Tài liệu The Approach to Philosophy pptx

Part I various great human interests have been selected as points of departure.

Part II undertaken to furnish the reader with a map of the

Part II is due in part to a desire for brevity, but chiefly to the hope

Part III sought to present the tradition of

Part II offers a general classification of philosophical

Part III sought to emphasize the point of view, or the

PART I<p> APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF PHILOSOPHY

CHAPTER I.

CHAPTER II.

CHAPTER III.

CHAPTER IV.

CHAPTER V.

PART II<p> THE SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY

CHAPTER VI.

CHAPTER VII.

PART III<p> SYSTEMS OF PHILOSOPHY

CHAPTER VIII.

CHAPTER IX.

CHAPTER X.

CHAPTER XI.

CHAPTER XII.

PART I<p> APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF

CHAPTER I

CHAPTER II

CHAPTER III

CHAPTER IV

CHAPTER V

PART II<p> THE SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF

CHAPTER VI

Part V, Proposition XLII. Translation by

1

Part I, Fraser's

CHAPTER VII

PART III<p> SYSTEMS OF PHILOSOPHY

CHAPTER VIII

Part IV, § ccii.

CHAPTER IX

CHAPTER X

Part I. Translation by Elwes, p. 45.

Part IV. Translation by Elwes, p. 243.

CHAPTER XI

CHAPTER XII

CHAPTER I

CHAPTER II

CHAPTERS

CHAPTER V

Part II.

CHAPTERS

CHAPTER VIII

Part I.

Part I. (On the religious,

CHAPTER IX

CHAPTER X

CHAPTER XI

Approach to Philosophy, by Ralph Barton Perry

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surrounded by underscores.

THE APPROACH TO PHILOSOPHY

Approach to Philosophy, by Ralph Barton Perry 2

BY PROF. RALPH BARTON PERRY

THE FREE MAN AND THE SOLDIER THE MORAL ECONOMY THE APPROACH TO PHILOSOPHY

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

THE APPROACH TO PHILOSOPHY

BY

RALPH BARTON PERRY, PH.D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HARVARD

UNIVERSITY

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS NEW YORK CHICAGO BOSTON

COPYRIGHT, 1905, BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

Printed in the United States of America F

THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED TO

MY FATHER

AS A TOKEN OF MY LOVE AND ESTEEM

PREFACE

In an essay on "The Problem of Philosophy at the Present Time," Professor Edward Caird says that

"philosophy is not a first venture into a new field of thought, but the rethinking of a secular and religious

consciousness which has been developed, in the main, independently of philosophy."[vii:A] If there be any

inspiration and originality in this book, they are due to my great desire that philosophy should appear in its

vital relations to more familiar experiences. If philosophy is, as is commonly assumed, appropriate to a phase

in the development of every individual, it should grow out of interests to which he is already alive. And if the

great philosophers are indeed never dead, this fact should manifest itself in their classic or historical

representation of a perennial outlook upon the world. I am not seeking to attach to philosophy a fictitious

liveliness, wherewith to insinuate it into the good graces of the student. I hope rather to be true to the meaning

of philosophy. For there is that in its stand-point and its problem which makes it universally significant

entirely apart from dialectic and erudition. These are derived interests, indispensable to the scholar, but quite

separable from that modicum of philosophy which helps to make the man. The present book is written for the

sake of elucidating the inevitable philosophy. It seeks to make the reader more solicitously aware of the

philosophy that is in him, or to provoke him to philosophy in his own interests. To this end I have sacrificed

all else to the task of mediating between the tradition and technicalities of the academic discipline and the

more common terms of life.

The purpose of the book will in part account for those shortcomings that immediately reveal themselves to the

eye of the scholar. In

Part I various great human interests have been selected as

points of departure.

Part I various great human interests have been selected as points of departure. 3

I have sought to introduce the general stand-point and problem of philosophy through its implication in

practical life, poetry, religion, and science. But in so doing it has been necessary for me to deal shortly with

topics of great independent importance, and so risk the disfavor of those better skilled in these several matters.

This is evidently true of the chapter which deals with natural science. But the problem which I there faced

differed radically from those of the foregoing chapters, and the method of treatment is correspondingly

different. In the case of natural science one has to deal with a body of knowledge which is frequently regarded

as the only knowledge. To write a chapter about science from a philosophical stand-point is, in the present

state of opinion, to undertake a polemic against exclusive naturalism, an attitude which is itself philosophical,

and as such is well known in the history of philosophy as positivism or agnosticism. I have avoided the

polemical spirit and method so far as possible, but have, nevertheless, here taken sides against a definite

philosophical position. This chapter, together with the Conclusion, is therefore an exception to the purely

introductory and expository representation which I have, on the whole, sought to give. The relatively great

space accorded to the discussion of religion is, in my own belief, fair to the general interest in this topic, and

to the intrinsic significance of its relation to philosophy.

