Tài liệu MICHAEL JNEALE 1 SECOND EDITION THE TRIBOLOGY HANDBOOK pdf

MICHAEL J NEALE

1

HWLU"""4 L

SECOND EDITION

THE TRIBOLOGY HANDBOOK

THE TRIBOLOGY HANDBOOK

Second edition

Edited by

M. J. NEALE

(>BE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch, FEng, FlMechE

qUTT E R WO RT H

EINEMANN

Butterworth-Heinemann

Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP

225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn MA 0 180 1-204 1

A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd

-@A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group

OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON

JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI

First published 1973

Second edition 1995

Reprinted 1997, 1999

Transferred to digital printing 200 1

0 The editor and contributors 1973, 1995

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any

material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by

electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some

other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright

holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and

Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing

Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England, WIP OLP. Applications

for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication

should be addressed to the publisher

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 0 7506 11 98 7

For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications

visit our website at www.bh.com

Printed in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Eastboume

~~-

Contents

Editor's Preface

List of Contributors

Selection of bearings

AI

A2 Selection of journal bearings

A3 Selection of thrust bearings

Selection of bearing type and form

Plain bearings

A4

A5

A6

A 7

A8

A9

A10

AI 1

A12

A13

A14

A15

A16

A17

A18

A19

Plain bearing materials

Dry rubbing bearings

Porous metal bearings

Grease, wick and drip fed journal bearings

Ring and disc fed journal bearings

Steady load pressure fed journal bearings

High speed bearings and rotor dynamics

Crankshaft bearings

Plain bearing form and installation

Oscilhtory journal bearings

Spherical bearings

Plain thrust bearings

Psofiicd pad thrust hearings

Tilting pad thrust bearings

Hydrostatic bearings

Gas bearings

Rolling bearings

A20 Selection of roiling bearings

A21 Rolling hearing materials

A22 Rolling bearing installation

Special bearings

A23 Slide bearings

A24 Instrument jewels

A25 Flexures and knife edges

A26 Electromagnetic bearings

A27 Bearing surface treatments and coatings

Rotary driives

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

$8

Belt d.rives

Roller chain drives

Gears

Flexible couplings

Self-synchronising clutches

One way clutchrs

Fricticln clutches

Brakes

inear drives

B9

BIO

B1 I

B12

B13

B14

Bl5

BlFi

B17

B18

Screws

Cams and followers

Wheels rails and tyres

Capstans and drums

\Vire ropes

Control cablcs

Ihmping dcviccs

Pistons

Piston rings

Cvlinders and lincrs

Seals

B19

B20

B2 1

B22

B23

B24

B25

B26

B27

Selection of seals

Sealing against dirt and dust

Oil flinger rings and drain grooves

Labyrinths, brush seals and throttling bushes

Lip seals

Mechanical seals

Packed glands

Mechanical piston rod packings

Soft piston seals

Lubricants

Cl Selection of lubricant type

C2 Mineral oils

C3 Synthetic oils

C4 Greases

C5 Solid lubricants and coatings

C6 Other liquids

Lubrication of components

C7 Plain bearing lubrication

C8 Rolling bearing lubrication

C9

C10 Slide lubrication

C 1 1

C12 Wire rope lubrication

Gear and roller chain lubrication

Lubrication of flexible couplings

Lubrication systems

CP3 Selection of lubrication sl'sterns

C14 Total loss grcase systrms

C15

C16 Dip splash s);stem\

CP7 klist systems

C18 Circulation systems

C 19 Commissioning lubrication systems

Total loss oil and fllrid Kreasr systcms

Lubrication system components

C20 Design of storage tanks

C21 Selection of oil pumps

622

C23

C24

C25

Selection of filters and centrifuges

Selection of heaters and coolers

,4 guide to piping design

Selection of warning and protection devices

Operation of lubrication systems and machines

C26 Running-in procedures

C27

C28 Biological deterioration of lubricants

C29

C30 Lubrication maintenance planning

Luhricant change periods and tests

Lubricant hazards; fire, explosion and health

Environmental effects

C31 High pressure and vacuum

C32 High and low temperatures

C33 IYorld ambient climatic data

Contents

C34 Industrial plant environmental data

C35 Chemical effects

C36 Storage

Fai I u res

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

Failure patterns and failure analysis

Plain bearing failures

Rolling bearing failures

Gear failures

Piston and ring failures

Seal failures

Wire rope failures

Brake and clutch failures

Fretting problems

Maintenance

D10 Maintenance methods

D11 Condition monitoring

