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THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME III

AUSTRIA LOWER to BISECTRIX

[E-Text Edition of Volume III - Part 1 of 2, Slice 1 of 3 - AUSTRIA LOWER to

BACON]

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME III. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL

CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS

VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. C. P. Anna C. Paues, Ph.D.

Lecturer in Germanic Philology at Newnham

College, Cambridge. Formerly Fellow of

Newnham College. Author of A Fourteenth

Century Biblical Version; &c.

Bible, English.

A. C. S. Algernon Charles Swinburne.

See biographical article: Swinburne, Algernon C.

Beaumont and

Fletcher.

A. F. P. Albert Frederick Pollard, M.A., F.R.Hist.Soc.

Professor of English History in the University of

London. Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford.

Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National

Biography, 1893-1901. Lothian prizeman

(Oxford), 1892; Arnold prizeman, 1898. Author of

Balnaves; Barnes,

Robert; Bilney.

England under the Protector Somerset; Henry

VIII.; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c.

A. Go.* Rev. Alexander Gordon, M.A.

Lecturer on Church History in the University of

Manchester.

Beza.

A. G.

G.

Sir Alfred George Greenhill, M.A., F.R.S.

Formerly Professor of Mathematics in the

Ordnance College, Woolwich. Author of

Differential and Integral Calculus with

Applications; Hydrostatics; Notes on Dynamics;

&c.

Ballistics.

A. Hl. Arthur Hassall, M.A.

Student and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford.

Author of A Handbook of European History; The

Balance of Power; &c. Editor of the 3rd edition of

T. H. Dyer's History of Modern Europe.

Austria-Hungary:

History (in part).

A. H.

N.

Albert Henry Newman, LL.D., D.D.

Professor of Church History, Baylor University,

Texas. Professor at McMaster University, Toronto,

1881-1901. Author of The Baptist Churches in the

United States; Manual of Church History; A

Century of Baptist Achievement.

Baptists: American.

A. H.-

S.

Sir A. Houtum-Schindler, C.I.E.

General in the Persian Army. Author of Eastern

Persian Irak.

Azerbāijān; Bakhtiari;

Bander Abbāsi;

Barfurush.

A. H. S. Rev. Archibald Henry Sayce, D.Litt., LL.D. Babylon; Babylonia

See the biographical article: SAYCE, A. H. and Assyria;

Belshazzar; Berossus.

A. J. L. Andrew Jackson Lamoureux.

Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell

University. Editor of the Rio News (Rio de

Janeiro), 1879-1901.

Bahia: State; Bahia:

City.

A. L. Andrew Lang.

See the biographical article: Lang, Andrew.

Ballads.

A. N. Alfred Newton, F.R.S.

See the biographical article: Newton, Alfred.

Birds of Paradise.

A. P.

H.

Alfred Peter Hillier, M.D., M.P.

President, South African Medical Congress, 1893.

Author of South African Studies; &c. Served in

Kaffir War, 1878-1879. Partner with Dr L. S.

Jameson in medical practice in South Africa till

1896. Member of Reform Committee,

Johannesburg, and Political Prisoner at Pretoria,

1895-1896. M.P. for Hitchin division of Herts,

1910.

Basutoland: History (in

part); Bechuanaland (in

part).

A. Sp. Archibald Sharp.

Consulting Engineer and Chartered Patent Agent.

Bicycle.

A. St

H. G.

Alfred St Hill Gibbons.

Major, East Yorkshire Regiment. Explorer in

South Central Africa. Author of Africa from South

to North through Marotseland.

Barotse, Barotseland.

A. W.* Arthur Willey, F.R.S., D.Sc.

Director of Colombo Museum, Ceylon.

Balanoglossus.

A. W.

H.*

Arthur William Holland.

Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford.

Bacon Scholar of Gray's Inn, 1900.

Austria-Hungary:

History (in part);

Bavaria: History (in

part).

A. W.

Po.

Alfred William Pollard, M.A.