I have in

Part II undertaken to furnish the reader with a map of the

country to which he has been led. To this end I have attempted a brief survey of the entire programme of

philosophy. An accurate and full account of philosophical terms can be found in such books as Külpe's

"Introduction to Philosophy" and Baldwin's "Dictionary of Philosophy," and an attempt to emulate their

thoroughness would be superfluous, even if it were conformable to the general spirit of this book. The scope

of

Part II is due in part to a desire for brevity, but chiefly to the

hope

of furnishing an epitome that shall follow the course of the natural and historical differentiation of the general

philosophical problem.

Finally, I have in

Part III sought to present the tradition of

philosophy in the form of general types. My purpose in undertaking so difficult a task is to acquaint the reader

with philosophy in the concrete; to show how certain underlying principles may determine the whole circle of

philosophical ideas, and give them unity and distinctive flavor.

Part II offers a general classification of philosophical

problems and conceptions independently of any special point of view. But I have in

Part III sought to emphasize the point of view, or the

internal consistency that makes a system of philosophy out of certain answers to the special problems of

philosophy. In such a division into types, lines are of necessity drawn too sharply. There will be many

historical philosophies that refuse to fit, and many possibilities unprovided for. I must leave it to the

individual reader to overcome this abstractness through his own reflection upon the intermediate and variant

Part II undertaken to furnish the reader with a map of the 4

stand-points.

Although the order is on the whole that of progressive complexity, I have sought to treat each chapter with

independence enough to make it possible for it to be read separately; and I have provided a carefully selected

bibliography in the hope that this book may serve as a stimulus and guide to the reading of other books.

The earlier chapters have already appeared as articles: Chapter I in the International Journal of Ethics, Vol.

XIII, No. 4; Chapter II in the Philosophical Review, Vol. XI, No. 6; Chapter III in the Monist, Vol. XIV, No.

5; Chapter IV in the International Journal of Ethics, Vol. XV, No. 1; and some paragraphs of Chapter V in

the Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods, Vol. I, No. 7. I am indebted to the editors of

these periodicals for permission to reprint with minor changes.

In the writing of this, my first book, I have been often reminded that a higher critic, skilled in the study of

internal evidence, could probably trace all of its ideas to suggestions that have come to me from my teachers

and colleagues of the Department of Philosophy in Harvard University. I have unscrupulously forgotten what

of their definite ideas I have adapted to my own use, but not that I received from them the major portion of my

original philosophical capital. I am especially indebted to Professor William James for the inspiration and

resources which I have received from his instruction and personal friendship.

RALPH BARTON PERRY.

CAMBRIDGE, March, 1905.

FOOTNOTES:

[vii:A] Edw. Caird: Literature and Philosophy, Vol. I, p. 207.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I

APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF PHILOSOPHY

PAGE

Part III sought to emphasize the point of view, or the 5

CHAPTER I.

THE PRACTICAL MAN AND THE PHILOSOPHER 3

§ 1. Is Philosophy a Merely Academic Interest? 3 § 2. Life as a Starting-point for Thought 4 § 3. The Practical

Knowledge of Means 8 § 4. The Practical Knowledge of the End or Purpose 10 § 5. The Philosophy of the

Devotee, the Man of Affairs, and the Voluptuary 12 § 6. The Adoption of Purposes and the Philosophy of Life

17

CHAPTER I. 6

CHAPTER II.

POETRY AND PHILOSOPHY 24

§ 7. Who is the Philosopher-Poet? 24 § 8. Poetry as Appreciation 25 § 9. Sincerity in Poetry. Whitman 27 §

10. Constructive Knowledge in Poetry. Shakespeare 30 § 11. Philosophy in Poetry. The World-view. Omar

Khayyam 36 § 12. Wordsworth 38 § 13. Dante 42 § 14. The Difference between Poetry and Philosophy 48

CHAPTER II. 7

CHAPTER III.

THE RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE 53

§ 15. The Possibility of Defining Religion 53 § 16. The Profitableness of Defining Religion 54 § 17. The True

Method of Defining Religion 56 § 18. Religion as Belief 59 § 19. Religion as Belief in a Disposition or

Attitude 62 § 20. Religion as Belief in the Disposition of the Residual Environment, or Universe 64 § 21.

Examples of Religious Belief 66 § 22. Typical Religious Phenomena. Conversion 69 § 23. Piety 72 § 24.

Religious Instruments, Symbolism, and Modes of Conveyance 74 § 25. Historical Types of Religion.

Primitive Religions 77 § 26. Buddhism 78 § 27. Critical Religion 79

CHAPTER III. 8

CHAPTER IV.

