Tài liệu READING BETWEEN THE LINES ppt

READING

BETWEEN

THE LINES

READING

BETWEEN

THE LINES

Improve Your Scores

on English &

Social Studies Tests

NEW YORK

Barbara Dallon

and

Wendy Ratner

Copyright © 2002 LearningExpress, LLC.

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.

Published in the United States by LearningExpress, LLC, New York.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Dallon, Barbara.

Reading between the lines : a student's guide to improving scores on English & social studies

tests / by Barbara Dallon and Wendy Ratner.—1st ed.

p. cm.

ISBN 1-57685-415-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)

1. Test-taking skills—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. English language—Composition and exer￾cises—Examinations—Study guides. 3. Social sciences—Examinations—Study guides. I. Ratner,

Wendy. II. Title.

LB3060.57 .D35 2002

371.26—dc21

2002003278

Printed in the United States of America

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

First Edition

ISBN 1-57685-415-9

For more information or to place an order, contact LearningExpress at:

900 Broadway

Suite 604

New York, NY 10003

Or visit us at:

www.learnatest.com

Acknowledgments

We have included many of our primary source documents with the kind permission of

HistoryCentral.com. We highly recommend that you visit this site for accessing primary source documents.

v

Contents

Introduction ix

Chapter 1: DBQs: What Are They? 1

Chapter 2: A Glossary of DBQ Terms 3

Chapter 3: Parts of a DBQ 5

Chapter 4: Beginning Strategies 9

Chapter 5: Using Graphic Organizers to Write a Document-Based Essay 63

Chapter 6: How to Write a Document-Based Essay 97

Chapter 7: Revision Strategies 129

Chapter 8: The DBQ Self-Evaluation 151

Chapter 9: Sample Document-Based Essays 155

Chapter 10: DBQ Essay Rubrics 217

Chapter 11: Pitfalls 229

Chapter 12: Recommended Reading List 233

vii

Introduction

DEAR STUDENT,

What do Britney Spears, N’Sync, Michael Jordan, The Rock, Oprah Winfrey, J.K. Rowling, and Bill Gates have

in common? They are able to entertain, compete, write, compose, or invent better than most, and are out￾standing in their different fields. Each has developed an individual method to achieve excellence in what they

do. We do not see the behind-the-scenes hard work these stars have done nor do we see the help and sup￾port given them by their parents, teachers, coaches, consultants, and crews who help them succeed. Although

this book is not intended to turn you into the next professional star, it is designed to help you understand,

practice, and write effective responses to DBQs (Document-Based Questions) so that you may improve your

scores on standardized tests and become a more successful student. It is important to read and review each

chapter in sequence in order to gain the full benefit of the teaching strategies given to you.

If you are in middle school or high school, using the strategies in this book can help you prepare for state

exams. Most students in middle schools and high schools will have to answer document-based questions in

their social studies tests and on their state assessment exams. Even teachers of high school advanced place￾ment social studies classes expect their students to write effective answers to document-based questions.

By writing an effective document-based essay, you will demonstrate your ability to be a successful, informa￾tive author, as well as an interpretive, analytical historian. The job of a historian is to study the causes and

effects of past events. When you begin to examine and interpret primary source documents, you are acting

as a historian. It is your job to put the pieces of the history puzzle together to come out with an accurate,

informative conclusion. The job of an author is to accurately inform the reader in an interesting and enlight￾ening manner. By writing your essay, you will inform the reader of the historical position you are taking. You

will use the primary source documents to support your position. The more appealing and enlightening the

essay, the higher your score will be on the assessment.

You can use this book to learn how to write great document-based essays. As you learn to master the skills

in this book, you will be better prepared to organize and develop essays that you must write for homework

INTRODUCTION READING BETWEEN THE LINES ix

as well as in-class tests. It will also improve your reading and thinking skills. These skills will help you through￾out your school career and will last a lifetime, whether or not you become the next Britney Spears or Michael

Jordan.

DEAR PARENT,

The writers of this book are parents, as well as teachers. We have sat at the kitchen table countless nights won￾dering just how much help should we give our kids. Are we saying the right things or not enough? Are we

encouraging our children or making their lives more difficult? No doubt about it—school is more difficult

for present-day students than it was just a few years ago. Higher standards, newly developed requirements,

and exams have placed extra stresses on our children and on us. We would like to offer some suggestions, not

as teachers, but as the parents of our own children who are going through the same uncharted waters as your

children.