Assistant Keeper of Printed Books, British

Museum. Fellow of King's College, London. Hon.

Secretary Bibliographical Society. Editor of Books

about Books; and Bibliographica. Joint-editor of

the Library. Chief Editor of the "Globe" Chaucer.

Bibliography and

Bibliology.

B. K. Prince Bojidar Karageorgevitch (d. 1908).

Artist, art critic, designer and goldsmith.

Contributor to the Paris Figaro, the Magazine of

Art, &c. Author of Enchanted India. Translator of

the works of Tolstoi and Jokai, &c.

Bashkirtseff.

C. The Earl of Crewe, K.G., F.S.A.

See the biographical article: Crewe, 1st Earl of.

Banville.

C. A.

C.

Charles Arthur Conant.

Member of Commission on International Exchange

of U.S., 1903. Treasurer, Morton Trust Co., New

York, 1902-1906. Author of History of Modern

Banks of Issue; The Principles of Money and

Banking; &c.

Banks and Banking:

American.

C. B.* Charles Bémont, D. ès L., Litt.D. (Oxon.).

See the biographical article: Bémont, C.

Baluze; Béarn.

C. F. A. Charles Francis Atkinson.

Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford.

Captain, 1st City of London (Royal Fusiliers).

Author of The Wilderness and Cold Harbour.

Austrian Succession

War: Military.

C. F. B. Charles Francis Bastable, M.A., LL.D.

Regius Professor of Laws and Professor of

Political Economy in the University of Dublin.

Author of Public Finance; Commerce of Nations;

Theory of International Trade; &c.

Bimetallism.

C. H.

T.

Cuthbert Hamilton Turner, M.A.

Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford; Fellow of

the British Academy. Speaker's Lecturer in Biblical

Studies in the University of Oxford, 1906-1909.

First Editor of the Journal of Theological Studies,

1899-1902. Author of "Chronology of the New

Testament," and "Greek Patristic Commentaries on

the Pauline Epistles" in Hastings' Dictionary of the

Bible, &c.

Bible: New Testament

Chronology.

C. H.

W. J.

Rev. Claude Hermann Walter Johns, M.A., Litt.D.

Master of St Catharine's College, Cambridge.

Lecturer in Assyriology, Queens' College,

Cambridge, and King's College, London. Author of

Assyrian Deeds and Documents of the 7th Century

B.C.; The Oldest Code of Laws; Babylonian and

Assyrian Laws; Contracts and Letters; &c.

Babylonian Law.

C. J. L. Sir Charles James Lyall, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., LL.D.

(Edin.).

Secretary, Judicial and Public Department, India

Office. Fellow of King's College, London.

Secretary to Government of India in Home

Department, 1889-1894. Chief Commissioner,

Central Provinces, India, 1895-1898. Author of

Translations of Ancient Arabic Poetry; &c.

Bihārī Lāl.

C. Mi. Chedomille Mijatovich.

Senator of the Kingdom of Servia. Envoy

Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the

King of Servia to the Court of St James's, 1895-

1900, and 1902-1903.

Belgrade.

C. Pl. Rev. Charles Plummer, M.A.

Fellow and Chaplain of Corpus Christi College,

Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1901. Author of Life and

Times of Alfred the Great; &c.

Bede.

C. R.

B.

Charles Raymond Beazley, M.A., D.Litt.,

F.R.G.S., F.R.Hist.S.

Professor of Modern History in the University of

Birmingham. Formerly Fellow of Merton College,

Oxford, and University Lecturer in the History of

Geography. Lothian prizeman (Oxford), 1889.

Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of Henry

the Navigator; The Dawn of Modern Geography;

&c.

Beatus; Behaim.

C. W. Sir Charles William Wilson, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., Beirut (in part)

W. F.R.S. (1836-1907).

Major-General, Royal Engineers. Secretary to the

North American Boundary Commission, 1858-

1862. British Commissioner on the Servian

Boundary Commission. Director-General of the

Ordnance Survey, 1886-1894. Director-General of

Military Education, 1895-1898. Author of From

Korti to Khartoum; Life of Lord Clive; &c.