THE PHILOSOPHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF RELIGION 82

§ 28. Résumé of Psychology of Religion 82 § 29. Religion Means to be True 82 § 30. Religion Means to be

Practically True. God is a Disposition from which Consequences May Rationally be Expected 85 § 31.

Historical Examples of Religious Truth and Error. The Religion of Baal 88 § 32. Greek Religion 89 § 33.

Judaism and Christianity 92 § 34. The Cognitive Factor in Religion 96 § 35. The Place of Imagination in

Religion 97 § 36. The Special Functions of the Religious Imagination 101 § 37. The Relation between

Imagination and Truth in Religion 105 § 38. The Philosophy Implied in Religion and in Religions 108

CHAPTER IV. 9

CHAPTER V.

NATURAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY 114

§ 39. The True Relations of Philosophy and Science. Misconceptions and Antagonisms 114 § 40. The Spheres

of Philosophy and Science 117 § 41. The Procedure of a Philosophy of Science 120 § 42. The Origin of the

Scientific Interest 123 § 43. Skill as Free 123 § 44. Skill as Social 126 § 45. Science for Accommodation and

Construction 127 § 46. Method and Fundamental Conceptions of Natural Science. The Descriptive Method

128 § 47. Space, Time, and Prediction 130 § 48. The Quantitative Method 132 § 49. The General

Development of Science 134 § 50. The Determination of the Limits of Natural Science 135 § 51. Natural

Science is Abstract 136 § 52. The Meaning of Abstractness in Truth 139 § 53. But Scientific Truth is Valid

for Reality 142 § 54. Relative Practical Value of Science and Philosophy 143

PART II

THE SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY

CHAPTER V. 10

CHAPTER VI.

METAPHYSICS AND EPISTEMOLOGY 149

§ 55. The Impossibility of an Absolute Division of the Problem of Philosophy 149 § 56. The Dependence of

the Order of Philosophical Problems upon the Initial Interest 152 § 57. Philosophy as the Interpretation of Life

152 § 58. Philosophy as the Extension of Science 154 § 59. The Historical Differentiation of the Philosophical

Problem 155 § 60. Metaphysics Seeks a Most Fundamental Conception 157 § 61. Monism and Pluralism 159

§ 62. Ontology and Cosmology Concern Being and Process 159 § 63. Mechanical and Teleological

Cosmologies 160 § 64. Dualism 162 § 65. The New Meaning of Monism and Pluralism 163 § 66.

Epistemology Seeks to Understand the Possibility of Knowledge 164 § 67. Scepticism, Dogmatism, and

Agnosticism 166 § 68. The Source and Criterion of Knowledge according to Empiricism and Rationalism.

Mysticism 168 § 69. The Relation of Knowledge to its Object according to Realism, and the Representative

Theory 172 § 70. The Relation of Knowledge to its Object according to Idealism 175 § 71. Phenomenalism,

Spiritualism, and Panpsychism 176 § 72. Transcendentalism, or Absolute Idealism 177

CHAPTER VI. 11

CHAPTER VII.

THE NORMATIVE SCIENCES AND THE PROBLEMS OF RELIGION 180

§ 73. The Normative Sciences 180 § 74. The Affiliations of Logic 182 § 75. Logic Deals with the Most

General Conditions of Truth in Belief 183 § 76. The Parts of Formal Logic. Definition, Self-evidence,

Inference, and Observation 184 § 77. Present Tendencies. Theory of the Judgment 187 § 78. Priority of

Concepts 188 § 79. Æsthetics Deals with the Most General Conditions of Beauty. Subjectivistic and

Formalistic Tendencies 189 § 80. Ethics Deals with the Most General Conditions of Moral Goodness 191 §

81. Conceptions of the Good. Hedonism 191 § 82. Rationalism 193 § 83. Eudæmonism and Pietism. Rigorism

and Intuitionism 194 § 84. Duty and Freedom. Ethics and Metaphysics 196 § 85. The Virtues, Customs, and

Institutions 198 § 86. The Problems of Religion. The Special Interests of Faith 199 § 87. Theology Deals with

the Nature and Proof of God 200 § 88. The Ontological Proof of God 200 § 89. The Cosmological Proof of

God 203 § 90. The Teleological Proof of God 204 § 91. God and the World. Theism and Pantheism 205 § 92.

Deism 206 § 93. Metaphysics and Theology 207 § 94. Psychology is the Theory of the Soul 208 § 95.

Spiritual Substance 209 § 96. Intellectualism and Voluntarism 210 § 97. Freedom of the Will.

Necessitarianism, Determinism, and Indeterminism 211 § 98. Immortality. Survival and Eternalism 212 § 99.

