislation xxi

1MARRIAGE – THE STARTING POINT 1

2 NULLITY AND LEGAL SEPARATION 15

3 THE LAW ON DIVORCE 35

4 PROPERTY AND FINANCE ON DIVORCE 59

5 PROPERTY AND FINANCE WITHOUT DIVORCE 87

6 CHILD SUPPORT 107

7 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 129

8 THE LAW RELATING TO CHILDREN 147

9 THE PRIVATE LAW RELATING TO CHILDREN 161

10 THE PUBLIC LAW RELATING TO CHILDREN 195

11 ADOPTION 245

12 THE INHERENT JURISDICTION – WARDSHIP 259

13 END OF CHAPTER ASSESSMENT – OUTLINE ANSWERS 267

Index 293

A v A (A Minor: Financial Provision) [1994] 1 FLR 657 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

A v A (Maintenance Pending Suit: Provision of Legal Fees)

[2001] 1 WLR 605 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

A v N (Committal: Refusal of Contact) [1997] 1 FLR 533 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

A v UK (Human Rights: Punishment of Child) [1998] 2 FLR 959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

AMT (Known as AC) (Petitioners for Authority to Adopt SR)

[1994] Fam Law 225 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Ash v Ash [1972] 2 WLR 347 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 274

B (A Minor) (Adoption by Natural Parent), Re [2002] 1 WLR 258 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

B (A Minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment), Re [1981] 1 WLR 1421 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

B (Adoption Order: Jurisdiction to Set Aside), Re [1995] 2 FLR 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

B (Care or Supervision Order), Re [1996] 2 FLR 693 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

B v B (Mesher Order) [2002] EWHC 3106 (Fam) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

B v B (Occupation Order) [1999] 1 FLR 715. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Banks v Banks [1999] 1 FLR 726 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Bannister v Bannister [1980] 10 Fam Law 240. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Barder v Barder [1987] 2 WLR 293 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Baxter v Baxter [1948] AC 274 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 26

Beach v Beach [1995] 2 FLR 160; [1995] 2 FCR 526. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Bellinger v Bellinger [2001] EWCA Civ 1140; [2003] UKHL 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21

Bennett v Bennett [1969] 1 WLR 430. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Berkshire CC v B [1997] 1 FLR 171 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Brooks v Brooks [1995] 2 FLR 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Buffery v Buffery [1988] 2 FLR 365 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Burgess v Burgess [1996] 2 FLR 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Burns v Burns [1984] Ch 317 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

C (Interim Care Order: Residential Assessment), Re [1997] 1 FLR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235, 236

C v C (Non-Molestation Order: Jurisdiction) [1998] Fam 70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

CDM v CM, LM, DM (Children) [2003] 2 FLR 636 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Chalmers v Johns [1999] 1 FLR 392. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137, 138

Cleary v Cleary [1974] 1 WLR 73. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Coombes v Smith [1986] 1 WLR 808. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Corbett v Corbett [1970] 2 All ER 33; [1971] P 83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 22

Cossey v UK [1991] 2 FLR 492; (1991) 13 EHRR 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Cowan v Cowan [2001] EWCA Civ 679; [2001] 3 WLR 684 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Cowen v Cowen (1945) unreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Crozier v Crozier [1994] 2 WLR 444 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

D, Re [1993] 2 FLR 423. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

D (A Minor) (Care or Supervision Order), Re [1993] 2 FLR 423 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

D (A Minor) (Wardship: Sterilisation), Re [1976] Fam 185. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

D (Children) (Shared Residence Orders), Re [2001] 1 FLR 495 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

D v S (Parental Responsibility) (1995) 3 FCR 783. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Dart v Dart (1996) 2 FLR 286 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 72, 73

Davis v Johnson [1979] AC 264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Dawson v Wearmouth [1999] 1 FLR 1169 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Drake v Whipp [1996] 1 FLR 826 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95, 102

xi

TABLE OF CASES

F (In Utero), Re [1988] Fam 122 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

F v Wirral MBC [1991] 2 WLR 1132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Ford v Ford [1987] 17 Fam Law 232 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Fuller v Fuller [1973] 1 WLR 730. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

G v G (Financial Provision: Separation Agreement)

[2000] FLR 472 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Gillick v West Norfolk & Wisbech AHA

[1985] 3 All ER 402 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 163, 166, 167

Gissing v Gissing [1970] 3 WLR 255; [1970] 2 All ER 780 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 278

Goodwin v UK (2002) 35 EHRR 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21

Grant v Edwards [1986] 2 All ER 426 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

GW v RW (Financial Provision: Departure from Equality)

[2003] EWHC 611 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

H (A Minor) (Parental Responsibility), Re [1993] 1 FLR 484 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

H (A Minor) (Section 37 Direction), Re [1993] 2 FLR 541 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

H (Minors) (Local Authority: Parental Rights)

(No 3), Re [1991] Fam 151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172, 173, 176

H and Others, Re [1996] 1 All ER 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

H v H (A Child) (Occupation Order: Power of Arrest)

(2001) The Times, 10 January . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Hanlon v Hanlon [1978] 1 WLR 592. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64, 65

Hanlon v The Law Society [1981] AC 124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Hardy v Hardy [1981] 2 FLR 321. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Hendricks v Netherlands (1983) 5 EHRR 231. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Hirani v Hirani [1982] 4 FLR 232. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 272

Horner v Horner [1982] 2 WLR 914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Horton v Horton [1947] 2 All ER 871 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

H(T) v T (Divorce: Irretrievable Breakdown) (2002) unreported, 6 June. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 47

Humberside CC v B [1993] 1 FLR 257 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

