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The Book of Religions by John Hayward

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Title: The Book of Religions

Author: John Hayward

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***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK OF RELIGIONS***

The Book of Religions

Comprising The

Views, Creeds, Sentiments, or Opinions,

Of All The

The Book of Religions by John Hayward 1

Principal Religious Sects In The World

Particularly Of

All Christian Denominations

In

Europe and America

To Which Are Added

Church and Missionary Statistics

Together With

Biographical Sketches

By John Hayward

Author of "New England Gazetteer"

Boston:

Albert Colby And Company.

20 Washington Street.

1860

CONTENTS

Preface. Index. Lutherans, Or, The Evangelical Lutheran Church. Calvinists. Hopkinsians. Arians. Socinians.

Humanitarians. Sectarians. Church Government. Presbyterians. Cumberland Presbyterians. Episcopalians.

Historical Notice Of The Church In The United States. Articles Of Religion. Cambridge And Saybrook

Platforms. Moravians, Or United Brethren. Tunkers. Mennonites, Or Harmless Christians. Disciples Of

Christ; Sometimes Called Campbellites, or Reformers. Friends, or Quakers. Shakers, Or The United Society

Of Believers. Reformation. Reformed Churches. Reformed Dutch Church. Reformed German Church.

Restorationists. Universalists. Roman Catholics. Bereans. Materialists. Arminians. Methodists, Or The

Methodist Episcopal Church. Methodists, Or The Methodist Protestant Church. Protestants. Sabellians.

Sandemanians. Antinomians. Pelagians. Pre-Adamites. Predestinarians. Orthodox Creeds. Andover Orthodox

Creed. New Haven Orthodox Creed. Swedenborgians, Or, The New Jerusalem Church. Fighting Quakers.

Harmonists. Dorrelites. Osgoodites. Rogerenes. Whippers. Wilkinsonians. Aquarians. Baxterians. Miller's

Views on the Second Coming of Christ. Come-Outers. Jumpers. Baptists. Anabaptists. Free-Will Baptists.

Seventh-Day Baptists, Or Sabbatarians, Six-Principle Baptists. Quaker Baptists, Or Keithians. Pedobaptists.

Anti-Pedobaptists. Unitarians. Brownists. Puritans. Bourignonists. Jews. Indian Religions. Deists. Atheists.

Pantheists. Mahometans. Simonians. Pagans. Satanians. Abelians, or Abelonians. Supralapsarians. Dancers.

Epicureans. Skeptics. Wickliffites. Diggers. Zuinglians. Seekers. Wilhelminians. Non-Resistants.

Southcotters. Family Of Love. Hutchinsonians. Mormonites, Or The Church Of The Latter-Day Saints.

Daleites. Emancipators. Perfectionists. Waldenses. Allenites. Johnsonians. Donatists. Se-Baptists.

Re-Anointers. Tao-Se, or Taou-Tsze. Quietists. Knipperdolings. Mendæans, Mendaites, Mendai Ijahi, Or

Disciples Of St. John, That Is, The Baptist. Muggletonians. Yezidees, Or Worshippers Of The Devil. Greek or

The Book of Religions by John Hayward 2

Russian Church. Primitive Christians. Trinitarians. Millenarians. Whitefield Calvinistic Methodists.

Nonjurors. Nonconformists. Christian Connection. Puseyites. Free Communion Baptists. Transcendentalists.

Augsburg Confession Of Faith. Armenians. Primitive Methodists. Novatians. Nestorians. High-Churchmen.

Ancient American Covenant Or Confession Of Faith. Statistics Of Churches. Baptists. Free-Will Baptists.

Seventh-Day Baptists. Christian Connection. Calvinistic Congregationalists. Disciples Of Christ.

Episcopalians. Friends. Jews. Lutherans. Protestant Methodists. Methodists. Presbyterians. Other Presbyterian

Communities. Reformed Dutch Church. Roman Catholics. Swedenborgians. Unitarians. Universalists.

Missionary Statistics. First Protestant Missions. Moravian Missions. London Missionary Society. American

Board Of Foreign Missions. Presbyterian Board Of Foreign Missions. English Baptist Missionary Society.