D. B.

Ma.

Duncan Black Macdonald, D.D.

Professor of Semitic Languages, Hartford

Theological Seminary, U.S.A.

Bairam

D. C.

B.

Demetrius Charles Boulger.

Author of England and Russia in Central Asia;

History of China; Life of Gordon; India in the 19th

Century; History of Belgium; Belgian Life in Town

and Country; &c.

Belgium: Geography

and Statistics.

D. F. T. Donald Francis Tovey.

Balliol College, Oxford. Author of Essays in

Musical Analysis—comprising The Classical

Concerto, The Goldberg Variations, and analyses

of many other classical works.

Bach, J. S.; Beethoven.

D. G.

H.

David George Hogarth, M.A.

Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Fellow of

the British Academy. Excavated at Paphos, 1888;

Naukratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905;

Assiut, 1906-1907. Director, British School at

Baalbek; Barca; Beirut

(in part); Bengazi.

Athens, 1897-1900; Director, Cretan Exploration

Fund, 1899.

D. H. David Hannay.

Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author

of Short History of Royal Navy, 1217-1688; Life of

Emilio Castelar; &c.

Austrian Succession

War: Naval; Avilés;

Bainbridge, William;

Barbary Pirates.

D. Mn. Rev. Dugald Macfadyen, M.A.

Minister of South Grove Congregational Church,

Highgate. Director of the London Missionary

Society.

Berry, Charles Albert.

D. S.

M.*

David Samuel Margoliouth, M.A., D.Litt.

Laudian Professor of Arabic, Oxford; Fellow of

New College. Author of Arabic Papyri of the

Bodleian Library; Mohammed and the Rise of

Islam; Cairo, Jerusalem and Damascus.

Axum.

D. S.-S. David Seth-Smith, F.Z.S.

Curator of Birds to the Zoological Society of

London. Formerly President of the Avicultural

Society. Author of Parrakeets, a Practical

Handbook to those Species kept in Captivity.

Aviary.

E. B. Edward Breck, Ph.D.

Formerly Foreign Correspondent of the New York

Herald and the New York Times. Author of

Wilderness Pets.

Base-Ball.

E. Br. Ernest Barker, M.A.

Fellow and Lecturer of St John's College, Oxford.

Baldwin I. to IV. of

Jerusalem.

Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College.

Craven Scholar (Oxford), 1895.

E. Cl. Edward Clodd.

Vice-President of the Folk-Lore Society. Author of

Story of Primitive Man; Primer of Evolution; Tom

Tit Tot; Animism; Pioneers of Evolution.

Baer.

E. C. B. Right Rev. Edward Cuthbert Butler, O.S.B., D.Litt.

(Dubl.).

Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath.

Basilian Monks;

Benedict of Nursia;

Benedictines; St

Bernardin of Siena.

E. F. S. Edward Fairbrother Strange.

Assistant-Keeper, Victoria and Albert Museum,

South Kensington. Member of Council, Japan

Society. Author of numerous works on art subjects;

Joint-editor of Bell's "Cathedral" Series.

Beardsley, Aubrey

Vincent.

E. G. Edmund Gosse, LL.D.

See the biographical article: Gosse, Edmund.

Baggesen; Ballade;

Barnfield; Beaumont,

Sir John; Belgium:

Literature; Biography.

E. G.

B.

Edward Granville Browne, M.A., M.R.C.S.,

M.R.A.S.

Sir Thomas Adams's Professor of Arabic and

Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge. Fellow

of the British Academy. Author of A Traveller's

Narrative, written to Illustrate the Episode of the

Báb; The New History of Mirzá Ali Muhammed the

Báb; Literary History of Persia; &c.

Bábiism.

E. H.

M.

Ellis Hovell Minns, M.A.

Lecturer and Assistant Librarian, and formerly

Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge.

University Lecturer in Palaeography.