D12 Operating temperature limits

D13 Vibration analysis

D14 Wear debris analysis

Dl 3 Performance analysis

D16 Allowable wear limits

Repair

D17 Repair of worn surfaces

D18 Wear resistant materials

D19 Repair of plain bearings

D20 Repair of friction surfaces

D21 Industrial flooring materials

Basic information

El

E2

E3

E4

E5

E6

E7

E8

The nature of surfaces and contact

Surface topography

Hardness

Friction mechanisms, effect of lubricants

Frictional properties of materials

Viscosity of lubricants

Methods of fluid film formation

Mechanisms of wear

Design reference

E9

E10 Shaft deflections and slopes

El 1

E12

Heat dissipation from bearing assembles

Shape tolerances of typical components

SI units and conversion factors

Index

Editor's Preface

This second rlwised edition of the Tribology Handbook follows the pattern of the original, first published over twenty years

ago. It aims to provide instant access to essential information on the performance of tribological components, and is aimed

particularly at designers and engineers in industry.

Tribological Components are those which carry all the relative movements in machines. Their performance, therefore,

makes a critical contribution to the reliability and efiiciency of all machines. Also because they are the local areas of

machines, where high forces and rapid movements are transmitted simultaneously, they are also the components most likely

to fail, because of the concentration of energy that they carry. If anything is wrong with a machine or its method of use,

these components are the mechanical fuses, which will indicate the existence of a problem. If this happens, guidance on the

performance that these components would be expected to provide, can be invaluable.

Designers of machines should also find the contents helpful, because they provide an atlas of component performance,

aimed at providing the guidance needed when planning the feasibility of various possible layouts for a machine design.

In a book of this size it is not possible to cover the whole of the technology of tribological components. More focused

design procedures, standards and text books will do this, and hopefully guide engineers in how to get their designs close to

the optimum. In a sense the objective of this handbook is to make sure that they do not get it wrong.

The format of the book is original and has possibly set an example on the presentation of technical information in the

form of an atlas. Like an atlas it is intended to provide guidance on where you are or should be? more or less at a glance,

rather than to be read like a novel from cover to cover. The presentation of information in this form has been quite a

challenge to the contributors who have responded well and the editor would like to record his appreciation of their work and

of all the people who have helped him in the preparation of the book.

The editor, who has spent over forty years solving problems with machinery around the world, has found the information

in this book of tremendous value. He hopes that it will be equally helpful to its readers with both design and problem

solving. For those engineers in countries. who are now moving towards industrialisation, it is hoped, also, that it will

provide a useful summary of the experience of those who have been doing it for a little longer.

Michael NeaIr

Neale Consulting Engineers Ltd

Farnham, Surrey UK

Contributors

Section

Selection of bearing type and form

Selection of journal bearings

Selection of thrust bearings

Plain bearing materials

Dry mbbng bearings

Porous metal bearings

Grease, wick and drip fed journal bearings

Ring and disc fed journal bearings

Steady load pressure fed journal bearings

High speed bearings and rotor dynamics

Crankshaft bearings

Plain bearing form and installation

Oscillatory jouixal bearings

Spherical bearings

Rain thrust bearings

Profiled pad thrust bearings

Tilting pad thrust bearings

Hydrostatic bearings

Gas bearings

Selection of rolling bearings

Rolling bearing materials

Rolling bearing installation

Slide bearings

Instrument jewels

Flexures and hnife edges

Electromagnetic bearings

Bearing surface treatments and coatings

Belt drives

Roller chain drives

Gears

Flexible couplings

Self-synchronising clutches

One-way clutches

Friction clutches

Brakes

Screws

Author

M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch,

FEng, FIMechE

M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch,

FEng, FIMechE

P. B. Neal BEng, PhD, CEng, MIMechE

P. T. Holligan BSc(Tech), FIM,

J. M. ConwayJones BSc, PhD, DIC, ACGI

J. K. Lancaster PhD, DSc, FInstP

V. T. Morgan AIM, MIMechE

W. H. Wilson BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE

F. A. Martin CEng, FIMechE

F. A. Martin CEng, FIMechE

M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch,

FEng, FIMechE

D. de Geurin CEng, FIMechE

J. M. Conway Jones BSc, PhD, DE, ACGI

K. Jakobsen LicTechn

D. Bastow BSc(Eng), CEng, FIMechE, MConsE, MSAE,

MSIA(France)