American Baptist Board Of Foreign Missions. Free-Will Baptists. Episcopal Missions. Society For

Propagating The Gospel Among The Indians And Others. Wesleyan Or English Methodist Missionary

Society. Missions Of The Methodist Episcopal Church. Seventh-Day Baptist Missionary Society. French

Protestant Missionary Society. Netherlands Missionary Society. Scottish Missionary Society. German

Missionary Society. Church Of Scotland Missions. Rhenish Missionary Society. Missions Of The Roman

Catholic Church. Jews' Missionary Society. Indians. Biographical Sketches of the Fathers of the Reformation,

Founders of Sects, and of other Distinguished Individuals Mentioned in this Volume. John Wickliffe. Jerome

of Prague. John Huss. John OEcolampadius. Martin Luther. Ulriucus Zuinglius. Martin Bucer. Philip

Melancthon. Peter Martyr. Henry Bullinger. John Knox. John Calvin. Jerome Zanchius. Theodore Beza. Leo

X. Justin. Arius. Athanasius. Moses Maimonides. John Agricola. Michael Servetus. Simonis Menno. Francis

Xavier. Faustus Socinus. Robert Brown. James Arminius. Francis Higginson. Richard Baxter. George Fox.

William Penn. Benedict Spinoza. Ann Lee. John Glass. George Keith. Nicholas Louis, Count Zinzendorf.

William Courtney. Richard Hooker. Charles Chauncey. Roger Williams. John Clarke. Ann Hutchinson.

Michael Molinos. John Wesley. George Whitefield. Selina Huntingdon. Robert Sandeman. Samuel Hopkins.

Jonathan Mayhew. Samuel Seabury. Richard Clarke. Joseph Priestly. James Purves. John Jebb. John Gaspar

Christian Lavater. John Tillotson. Isaac Newton. Charles V. Francis Bacon. Matthew Hale. Princess Elizabeth.

Robert Boyle. John Locke. Joseph Addison. Isaac Watts. Philip Doddridge. John Murray. Elhanan

Winchester. Saint Genevieve. Gilbert Burnet. Theological Schools. Footnotes

PREFACE.

A few years since, the Editor of the following pages published a volume of "Religious Creeds and Statistics;"

and, as the work, although quite limited, met with general approbation, he has been induced to publish another

of the same nature, but on a much larger plan, trusting that it will prove more useful, and more worthy of

public favor.

His design has been, to exhibit to his readers, with the utmost impartiality and perspicuity, and as briefly as

their nature will permit, the views, creeds, sentiments, or opinions, of all the religious sects or denominations

in the world, so far as utility seemed to require such an exhibition; but more especially to give the rise,

progress, and peculiarities, of all the principal schemes or systems of religion which exist in the United States

at the present day.

The work is intended to serve as a manual for those who are desirous of acquiring, with as little trouble as

possible, a correct knowledge of the tenets or systems of religious faith, presented for the consideration of

mankind;--to enable them, almost at a glance, to compare one creed or system with another, and each with the

holy Scriptures;--to settle the minds of those who have formed no definite opinions on religious subjects;--and

to lead us all, by contrasting the sacred truths and sublime beauties of Christianity with the absurd notions of

pagan idolaters, of skeptics, and of infidels, to set a just value on the doctrines of HIM WHO SPAKE AS

NEVER MAN SPAKE.

To accomplish this design, the Editor has obtained, from the most intelligent and candid among the living

defenders of each denomination, full and explicit statements of their religious sentiments--such as they believe

and teach. He is indebted to the friends of some new sects or parties in philosophy and religion, for an account

The Book of Religions by John Hayward 3

of their respective views and opinions. With regard to anterior sects, he has noticed, from the best authorities,

as large a number as is thought necessary for the comparison of ancient with modern creeds.

The Church and Missionary Statistics are believed to be as accurate as can be constructed from materials

which annually undergo greater or less changes.

The Biographical Sketches are derived from the most authentic sources. While they convey useful knowledge

in regard to the fathers and defenders of the various systems of religious faith, they may also stimulate our

readers to the practice of those Christian virtues and graces which adorned the lives of many of them, and

render their names immortal.

A few only of the works from which valuable aid has been received, can be mentioned:--Mosheim and

McLaine's Ecclesiastical History; Gregory and Ruter's Church History; Encyclopædia Americana; Brown's

Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge; Adams's View of Religions, and History of the Jews; Benedict's

History of all Religions; Evans's Sketches; Buck's and Henderson's Theological Dictionaries; Eliot's, Allen's,

and Blake's Biographical Dictionaries; Davenport; Watson; Grant's Nestorians, Coleman's Christian

Antiquities; Ratio Disciplinæ; Haydn's Dictionary of Dates, &c.

To clergymen and laymen of all denominations, who have assisted the Editor in presenting their various views

with clearness and fairness; to the secretaries of the several missionary boards; to editors of religious journals,

and to other persons who have kindly furnished documents for the Statistics and Biographical Sketches, he

tenders acknowledgments of unfeigned gratitude.

