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Science and Football VI

Science and Football VI showcases the very latest scientific research into the variety

of sports known as football. These include the games of association football, the

rugby codes (union and league) and the national codes (American, Australian and

Gaelic). The book aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice in football

studies and presents important new work in key areas such as:

• biomechanics

• sports medicine

• paediatric exercise science

• match analysis

• environmental physiology

• physiology of training

• fitness assessment

• psychology

• social sciences.

Sports scientists, trainers, coaches, physiotherapists, medical doctors,

psychologists, educational officers and professionals working in the range of

football codes will find this in-depth, comprehensive text an essential and up-to￾date resource of scientific information for their respective fields.

Thomas Reilly is Director of the Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences

at Liverpool John Moores University. He is President of the World Commission

of Science and Sports and Chair of the International Steering Group on Science

and Football.

Feza Korkusuz is Director of the Medical Centre and Chair of the Department of

Physical Education and Sports at Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.

He is corresponding editor for Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research and is on

the International Education Board of Technology and Health Care Journal.

The papers contained within this volume were first presented at the Sixth World

Congress on Science and Football, held in January 2007 in Antalya, Turkey.

Science and Football VI

The Proceedings of the Sixth World

Congress on Science and Football

Edited by

Thomas Reilly and

Feza Korkusuz

First published 2009

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2009 Thomas Reilly and Feza Korkusuz, selectuion and editorial matter;

individual chapters, the contributors

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or

utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now

known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in

any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing

from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN10: 0–415–42909–9 (hbk)

ISBN10: 0–203–89368–9 (ebk)

ISBN13: 978–0–415–42909–2 (hbk)

ISBN13: 978–0–203–89368–5 (ebk)

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.

“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s

collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”