The Natural Science of Psychology. Its Problems and Method 213 § 100. Psychology and Philosophy 216 §

101. Transition from Classification by Problems to Classification by Doctrines. Naturalism. Subjectivism.

Absolute Idealism. Absolute Realism 217

PART III

SYSTEMS OF PHILOSOPHY

CHAPTER VII. 12

CHAPTER VIII.

NATURALISM 223

§ 102. The General Meaning of Materialism 223 § 103. Corporeal Being 224 § 104. Corporeal Processes.

Hylozoism and Mechanism 225 § 105. Materialism and Physical Science 228 § 106. The Development of the

Conceptions of Physical Science. Space and Matter 228 § 107. Motion and its Cause. Development and

Extension of the Conception of Force 231 § 108. The Development and Extension of the Conception of

Energy 236 § 109. The Claims of Naturalism 239 § 110. The Task of Naturalism 241 § 111. The Origin of the

Cosmos 242 § 112. Life. Natural Selection 244 § 113. Mechanical Physiology 246 § 114. Mind. The

Reduction to Sensation 247 § 115. Automatism 248 § 116. Radical Materialism. Mind as an Epiphenomenon

250 § 117. Knowledge. Positivism and Agnosticism 252 § 118. Experimentalism 255 § 119. Naturalistic

Epistemology not Systematic 256 § 120. General Ethical Stand-point 258 § 121. Cynicism and Cyrenaicism

259 § 122. Development of Utilitarianism. Evolutionary Conception of Social Relations 260 § 123.

Naturalistic Ethics not Systematic 262 § 124. Naturalism as Antagonistic to Religion 263 § 125. Naturalism as

the Basis for a Religion of Service, Wonder, and Renunciation 265

CHAPTER VIII. 13

CHAPTER IX.

SUBJECTIVISM 267

§ 126. Subjectivism Originally Associated with Relativism and Scepticism 267 § 127. Phenomenalism and

Spiritualism 271 § 128. Phenomenalism as Maintained by Berkeley. The Problem Inherited from Descartes

and Locke 272 § 129. The Refutation of Material Substance 275 § 130. The Application of the

Epistemological Principle 277 § 131. The Refutation of a Conceived Corporeal World 278 § 132. The

Transition to Spiritualism 280 § 133. Further Attempts to Maintain Phenomenalism 281 § 134. Berkeley's

Spiritualism. Immediate Knowledge of the Perceiver 284 § 135. Schopenhauer's Spiritualism, or Voluntarism.

Immediate Knowledge of the Will 285 § 136. Panpsychism 287 § 137. The Inherent Difficulty in Spiritualism.

No Provision for Objective Knowledge 288 § 138. Schopenhauer's Attempt to Universalize Subjectivism.

Mysticism 290 § 139. Objective Spiritualism 292 § 140. Berkeley's Conception of God as Cause, Goodness,

and Order 293 § 141. The General Tendency of Subjectivism to Transcend Itself 297 § 142. Ethical Theories.

Relativism 298 § 143. Pessimism and Self-denial 299 § 144. The Ethics of Welfare 300 § 145. The Ethical

Community 302 § 146. The Religion of Mysticism 303 § 147. The Religion of Individual Coöperation with

God 304

CHAPTER IX. 14

CHAPTER X.

ABSOLUTE REALISM 306

§ 148. The Philosopher's Task, and the Philosopher's Object, or the Absolute 306 § 149. The Eleatic

Conception of Being 309 § 150. Spinoza's Conception of Substance 311 § 151. Spinoza's Proof of God, the

Infinite Substance. The Modes and the Attributes 312 § 152. The Limits of Spinoza's Argument for God 315 §

153. Spinoza's Provision for the Finite 317 § 154. Transition to Teleological Conceptions 317 § 155. Early

Greek Philosophers not Self-critical 319 § 156. Curtailment of Philosophy in the Age of the Sophists 319 §

157. Socrates and the Self-criticism of the Philosopher 321 § 158. Socrates's Self-criticism a Prophecy of

Truth 323 § 159. The Historical Preparation for Plato 324 § 160. Platonism: Reality as the Absolute Ideal or

Good 326 § 161. The Progression of Experience toward God 329 § 162. Aristotle's Hierarchy of Substances in

Relation to Platonism 332 § 163. The Aristotelian Philosophy as a Reconciliation of Platonism and Spinozism

335 § 164. Leibniz's Application of the Conception of Development to the Problem of Imperfection 336 §

165. The Problem of Imperfection Remains Unsolved 338 § 166. Absolute Realism in Epistemology.

Rationalism 339 § 167. The Relation of Thought and its Object in Absolute Realism 340 § 168. The Stoic and

Spinozistic Ethics of Necessity 342 § 169. The Platonic Ethics of Perfection 344 § 170. The Religion of

Fulfilment and the Religion of Renunciation 346

CHAPTER X. 15