P. B. Neal BEng, PhD, CEng, MIMechE

P. B. Neal, BEng, PhD, CEng, MIMechE

A. Hill CEng, FIMechE, FIMarE

W. B. Rowe BSc, PhD, DSc, CEng, FIMechE, FIEE

A. J. Munday BSc(Tech), CEng, MIMechE

D. G. Hjertzen CEng, MIMechE

D. B. Jones CEng, MIMechE,

P. L. Hurricks BSc, MSc

C. W. Foot CEng, MIMechE

F. M. Stansfield BSc(Tech), CEng, MIMecbE,

A. E. Young BEng, CEng, MIMechE, AMCT

G. F. Tagg BSc, PhD, CEng, FInstP, FIEE, FIEEE

A. B. Crease MSc, ACGI, CEng, MIMechE

G. Fletcher BSc, CEng, MIMechE

M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch,

FEng, FIMechE

T. H. C. Childs BA, MA, PhD, CEng, FIMechE,

M. C. Christmas BSc, CEng, MIMechE, 1M1Mgt

A. Stokes

M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch

FEng, FIMechE

J. Neeves BA(Eng)

T. A. Polak MA, CEng, MIMechE

T. P. Newcomb DSc, CEng, FIMechE, FInstP, CPhys

R. T. Spurr DSc, PhD, DIC, FInstP, CPhys

H. C. Town CEng, FIMechE, FIProdE

T. P. Newcomb DSc, CEng, FIMechE, FInstP, CPhys

R. T. Spurr DSc, PhD, DIC, FInstP, CPhys

M. J, Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch,

FEng, FIMechE

MInstP

Contributors

Section Author

Cams and followers

Wheels rails and tyres

Capstans and drums

Wire ropes

Control cables

Damping devices

Pistons

Piston rings

Cylinders and liners

Selection of seals

Sealing against dirt and dust

Oil flinger rings and drain grooves

Labyrinths, brush seals and

throttling bushes

Lip seals

Mechanical seals

Packed glands

Mechanical piston rod packings

Soft piston seals

Selection of lubricant type

Mineral oils

Synthetic oils

Greases

Solid lubricants and coatings

Other liquids

Plain bearing lubrication

Rolling bearing lubrication

Gear and roller chain lubrication

Slide lubrication

Lubrication of flexible couplings

Wire rope lubrication

Selection of lubrication systems

Total loss grease systems

Total loss oil and fluid grease systems

Dip splash systems

Mist systems

Circulation systems

Commissioning lubrication systems

Design of storage tanks

T. A. Polak MA, CEng, MIMechE,

C. A. Beard CEng, FIMechE, AFRAeS

W. H. Wilson BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE

C. M. Taylor BSc(Eng) MSc. PhD, DEng, CEng,

FIMechE

D. M. Sharp

G. Hawtree

C. Derry

J. L. Koffman DiPIIng, CEng, FIMechE

B. L. Ruddy BSc, PhD, CEng, MIMechE

G. Longfoot CEng, MIMechE

R. Munro BSc, PhD, CEng, MIMechE

B. L. Ruddy, BSc, PhD, CEng, MIMechE

D. C. Austin

E. J. Murray BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE

IV. Tommis AIM, MIEI, AIMF

B. S. Nau BSc, PhD, ARCS, CEng, FIMechE,

MemASME

W. H. Barnard BSc(Lond), CEng, MIMechE

A. B. Duncan BSc, CEng, FIMechE

B. S. Nau BSc, PhD, ARCS, CEng, FIMechE,

MemASME

E. T. Jagger BSc(Eng), PhD, CEng, F’IMechE

A. Lymer BSc(Eng), CEng, FIMechE,

W. H. Wilson BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE

R. Eason CEng, MIMechE

J. D. Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng, FIMechE

R. S. Wilson MA

R. T. Lawrence MIED

A. R. Lansdown MSc, PhD, FRIC, FInstPet

T. I. Fowle BSc (Hons), ACGI, CEng, FIMechE

A. R. Lansdown BSc, PhD, FRIC, FInstPet

N. Robinson & A. R. Lansdown BSc, PhD, FRIC, FInstPet

J. K. Lancaster PhD, DSc, FInstP

D. T. Jamieson FRlC

J. C. Bell BSc, PhD

E. L. Padmore CEng, MIMechE

J. Bathgate BSc, CEng, MIMechE

M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI, WhSch,

FEng, FIMechE

J. D. Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng, FIMechE

D. M. Sharp

W. J. J. Crump BSc, ACGI, HnstP

P. L. Langborne BA, CEng, MIMechE

P. G. F. Seldon CEng, MIMechE

J. Bathgate BSc, CEng, MIMechE

R. E. Knight BSc, FCGI

D. R. Parkinson FInstPet

N. R. W. Morris

A. G. R. Thomson BSc(Eng), CEng, AFRAeS

Contributors

Section

Selection of oil pumps

Selection of filters and centrifuges