ISBN 0-203-89368-9 Master e-book ISBN

Contents

List of figures xv

List of tables xx

Preface xxiv

Introduction xxvi

Part I

Introductory keynote address 1

1 Science and football: an update 3

T. Reilly

Part II

Biomechanics 9

2 The biomechanics of football skills 11

A. Lees

3 Body segment orientations for curved running in soccer players 18

P. Brice, N. Smith and R. Dyson

4 Player perceptions of soccer ball performance 24

J. Roberts, P. Neilson, A. Harland and R. Jones

5 Development of a mechanical kicking simulator 29

C. E. Holmes, R. Jones, A. Harland and D. Ward

6 Foot interaction during kicking in Australian Rules Football 36

K. Ball

vi Contents

7 Ball–foot interaction in impact phase of instep soccer kicking 41

H. Shinkai, H. Nunome, Y. Ikegami and M. Isokawa

8 Effect of approach velocity in soccer kicking 47

L. Bo Kristensen and T. Bull Andersen

9 Kicking velocity: barefoot kicking superior to shod kicking? 50

T. Sterzing, J. Kroiher and E. M. Hennig

10 Kinematic analysis of high-performance rugby props

during scrum training 57

M. Sayers

11 A study of the knuckle effect in football 64

T. Asai, K. Seo, O. Kobayashi and H. Nunome

12 Ground reaction force of a drop jump on different kinds of

artificial turf 70

R. Verhelst, P. Malcolm, P. Verleysen, J. Degrieck, D. De Clercq

and R. Philippaerts

13 Development of a sliding tester 76

R. Verhelst, P. Verleysen, J. Degrieck, S. Rambour and

G. Schoukens

Part III

Sports medicine 83

14 Acute and chronic spinal injuries in soccer 85

Ö. Serdal Altinsöz, Y. Salci and F. Korkusuz

15 Enthesis pain and height growth velocity curve in junior high

school soccer players 92

R. Nakazawa, M. Sakamoto, T. Yamaji, K. Nakagawa,

N. Inomata, S. i. Sakurai and Y. Kusama

16 Sports injuries in female soccer players 96

H. Horino

17 A comparison of injury in professional and non-professional male

graduate youth soccer players 100

F. Le Gall, C. Carling and T. Reilly

Contents vii

18 The effect of a succession of matches on the activity profiles

of professional soccer players 105

K. Odetoyinbo, B. Wooster and A. Lane

19 Effects of whole-body vibration and PNF stretching on

the flexibility and range of movement in elite Australian

Rules football players 111

B. Hinton, J. Quinn, M. Newton and M. McGuigan

Part IV

Paediatric exercise science 117

20 Heart rate and match analysis of Finnish junior football players 119

T. Vanttinen, M. Blomqvist, H. Lehto and K. Hakkinen

21 Influence of age, maturity and body dimensions on selection

of under-17 Algerian soccer players 125

S. Chibane, C. Hautier, C. Gaudino, R. Massarelli

and N. Mimouni

22 Chronological versus skeletal bone age in schoolboy footballers 132

A. Johnson, P. Doherty and A. Freemont

23 A cross-cultural comparison of the participation histories of

English and French elite youth soccer players 138

P. R. Ford, F. Le Gall, C. Carling and A. M. Williams

24 Physical loading, stress and recovery in a youth soccer

tournament 143

P. Luhtanen, A. Nummela and K. Lipponen

25 Differences in muscularity of psoas major and thigh muscles

in relation to sprint and vertical jump performances between

elite young and professional soccer players 149

Y. Hoshikawa, J. M.Campeiz, K. Shibukawa, K. Chuman, T. Iida,

M. Muramatsu and Y. Nakajima

26 Relationship between the ability to repeat sprints and maximal

aerobic power in young soccer players 155

C. Castagna, S. D’Ottavio, M. Vincenzo and

J. C. Barbero Álvarez

viii Contents

Part V

Match analysis 159

27 Team kinematics of small-sided soccer games: a systematic

approach 161

W. G. P. Frencken and K. A. P. M. Lemmink

28 Has soccer changed in the last three World Cups? 167

J. Castellano Paulis, A. Perea Rodríguez and

Á. Blanco-Villaseñor

29 Influence of playing in the European Champions League on

performance in the Spanish Football League 171

C. Lago-Peñas and J. Lago-Ballesteros

30 Deceleration and turning movements performed during

FA Premier League soccer matches 174

J. Bloomfield, R. Polman and P. O’Donoghue

31 Comparative analysis of the high-intensity activity of soccer

players in top-level competition 182

A. Zubillaga, G. Gorospe, A. Hernández-Mendo and

A. Blanco-Villaseñor

32 An intelligent system for analysis of tactics in soccer 186

M. Shestakov, A. Talalaev, N. Kosilova, N. Zasenko,

A. Zubkova, A. Leksakov, A. Averkin and A. Gusev

33 Activity profile, heart rate and blood lactate of futsal referees

during competitive games 191

A. Rebelo, A. Ascenção, J. Magalhães and P. Krustrup

34 Analysis of actions ending with shots at goal in the Women’s

European Football Championship (England 2005) 197

J. Bergier, A. Soroka and T. Buraczewski

35 Game characteristics of Asian women’s rugby 202

J. Kuroiwa, I. Kameyama, M. Kurosu, T. Itoh, M. Yamada,

K. Komatsu, T. Tsubakihara, I. Watanabe and Y. Ueno

Contents ix

36 Match activities and fatigue development of elite female

soccer players at different levels of competition 205

P. Krustrup, H. Andersson, M. Mohr, M. Bredsgaard Randers,

J. Majgaard Jensen, M. Zebis, D. Kirkendal and J. Bangsbo

37 Diachronic analysis of interaction contexts in the

2006 World Cup 212

J. Castellano Paulis, A. Perea Rodríguez and

A. Hernández Mendo

38 The impact of individualism on the outcome of penalty

shoot-outs in international football tournaments 218

J. Billsberry, P. Nelson and G. Edwards

39 Match analyses of Australian international female soccer

players using an athlete tracking device 224

A. Hewitt, R. Withers and K. Lyons

40 Performance profiles of soccer players in the 2006 UEFA

Champions League and the 2006 FIFA World Cup tournaments 229

M. Rowlinson and P. O’Donoghue

41 Analysis of goals scored in the 2006 World Cup 235

M. F. Acar, B. Yapicioglu, N. Arikan, S. Yalcin, N. Ates and M. Ergun

Part VI

Environmental physiology 243

42 Thermoregulatory response to base-layer garments during

intermittent treadmill exercise 245

B. C. Roberts, T. Waller and M. P. Caine