Bastarnae.

Ed. M. Eduard Meyer, D.Litt. (Oxon.), LL.D., Ph.D.

Professor of Ancient History in the University of

Berlin. Author of Geschichte des Alterthums;

Geschichte des alten Ägyptens; Die Israeliten und

ihre Nachbarstamme; &c.

Bactria; Bagoas;

Bahran; Balash;

Behistun.

E. Ma. Edward Manson.

Barrister-at-Law. Joint-editor of Journal of

Comparative Legislation, Author of Short View of

the Law of Bankruptcy; &c.

Bankruptcy:

Comparative Law

E. M.

T.

Sir Edward Maunde Thompson, G.C.B., D.C.L.,

LL.D., Litt.D.

Director and Principal Librarian, British Museum,

1888-1909. Fellow of the British Academy.

Corresponding Member of the Institute of France

and of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences.

Author of Handbook of Greek and Latin

Palaeography. Editor of the Chronicon Angliae,

&c. Joint-editor of Publications of the

Palaeographical Society.

Autographs.

E. N. S. E. N. Stockley.

Captain, Royal Engineers. Instructor in

Construction at the School of Military Engineering,

Chatham. For some time in charge of the Barracks

Barracks.

Design Branch of the War Office.

E. Pr. Edgar Prestage.

Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the

University of Manchester. Commendador,

Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. Corresponding

Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences

and Lisbon Geographical Society.

Azurara; Barros.

E. Tn. Rev. Ethelred Leonard Taunton (d. 1907).

Author of The English Black Monks of St Benedict;

History of the Jesuits in England.

Baronius.

E. V. Rev. Edmund Venables, M.A., D.D. (1819-1895).

Canon and Precentor of Lincoln. Author of

Episcopal Palaces of England.

Basilica (in part).

F. C. B. Francis Crawford Burkitt, M.A., D.D.

Norrisian Professor of Divinity, Cambridge.

Fellow of the British Academy. Part-editor of The

Four Gospels in Syriac transcribed from the

Sinaitic Palimpsest. Author of The Gospel History

and its Transmission; Early Eastern Christianity;

&c.

Bible: New Testament,

Higher Criticism.

F. C. C. Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, M.A., D.Th.

(Giessen).

Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow

of University College, Oxford. Author of The

Ancient Armenian Texts of Aristotle; Myth, Magic

and Morals; &c.

Baptism.

F. G. Frederick Greenwood.

See the biographical article: Greenwood,

Frederick.

Beaconsfield, Earl of.

F. G.

M. B.

Frederick George Meeson Beck, M.A.

Fellow and Lecturer of Clare College, Cambridge.

Bernicia.

F. Ll.

G.

Francis Llewelyn Griffith, M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A.

Reader in Egyptology, Oxford. Editor of the

Archaeological Survey and Archaeological Reports

of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Fellow of the

Imperial German Archaeological Institute.

Bes.

F. L. L. Lady Lugard.

See the biographical article: Lugard, Sir F. J. D.

Bauchi.

F. P. Frank Podmore, M.A. (d. 1910).

Pembroke College, Oxford. Author of Studies in

Psychical Research; Modern Spiritualism; &c.

Automatic Writing.

F. R. C. Frank R. Cana.

Author of South Africa from the Great Trek to the

Union.

Basutoland (in part);

Bahr-el-Ghazal (in

part); Bechuanaland (in

part).

F. R.

M.

Francis Richard Maunsell, C.M.G.

Lieut.-Col., Royal Artillery. Military Vice-Consul,

Sivas, Trebizond, Van (Kurdistan), 1897-1898.

Military Attaché, British Embassy, Constantinople,

1901-1905. Author of Central Kurdistan; &c.

Baiburt; Bashkala.

F. W. Frederick William Rudler, I.S.O., F.G.S. Aventurine; Beryl.

R.* Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical

Geology, London, 1879-1902. President of the

Geologists' Association, 1887-1889.

G. A.

B.