J (A Minor) (Child in Care: Medical Treatment), Re [1992] 4 All ER 614. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

J (Minors) (Care: Care Plans), Re [1994] 1 FLR 253 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

J (Specific Issue Orders: Child’s Religious Upbringing and

Circumcision), Re [2000] 1 FLR 571 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

J v C [1970] AC 668 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

J v C (Child: Financial Provision) [1999] 1 FLR 952 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

J v S-T (Formerly J) (Transsexual: Ancillary Relief)

[1997] 3 WLR 1287; [1997] 1 FLR 402 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 76, 96

K (Adoption and Wardship), Re [1997] 2 FLR 221. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257, 263

K v K (Pre-Nuptial Agreement) [2003] 1 FLR 120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Keegan v Ireland (1994) 18 EHRR 342 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Khorasandjian v Bush [1993] QB 727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Kiely v Kiely [1988] 1 FLR 248 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Knibb v Knibb [1987] 2 FLR 396 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Understanding Family Law

xii

Table of Cases

L, Re V, Re M, Re H, Re [2000] 2 FLR 334 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Lambert v Lambert [2002] EWCA 1685 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 276

Le Marchant v Le Marchant [1977] 1 WLR 559 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 79

Leadbeater v Leadbeater [1985] FLR 789. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 72

Livesey (Formerly Jenkins) v Jenkins [1985] 2 WLR 47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Livingstone-Stallard v Livingstone-Stallard [1974] Fam 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Lloyds Bank v Rosset [1990] 1 AC 107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 278

Lomas v Parle [2003] EWCA Civ 1804 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

M (A Child) (Medical Treatment: Consent), Re [1999] 2 FLR 1097. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

M (A Minor) (Care Order: Threshold Conditions), Re

[1994] 2 AC 424 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

M (Care Order: Parental Responsibility), Re [1996] 2 FLR 84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

M v Birmingham CC [1994] 2 FLR 141. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

M v M (Child Access) [1973] 2 All ER 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

M v M (Financial Provision) [1987] 2 FLR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

M v W (Non-Molestation Order: Duration) [2000] 1 FLR 107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

McFarlane v McFarlane [2004] EWCA Civ 872 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

McMichael v UK (1995) 20 EHRR 205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Martin v Martin [1977] 3 All ER 762 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Matharu v Matharu [1994] 2 FLR 597. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Mehta v Mehta [1945] 2 All ER 690. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Midland Bank v Cooke [1995] 2 FLR 215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100, 278, 279

Mortimer v Mortimer-Griffin [1986] 2 FLR 315 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Mouncer v Mouncer [1972] 1 WLR 321 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 45, 46

Nottinghamshire CC v P [1993] 3 WLR 637 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192, 208, 217, 231

O (A Minor) (Care Order: Education: Procedure), Re

[1992] 1 WLR 912; [1992] 2 FLR 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165, 224

O (Care or Supervision Order), Re [1996] 2 FLR 755. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

O (Contact: Imposition of Conditions), Re [1995] 2 FLR 124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

O’Neill v O’Neill [1975] 3 All ER 289 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

P (Child), Re [2003] EWCA Civ 837 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

P (Emergency Protection Order), Re [1996] 1 FLR 482 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Pao On v Lau Liu Long (1980) unreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Park, Re [1954] P 112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 270

Parlour v Parlour [2004] EWCA Civ 872 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Parra v Parra [2002] EWCA Civ 1886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Pascoe v Turner [1979] 1 WLR 431 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Peter Whitear v UK [1997] EHRLR Issue 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Pettitt v Pettitt [1969] 2 All ER 385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Pheasant v Pheasant [1972] 2 WLR 353 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Philips v Peace [1996] 2 FLR 230. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

R (A Child), Re [2001] EWCA Civ 1344 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

R (A Minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment), Re [1992] 1 FLR 190. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

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R v Lancashire CC ex p M [1992] 1 FLR 109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

R v R [1991] 3 WLR 767. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

R v Secretary of State for Social Security ex p West

[1998] EWHC (Admin) 687 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

R v W and B (Children) W (Children) [2001] HRLR 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Rampal v Rampal [2001] EWCA Civ 989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Rees v UK [1987] 2 FLR 111; (1987) 9 EHRR 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Richards v Richards [1983] 3 WLR 173 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Rose v Rose [2003] EWHC 505 (Fam). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Rukat v Rukat [1975] 2 WLR 201. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 79

S v F (Occupation Order) [2000] 1 FLR 255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Schuller v Schuller [1990] 2 FLR 193. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Sheffield and Horsham v UK (1997) 27 EHRR 163 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Singh v Singh [1971] 2 WLR 963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

State v Ward (1994) 28 SE 2d 785. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Szechter v Szechter [1971] 2 WLR 170. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 27, 272

T v S (Financial Provision for Children) [1994] 2 FLR 883 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124, 126

Thurlow v Thurlow [1975] 3 WLR 161. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Tinsley v Milligan [1993] 3 WLR 126 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Vicary v Vicary [1992] 2 FLR 271. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

W (A Minor) (Contact), Re [1994] 2 FLR 441. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

W (Minors), Re (1996) CLY 568 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

W v W [1967] 1 WLR 1554 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

W v W (Nullity: Gender) [2001] 1 FLR 324 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Wachtel v Wachtel [1973] Fam 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 73, 76

WB (Minors: Residence), Re [1995] 2 FLR 1023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v Islington LBC

[1996] 2 WLR 802 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Whiston v Whiston [1995] 2 FLR 268 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 96

White v White [2000] 3 WLR 1571 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66, 68, 71, 73, 75, 82, 276

Understanding Family Law

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