43 The impact of pre-cooling on soccer-specific exercise

performed in the heat 251

N. D. Clarke, B. Drust, D. P. M. MacLaren and T. Reilly

44 Effect of leg cooling at half-time breaks on performance of

soccer-simulated exercise in a hot environment 255

M. Yasumatsu, O. Miyagi, J. Ohashi, H. Togari, S. Nishikawa,

H. Hasegawa, S.Ishizaki and T. Yoda

x Contents

45 The relationships between pre-match hydration status, match

performance, injury and body mass changes in elite Australian

footballers 260

J. Quinn, C. Finch and A. J. Coutts

Part VII

Physiology of training 265

46 Heart rate recording optimization in soccer 267

R. Martínez-Santos, A. Blanco, F. J. Sánchez and A. Los Arcos

47 Monitoring training loads in professional rugby league 272

A. J. Coutts, A. C. Sirotic, C. Catterick and H. Knowles

48 Development of an offensive evasion model for the training

of high-performance rugby players 278

M.Sayers

49 Use of weighted balls for improving kicking for distance 285

K.Ball

50 Effects of hypertrophy and a maximal strength training

programme on speed, force and power of soccer players 290

G. Bogdanis, A. Papaspyrou, A. Souglis, A. Theos,

A. Sotiropoulos and M. Maridaki

51 Intermittent high-intensity drills improve in-seasonal

performance of elite soccer players 296

J. Majgaard Jensen, M. Bredsgaard Randers, P. Krustrup

and J. Bangsbo

52 The effects of strength training and practice on soccer throw-in

performance 302

G. M. S. de Carnys and A. Lees

53 The energy cost of soloing a Gaelic football 307

A. Hulton, T. Ford and T. Reilly

54 The effect of short-term intense soccer-specific exercise on

technical performance in soccer 314

T. Rostgaard, F. M. Iaia and J. Bangsbo

Contents xi

55 Physical demands and training of top-class soccer players 318

J. Bangsbo and P. Krustrup

56 Physiological responses to playing futsal in professional players 331

C. Castagna, S. D’Ottavio and J. C. Barbero Álvarez

Part VIII

Fitness assessment 335

57 The reliability of a repeated sprint test during simulated

team-sport running on a non-motorised treadmill 337

A. C. Sirotic and A. J. Coutts

58 Validity of a group intermittent high-intensity test for repeated

sprint ability 341

J. C. Barbero Álvarez and C. Castagna

59 Match performance and Yo-Yo IR2 test performance of players

from successful and unsuccessful professional soccer teams 345

M. Bredsgaard Randers, J. Majgaard Jensen, J. Bangsbo

and P. Krustrup

60 Performance on two soccer-specific high-intensity intermittent

running protocols 350

M. Svensson, P. Conway, B. Drust and T. Reilly

61 Seasonal changes in intermittent exercise performance of

soccer players evaluated by the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery

test level 2 357

F. M. Iaia, T. Rostgaard, P. Krustrup and J. Bangsbo

62 Comparison of physiological profiles of soccer players in

U17, U19, U21 and over-21 age groups 360

A. K. Emre, A. Yıldırım, Ş. Çiçek and F. Korkusuz

63 A comparison of skinfold thickness measurements and

dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry analysis of percent body

fat in soccer players 364

J. Wallace, M. Marfell-Jones, K. George and T. Reilly

xii Contents

64 Physiological profiles of soccer players with respect to playing

positions 370

A. Yıldırım, A. K. Emre, F. Korkusuz and Ş. Çiçek

65 Criterion validity of an intermittent futsal-specific

high-intensity test 374

C. Castagna, S. D’Ottavio and J. C. Barbero Álvarez

Part IX

Psychology 377

66 Sport psychology for football 379

D. Gould

67 Adaptation of ‘Self ‘and ‘Other’ versions of the Revised Power

in Soccer Questionnaire (RPSQ) for Turkish culture 389

E. Konter

68 Alternatives to the penalty shoot-out 394

J. Billsberry and P. Nelson

69 Penalty kicks and stress 399

N. Miyamoto, M. Bertolassi, E. Morya, M. L. Batista Jr.,

A. S. Yamashita, C. O. Carvalho and R. Ranvaud

70 Developing methods to evaluate player selection 403

E. Morya, M. Bertolassi, N. Miyamoto, M. L. Batista Jr.,

A. S. Yamashita, C. O. Carvalho, C. Itiki and R. Ranvaud

71 Emotions at the penalty mark: an analysis of elite players

performing in an international penalty shootout 409

G. Jordet, M. T. Elferink-Gemser, K. A. P. M. Lemmink and

C. Visscher

72 System of tests used for assessing coordination abilities of

soccer players 415

M. Shestakov, A. Talalaev, A. Zubkova, S. Sarsania and

A. Leksakov

Contents xiii

73 Sleep, pre-game fatigue, and game performance in female

college soccer players 420

V. Martinez and E. Coyle

74 Sport motivation and self-efficacy in American football players 424

M. Çelik Örücü and S. Metin Camgöz

75 Cognitive styles of elite and non-elite female soccer players 430

H. Horino

76 The effect of memory recall on perceptual-cognitive skill in

elite soccer: development of long-term working memory 434

J. Bell-Walker and A. M. Williams

77 The microstructure of effective practice: the nature of the

instruction process in soccer 438

I. S. Yates and A. M. Williams

78 The microstructure of practice in soccer: a comparison of

duration and frequency of practice 442

I. S. Yates and A. M. Williams

Part X

Social sciences 447

79 A critical survey of football rating systems 449

R. T. Stefani, R. Pollard and A. Seckin

80 FIFA provisions on government interference in administration

of national football federations: hindrances to full compliance

in Africa 454

E. Olatunde Morakinyo

81 Research informing practice: implications of rule changes to

modified rugby league 461

D. a. O’Connor

82 Ticketing in 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cup 467

H. Maeda

xiv Contents

83 Career development process for youth soccer players in

the J-League Academy: career formation and career orientation 471

Y. Iida, K. Uemukai and M. Y. Yamamoto

84 Youth development structures, philosophy and working

mechanisms of top-level football clubs: a pan-European

perspective 476

H. Relvas, D. Richardson, D. Gilbourne, and M. Littlewood

Index 482