While the Editor assures the public that the whole has been prepared with much diligence and care, and with

an entire freedom from sectarian zeal or party bias, he cannot but indulge the hope that his "Book of

Religions" will prove acceptable and beneficial to the community, as imbodying a great variety of facts on a

subject of deep concern, worthy of the exercise of our highest faculties, and requiring our most charitable

conclusions.

INDEX.

Abelians, or Abelonians, 243

Addison, Joseph, 417

Agricola, John, 370

Allenites, 280

American Missions, 336

Anabaptists, 190

Ancient American Covenant, 308

Andover Orthodox Creed, 138

Antinomians, 128

Anti-Pedobaptists, 196

Apostles' Creed, 102

The Book of Religions by John Hayward 4

Aquarians, 168

Arians, 18

Arius, 368

Armenians, 303

Arminians, 115

Arminius, James, 373

Assembly's Catechism, 141

Athanasian Creed, 102

Athanasius, 368

Atheists, 217

Augsburg Confession, 302

Bacon, Francis, 407

Baptists, 182, 311, 340 Quaker, 193

Baptist Missions, English, 339

Baxter, Richard, 376

Baxterians, 169

Bereans, 109

Beza, Theodore, 366

Bible Chronology, 175

Biographical Sketches, 350

Bishops, Episcopal, 314

Bourignonists, 201

Boyle, Robert, 412

Brown, Robert, 373

Brownists, 200

Bucer, Martin, 360

The Book of Religions by John Hayward 5

Bullinger, Henry, 363

Burnet, Gilbert, 429

Calvin, John, 365

Calvinists, 11, 313

Cambridge Platform, 48

Campbellites, 58

Charles V., 405

Chauncey, Charles, 385

Christian Connection, 295, 313

Christianity, Progress of, 432

Chronology, Bible, 175

Church Government, 20

Church Statistics, 311

Clarke, John, 387

Clarke, Richard, 399

Come-Outers, 177

Congregationalists, 20, 313

Courtney, William, 384

Creed, Andover, 138 Apostles', 102 Athanasian, 102 Augsburg, 302 New Haven, 142 Nicene, 105 Orthodox,

132

Cumberland Presbyterians, 25

Daleites, 272

Dancers, 244

Deists, 215

Diggers, 246

Disciples of Christ, 58, 314

Disciples of St John, 284

The Book of Religions by John Hayward 6

Dissenters. See Puritans.

Doddridge, Philip, 420

Donatists, 281

Dorrelites, 164

Dutch Reformed Church, 88

Elizabeth, Princess, 411

Emancipators, 272

English Baptist Missions, 339

---- Methodist Missions, 343

Epicureans, 244

Episcopalians, 26, 314, 341

Essenes, 202

Family of Love, 259

Fighting Quakers, 162

Fox, George, 377

Free Communion Baptists, 300

Free-Will Baptists, 190, 312, 341

French Missions, 346

Friends, or Quakers, 64, 319

Genevieve, 162, 428

German Missions, 346

German Reformed Church, 90

Glass, John, 383

Glassites, 126

Government, Church, 20

Greek Church, 288

The Book of Religions by John Hayward 7

Hale, Matthew, 408

Harmless Christians, 57

Harmonists, 163

Hicksites, 74, 319

High Churchmen, 308

Higginson, Francis, 310, 374

Hooker, Richard, 385

Hopkins, Samuel, 397

Hopkinsians, 13

Humanitarians, 19

Huntingdon, Lady Selina, 395

Huss, John, 354

Hutchinson, Ann, 389

Hutchinsonians, 259

Independents, 20

Indian Missions, 342 Religions, 210 Statistics, 347

Jebb, John, 401

Jerome of Prague, 352

Jews, 202, 319, 347

Johnsonians, 280

Jumpers, 181

Justin Martyr, 368

Keith, George, 383

Keithians, 193

Knipperdolings, 283

Knox, John, 363

The Book of Religions by John Hayward 8

Latter-Day Saints, 260

Lavater, John G. C., 402

Lee, Ann, 381

Leo X., 367

Locke, John 415

London Missionary Society, 335

Luther, Martin, 355

Lutherans, 9, 320

Mahometans, 220

Maimonides, Moses, 203, 370

Martyr, Peter, 362

Materialists, 112

Mayhew, Jonathan, 398

Mendæans, 284

Melancthon, Philip, 361

Mennonites, 57

Menno, Simonis, 372

Methodists, Episcopal, 117, 321 Protestant, 123, 321 Methodists, Primitive, 305 Methodists' Missions, 344

Views of Perfection, 274

Miller's Views on the Second Coming of Christ, 170

Millenarians, 292

Missionary Statistics, 333

Missions, American Foreign, 336

Missions, Indian, 342

Molinos, Michael, 389

Moravians, 49, 333

Mormonites, 260

The Book of Religions by John Hayward 9

Muggletonians, 284

Murray, John, 423

N.