Selection of heaters and coolers

A guide to piping design

Selection of warning and protection devices

Running in procedures

Lubricant change periods and tests

Biological deteiioration of lubricants

Lubricant hazards; fire. explosion and health

Lubrication maintenance planning

High pressure .and vacuum

High and low temperatures

World ambient climatic data

Industrial plani environmental data

Chemical effects

Storage

Failure patterns and failure analysis

Plain bearing failures

Rolling bearing failures

Gear failures

Piston and ring failures

Seal failures

Wire rope failures

Brake and clutch failures

Fretting problems

Maintenance methods

Condition mordtoring

Operating Temperature limits

Vibration analysis

Wear debuis analsis

Performance analysis

Allowable wear limits

Repair of worn surfaces

Author

A. J. Twidale

R. H. Lowres CEng, MIMechE, MIProdE, MIMarE,

MSAE, MBIM

J. H. Gilbertson CEng, MIMechE, AMIMarE

P. D. Swales BSc, PhD, CEng, MIMechE

A. J. Twidale

W. C. Pike BSc, MSc, ACGI, CEng, MIMechE

J. D. Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng, FIblechE

E. C. Hill MSc., FInstPet

J. D. Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng, FIMechE

R. S. Burton

A. R. Lansdown MSc, PhD, FRIC, FInstPet &

J. D. Summers-Smith BSc., PhD, CEng, FIMechE

M. J. Todd MA.

A. 6. R. Thomson BSc(Eng), CEng, AFFUeS

R. L. G. Keith BSc

H. H. Anderson BSc(Hons), CEng, FIMechE

C. E. Carpenter FRIC

J. D. Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng,

FIMechE

M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch,

FEng, FIMechE

P. T. Holingan BSc(Tech), FIM

W. J. J. Crump BSc, ACGI, FInstP

T. I. Fowle BSc(Hons), ACGI, CEng, FIMechE

H. J. Watson BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE

M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC: FCGI, WhSch,

FEng, FIMechE

B. S. Nau BSc, PhD, ARCS, CEng, FIMechE,

MemASME

S. Maw 1x4, CEng, MIiLlechE

T. P. Newcombe DSc, CEng, FIMechE? FInstP

R. T. Spurr BSc, PhD

R. B. Waterhouse MA, PhD, FIM

M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI,

WhSch, FEng, FIMechE

M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch,

FEng, FIMechE

J. D. Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng,

FIMechE

M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI,

WhSch, FEng, FIMechE

1LI. H. Jones BSc(Hons), CEng, MIMechE,

MInstNDT

M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI,

WhSch, FEng, FIMechE

M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC: FCGI, WhSch,

FEng, FIMechE

M. H. Heath FIMechE

G. R. Bell BSc, ARSM, CEng; FIM, FWeldI,

FFUC

Contributors

Section

Wear resistant materials

Repair of plain bearings

Repair of friction surfaces

Industrial flooring materials

The nature of surfaces and contact

Surface topography

Hardness

Friction mechanisms, effect of lubricants

Frictional properties of materials

Viscosity of lubricants

Methods of fluid film formation

Mechanisms of wear

Heat dissipation from bearing assemblies

Shaft deflections and slopes

Shape tolerances of typical components

S.I. units and conversion factors

Author

H. Hocke CEng, MIMechE, FIPlantE, MIMH, FLL

M. Bartle CEng, MIM, DipIM, MIIM, AMWeldI

P. T. Holligan BSc(Tech), FIM

T. P. Newcomb DSc, CEng, FIMechE, FInstP

R. T. Spurr BSc, PhD

A. H. Snow FCIS, MSAAT

J. A. Greenwood BA, PhD

R. E. Reason DSc, ARCS, FRS

M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch, FEng,

FIMechE

D. Tabor PhD, ScD, FInstP, FRS

D. Tabor PhD, ScD, FInstP, FRS

H. Naylor BSc, PhD, CEng, FIMechE

D. Dowson CBE, BSc, PhD, DSc, FEng, FIMechE, FRS

K. H. R. Wright PhD, FInstP

A. B. Crease MSc, ACGI, CEng, MIMechE

M. F. Madigan BSc

J. J. Crabtree BSc(Tech)Hons.

M. J. Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch, FEng,

FIMechE