Suggestions from two moms who have been there:

1. Be calm. Frustrated parents can frustrate their children. For some, the learning process is long and

difficult. Let your child know that achieving a proper outcome takes hard work, time, and patience.

2. Do fun things together. The learning experience should be one of fun and laughter. Try to encour￾age learning by targeting your child’s interests.

3. Balance doing and guiding. We are our children’s best advocate, but sometimes guiding can turn into

doing. Be sure that it is the child who is doing the work and the parent who is guiding the child through

the work. We cannot always be there for our children. It is important that we offer as much guidance

as possible without actually doing the work for them.

4. Play. Children should lead playful, active lives. Try to encourage learning by playing. Computer games

and family games can offer great support in a child’s education.

5. Eat. Healthy children who receive the proper nutrition become better students. Be sure that before

going to school or taking an exam, your child has eaten a healthy meal.

6. Reward. Give your child a sense of accomplishment by rewarding them for a job well done. Rewards

do not have to be elaborate, but you should show gratitude for their hard work.

7. Learn together. Children are more responsive when the learning process is shared. They enjoy watch￾ing their parents learn along with them. They no longer feel isolated as a student, but begin to view

the learning process as one which lasts a lifetime.

8. Be positive. Positive reinforcement and a positive attitude will encourage your child to continue on,

no matter how stressful the situation may seem.

9. Support your child’s teacher. Consistency at home and school will lead to a positive relationship between

you and your son or daughter’s teacher. Consistency will reinforce learned concepts and will help

guide your child toward educational success. Familiarize yourself with the teacher’s class and home￾work procedures. Talk about your child’s progress with the teacher at conference time. Follow up with

phone conferences if you have questions or need advice.

x READING BETWEEN THE LINES INTRODUCTION

10. Be informed about requirements and state exams. Understand the many challenges facing your child

today. By familiarizing yourself with curriculum requirements and state exams, you will be better

able to help your child prepare.

11. Get sample copies of exams. Practice makes perfect. The more your child practices taking these exams,

the better his or her test-taking strategies will become.

12. Talk to your child. Find out what he or she thinks his or her strengths and weaknesses are. What does

your child feel comfortable with? Where does he or she feel he or she needs to improve? In order to

help our children, we must first understand where they need help.

13. Lead your son or daughter to independent learning. Children need to know how to use the resources

around them. Help them learn how to use these resources to become successful students.

14. Have learning conversations. Discover the knowledge your child possesses. How familiar is your child

with what is expected of him or her? What can we do to help children acquire the knowledge they

need to be successful?

15. Know when to call it a night. Though we live in a fast-paced society where everyone’s schedule is

busy, we need to learn to appropriately balance our children’s activities. Quantity does not neces￾sarily constitute quality. Children who are overtired should not continue working. Develop a study

schedule that is appropriate for you and your child. Allow for breaks between sessions. Never allow

a child to work until exhaustion sets in!

16. Don’t expect perfection. No one is perfect, especially a child. The purpose of making a mistake is to

learn from it. Set reasonable expectations and goals for your child. The way for your child to attain

success is by feeling successful.

The more support and encouragement we can give our children, the more successful they will be. Let

them know that mistakes are acceptable—the road to success is paved with many of them. Remind your kids

that by learning from their mistakes and practicing proper study habits, they can and will become success￾ful students. We hope that you will find this book helpful in preparing your child for the vigorous road ahead.

INTRODUCTION READING BETWEEN THE LINES xi

READING

BETWEEN

THE LINES

CHAPTER

DBQs: What Are They?

his section describes what document-based questions are, states concepts you will need to learn

in order to understand these type of questions, and explains the importance of learning to write

these types of essays. The bold-faced words are important terms that are defined in the glossary.

These terms need to become part of your vocabulary if you are truly going to understand document-based

questions.

Document-Based Questions (DBQs) are essay questions that ask you to read primary source docu￾ments in order to answer questions about a topic in history. You may be asked to read, analyze, and interpret

news articles, diaries, speeches, photographs, laws, maps, graphs, letters, or cartoons.Any type of original printed

material may be used.

FAQS (FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS)

Did you ever think of yourself as a historian (one who studies history)?

By reading and interpreting these questions, you actually become an historian. As a historian you will exam￾ine historical primary-source writing and then form an opinion on the topic. You must use these documents

in your essay to prove your position (point of view) on that particular topic.

DBQs: What Are They? CHAPTER 1 READING BETWEEN THE LINES 1

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