Necessarians. See Materialists.

Nestorians, 306

Netherland Missions, 346

New Haven Orthodox Creed, 142

New Jerusalem Church, 150

Newton, Isaac, 403

Nicene Creed, 105

Nonconformists, 294

Nonjurors, 294

Non-Resistants, 247

Novatians, 305

Oberlin Views of Sanctification, 278

OEcolampadius, John, 355

Orthodox Creeds, 132

Osgoodites, 166

Pantheists, 219

Pagans, 234

Pedobaptists, 193

Pelagians, 130

Penn, William, 378

Perfectionists, 274

Pharisees, 202

Popes of Rome, 326

The Book of Religions by John Hayward 10

Pre-Adamites, 131

Predestinarians, 132

Presbyterians, 22, 322 Cumberland, 25

Presbyterian Missions, 338

Priestley, Joseph, 400

Primitive Christians, 290 Methodists, 305

Princess Elizabeth, 411

Progress of Christianity, 432

Protestants, 125

Protestant Methodists, 123, 321 Missions, 333

Puritans, 200

Purves, James, 401

Puseyites, 299

Quakers, or Friends, 64

Quaker Baptists, 193

Quietists, 283

Ranters. See Seekers.

Re-Anointers, 282

Reformation, 85

Reformed Churches, 88

Reformed Dutch Church, 88, 324 German Church, 90

Rhenish Missions, 347

Restorationists, 91

Rogerenes, 166

Roman Catholics, 102, 324, 347

Russian Church, 288

The Book of Religions by John Hayward 11

Sabbatarians, 191

Sabellians, 125

Sadducees, 202

Sanctification, Views on, 278

Sandemanians, 126

Sandeman, Robert, 396

Satanians, 243

Saybrook Platform, 48

Seabury, Samuel, 33, 398

Schools, Theological, 432

Scottish Missions, 346, 347

Se-Baptists, 281

Sectarians, 20

Seekers, 247

Servetus, Michael, 371

Seventh-Day Baptists, 191, 312, 345

Shakers, 75

Simonians, 233

Six-Principle Baptists, 192

Skeptics, 245

Socinius, Faustus, 372

Socinians, 19

Southcotters, 255

Spinoza, Benedict, 380

Statistics of Churches, 311 of Missions, 333

Succession of Bishops, 315

The Book of Religions by John Hayward 12

Supralapsarians, 243

Swedenborg, 150

Swedenborgians, 150, 330

Tao-Se, 282

Taylor's (Dr.) Views, 142

Theological Schools, 432

Tillotson, John, 402

Transcendentalists, 301

Trinitarians, 290

Tunkers, or Tumblers, 55

Unitarians, 196, 331

United Brethren, 49

United Society of Believers, 75

Universalists, 95, 331

Waldenses, 279

Water-Drinkers, 168

Watts, Isaac, 418

Wesley, John, 390

Wesleyan Missions, 343

Westminster Catechism, 141

Whippers, 167

Whitefield, George, 393

Whitefield Methodists, 293

Wickliffe, John, 350

Wickliffites, 245

Wilhelminians, 247

The Book of Religions by John Hayward 13

Wilkinsonians, 167

Williams, Roger, 386

Winchester, Elhanan, 425

Worshippers of the Devil, 285

Xavier, Francis, 161, 372

Yezidees, or Worshippers of the Devil, 285

Zanchius, Jerome, 366

Zinzendorf, Count, 383

Zuinglius, Ulricus, 359

Zuinglians, 246

LUTHERANS, OR, THE EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH.

This denomination adheres to the opinions of Martin Luther, the celebrated reformer.

The Lutherans, of all Protestants, are those who differ least from the Romish church, as they affirm that the

body and blood of Christ are materially present in the sacrament of the Lord's supper, though in an

incomprehensible manner: this they term consubstantiation. They likewise represent some rites and

institutions, as the use of images in churches, the vestments of the clergy, the private confession of sins, the

use of wafers in the administration of the Lord's supper, the form of exorcism in the celebration of baptism,

and other ceremonies of the like nature, as tolerable, and some of them useful. The Lutherans maintain, with

regard to the divine decrees, that they respect the salvation or misery of men in consequence of a previous

knowledge of their sentiments and characters, and not as founded on the mere will of God. See Augsburg

Confession of Faith.