George A. Boulenger, F.R.S., D.Sc., Ph.D.

In charge of the Collections of Reptiles and Fishes,

Department of Zoology, British Museum. Vice￾President of the Zoological Society of London.

Axolotl; Batrachia.

G. A.

Gr.

George Abraham Grierson, C.I.E., Ph.D. D.Litt.

(Dublin).

Member of the Indian Civil Service, 1873-1903. In

charge of Linguistic Survey of India, 1898-1902.

Gold Medallist, Asiatic Society, 1909. Vice￾President of the Royal Asiatic Society. Formerly

Fellow of Calcutta University. Author of The

Languages of India; &c.

Bengali; Bihari.

G. B.

B.

Gerard Baldwin Brown, M.A.

Professor of Fine Arts, University of Edinburgh.

Formerly Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford.

Author of From Schola to Cathedral; The Fine

Arts; &c.

Basilica (in part).

G. B.

G.*

George Buchanan Gray, M.A., D.D., D.Litt.

(Oxon.)

Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis,

Mansfield College, Oxford. Examiner in Hebrew,

University of Wales. Author of The Divine

Discipline of Israel; &c.

Bible: Old Testament,

Textual Criticism, and

Higher Criticism

G. E. Rev. George Edmundson, M.A., F.R.Hist.S.

Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College,

Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1909. Hon. Member

Dutch Historical Society, and Foreign Member,

Netherlands Association of Literature.

Belgium: History.

G. F. Z. G. F. Zimmer, A.M.Inst.C.E.

Author of Mechanical Handling of Material.

Biscuit.

G. G.

S.

George Gregory Smith, M.A.

Professor of English Literature, Queen's

University, Belfast. Author of The Days of James

IV.; The Transition Period; Specimens of Middle

Scots; &c.

Barbour, John.

G. H.

C.

George Herbert Carpenter, B.Sc.

Professor of Zoology in the Royal College of

Science, Dublin. President of the Association of

Economic Biologists. Member of the Royal Irish

Academy. Author of Insects: their Structure and

Life; &c.

Bee.

G. Sa. George Edward Bateman Saintsbury, LL.D.,

D.Litt.

See the biographical article: Saintsbury, G. E. B.

Balzac, H. de.

G. W.

T.

Rev. Griffithes Wheeler Thatcher, M.A., B.D.

Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W.

Formerly Tutor in Hebrew and Old Testament

History at Mansfield College, Oxford.

Avempace; Averroes;

Avicenna; Baidāwī;

Balādhurī; Behā ud￾Dīn; Behā ud-Din

Zuhair; Bīrūnī.

H. Br. Henry Bradley, M.A., Ph.D.

Joint-editor of the New English Dictionary

(Oxford). Fellow of the British Academy. Author

of The Story of the Goths; The Making of English;

&c.

Beowulf.

H. Ch. Hugh Chisholm, M.A.

Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College,

Oxford. Editor of the 11th edition of the

Encyclopaedia Britannica. Co-editor of the 10th

edition.

Balfour, A. J.

H. C.

R.

Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Bart., K.C.B.

See the biographical article: Rawlinson, Sir H. C.

Bagdad: City.

H. Fr. Henri Frantz.

Art Critic, Gazette des Beaux Arts (Paris).

Barye; Bastien-Lepage;

Baudry, P. J. A.

H. F.

G.

Hans Friedrich Gadow, F.R.S., Ph.D.

Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in the

University of Cambridge. Author of "Amphibia

and Reptiles" in the Cambridge Natural History.

Bird.

H. H.

H.*

Herbert Hensley Henson, M.A., D.D.

Canon of Westminster Abbey and Rector of St

Margaret's, Westminster. Proctor in Convocation

since 1902. Formerly Fellow of All Souls' College,

Oxford. Select Preacher (Oxford), 1895-1896;

(Cambridge), 1901. Author of Apostolic

Christianity; Moral Discipline in the Christian

Church; The National Church; Christ and the

Bible, English: Revised

Version.