Towards the close of the last century, the Lutherans began to entertain a greater liberality of sentiment than

they had before adopted, though in many places they persevered longer in despotic principles than other

Protestant churches. Their public teachers now enjoy an unbounded liberty of dissenting from the decisions of

those symbols of creeds which were once deemed almost infallible rules of faith and practice, and of declaring

their dissent in the manner they judge most expedient.

The capital articles which Luther maintained are as follow:--

1. That the holy Scriptures are the only source whence we are to draw our religious sentiments, whether they

relate to faith or practice. (See 2 Tim. 3:15-17. Prov. 1:9. Isa. 8:20. Luke 1:4. John 5:39; 20:31. 1 Cor 4:6,

&c.)

2. That justification is the effect of faith, exclusive of good works, and that faith ought to produce good works,

purely in obedience to God, and not in order to our justification. (See Gal. 2:21.)

3. That no man is able to make satisfaction for his sins. (See Luke 17:10.)

The Book of Religions by John Hayward 14

In consequence of these leading articles, Luther rejected tradition, purgatory, penance, auricular confession,

masses, invocation of saints, monastic vows, and other doctrines of the church of Rome.

The external affairs of the Lutheran church are directed by three judicatories, viz., a vestry of the

congregation, a district or special conference, and a general synod. The synod is composed of ministers, and

an equal number of laymen, chosen as deputies by the vestries of their respective congregations. From this

synod there is no appeal.

The ministerium is composed of ministers only, and regulates the internal or spiritual concerns of the church,

such as examining, licensing, and ordaining ministers, judging in controversies about doctrine, &c. The synod

and ministerium meet annually.

Confession and absolution, in a very simple form, are practised by the American Lutherans; also confirmation,

by which baptismal vows are ratified, and the subjects become communicants. Their liturgies are simple and

impressive, and the clergy are permitted to use extempore prayer. See Statistics of Churches.

CALVINISTS.

This denomination of Christians, of the Congregational order, are chiefly descendants of the English Puritans,

who founded most of the early settlements in New England. They derive their name from John Calvin, an

eminent reformer.

The Calvinists are divided into three parties,--High, Strict, and Moderate. The High Calvinists favor the

Hopkinsian system. The Moderate Calvinists embrace the leading features of Calvin's doctrine, but object to

some parts, particularly to his views of the doctrines of predestination, and the extent of the design of Christ's

death. While they hold to the election of grace, they do not believe that God has reprobated any of his

creatures. They believe that the atonement is, in its nature, general, but in its application, particular; and that

free salvation is to be preached to sinners indiscriminately. The doctrines of the Strict Calvinists are those of

Calvin himself, as established at the synod of Dort, A. D. 1618, and are as follow, viz.:--

1. They maintain that God hath chosen a certain number of the fallen race of Adam in Christ, before the

foundation of the world, unto eternal glory, according to his immutable purpose, and of his free grace and

love, without the least foresight of faith, good works, or any conditions performed by the creature; and that the

rest of mankind he was pleased to pass by, and ordain to dishonor and wrath, for their sins, to the praise of his

vindictive justice. (See Prov. 16:4. Rom. 9: from ver. 11 to end of chap.; 8:30. Eph. 1:4. Acts 13:48.)

2. They maintain that, though the death of Christ be a most perfect sacrifice, and satisfaction for sins, of

infinite value, abundantly sufficient to expiate the sins of the whole world,--and though, on this ground, the

gospel is to be preached to all mankind indiscriminately, yet it was the will of God that Christ, by the blood of

the cross, should efficaciously redeem all those, and those only, who were from eternity elected to salvation,

and given to him by the Father. (See Ps. 33:11. John 6:37; 10:11; 17:9.)

3. They maintain that mankind are totally depraved, in consequence of the fall of the first man, who being

their public head, his sin involved the corruption of all his posterity, and which corruption extends over the

whole soul, and renders it unable to turn to God, or to do any thing truly good, and exposes it to his righteous

displeasure, both in this world and that which is to come. (See Gen. 8:21. Ps. 14:2, 3. Rom. 3:10, 11, 12, &c.;

4:14; 5:19. Gal. 3:10. 2 Cor. 3:6, 7.)

4. They maintain that all whom God hath predestinated unto life, he is pleased, in his appointed time,

effectually to call, by his word and Spirit, out of that state of sin and death, in which they are by nature, to

grace and salvation by Jesus Christ. (See Eph. 1:19; 2:1, 5. Phil. 2:13. Rom. 3:27. I Cor. 1:31, Titus 3:5.)

The Book of Religions by John Hayward 15