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Learning XNA 4.0

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Learning XNA 4.0

Aaron Reed

Beijing Cambridge Farnham Köln Sebastopol Tokyo

Learning XNA 4.0

by Aaron Reed

Copyright © 2011 Aaron Reed. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.

O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions

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corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or [email protected].

Editor: Courtney Nash

Production Editor: Kristen Borg

Copyeditor: Genevieve d’Entremont

Proofreader: Kristen Borg

Indexer: Fred Brown

Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery

Interior Designer: David Futato

Illustrator: Robert Romano

Printing History:

December 2010: First Edition.

Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of

O’Reilly Media, Inc. Learning XNA 4.0, the image of a sea robin fish, and related trade dress are trade￾marks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as

trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a

trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume

no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information con￾tained herein.

ISBN: 978-1-449-39462-2

[M]

1291906059

To my mother and father, who, after shelling out

$2,500 in the 1980’s for a sweet Compaq 286 with

a 4-color monitor, 16k internal memory, a 5 1/4"

floppy and no internal hard drive, didn’t yell at me

when they came home and found that I’d taken

the thing apart. I’ve been hooked ever since.

Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

1. What’s New in XNA 4.0? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Revised Project Folder Structure 1

Develop Games for Windows Phone 7 Series 2

Graphics Profiles 2

Configurable Effects 4

Built-in State Objects 5

Scalars and Orientation 5

Revised Input API 5

Additional Audio API 6

Music and Picture Enumeration and Video Playback 6

Modified and Added Classes and Methods 6

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 6

2. Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

System Requirements 7

Additional Resources 8

Installation 8

Creating Your First XNA Application 10

What You Just Did 13

Summary 13

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 14

3. Fun with Sprites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

A Look Behind the Scenes 15

Game Development Versus Polling 18

Modifying Your Game 21

Adding a Sprite to Your Project 22

Loading and Drawing Your Sprite 25

Transparency and Other Options 28

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Layer Depth 33

Let’s Move 36

Animation 38

Adjusting the Framerate 43

Adjusting the Animation Speed 44

What You Just Did 45

Summary 46

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 46

Test Your Knowledge: Exercise 47

4. User Input and Collision Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

More Sprites 49

Keyboard Input 52

Mouse Input 54

Gamepad Input 56

Keeping the Sprite in the Game Window 59

Collision Detection 60

What You Just Did 65

Summary 65

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 65

Test Your Knowledge: Exercise 66

5. Applying Some Object-Oriented Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Designing Your Classes 67

Creating a Sprite Class 68

Creating a User-Controlled Sprite Class 72

Creating an Automated Sprite Class 74

Game Components 77

Coding the SpriteManager 78

Cleaning Up 80

Making Them Move 83

What You Just Did 83

Summary 84

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 84

Test Your Knowledge: Exercise 84

6. Sound Effects and Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Using XACT 86

Implementing XACT Audio Files in Code 92

Using the Simplified API for Sound and Audio 94

Adding More Sound to Your Game 96

What You Just Did 100

Summary 100

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Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 101

Test Your Knowledge: Exercise 101

7. Basic Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

The Turing Test 104

Creating Sprites at Random Intervals 104

Randomly Spawning Sprites 106

Irrelevant Objects 110

Creating a Chasing Sprite 112

Creating an Evading Sprite 117

What You Just Did 123

Summary 123

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 124

Test Your Knowledge: Exercise 124

8. Putting It All Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Drawing 2D Text 126

Randomly Generating Different Sprite Types 132

Adding Some Variety to Your Sprites 133

Adding a Background Image 139

Game Scoring 140

Game States 147

Enabling/Disabling GameComponents 150

Game-Over Logic and the Game-Over Screen 153

Fine-Tuning Gameplay 161

Creating Power-Ups 164

What You Just Did 168

Summary 169

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 169

Test Your Knowledge: Exercise 169

9. 3D Game Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Coordinate Systems 171

Cameras 173

Creating a 3D Camera 176

Drawing Primitives 178

Matrix Multiplication 183

Movement and Rotation 184

Backface Culling 187

More on Rotations 188

Even More Rotations 190

Primitive Types 191

Applying Textures 195

Table of Contents | ix

What You Just Did 198

Summary 199

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 200

Test Your Knowledge: Exercise 200

10. 3D Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Using 3D Models 201

Setting Up the Project 202

Adding a Model to Your Project 205

Drawing a Model Using a BasicModel Class 206

Adding a Model Manager 210

Rotating Your Model 212

What You Just Did 214

Summary 215

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 216

Test Your Knowledge: Exercise 216

11. Creating a First-Person Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Components of a Moving 3D Camera 217

Moving in a First-Person Camera 221

Rotations in a First-Person Camera 224

Rotating a Camera in a Yaw 226

Rotating a Camera in a Roll 227

Rotating a Camera in a Pitch 228

Coding the Camera for the 3D Game 229

What You Just Did 233

Summary 233

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 234

Test Your Knowledge: Exercise 234

12. 3D Collision Detection and Shooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Creating a Moving Enemy 235

Adding Some Game Logic 237

Firing Shots 246

3D Collision Detection and Bounding Spheres 251

Adding a Crosshair 253

Adding Sound 256

What You Just Did 262

Summary 262

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 263

Test Your Knowledge: Exercise 263

x | Table of Contents

13. HLSL Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

HLSL Syntax 267

Dissecting a Sample HLSL Effect File 269

Applying an HLSL Effect in C# 277

Applying HLSL Using Textures 285

HLSL Effects: Creating a Negative 293

HLSL Effects: Blur 293

HLSL Effects: Grayscale 295

What You Just Did 296

Summary 296

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 297

Test Your Knowledge: Exercise 297

14. Particle Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Creating a Particle Engine 299

Adding a Particle Effect File 310

Adding Your Particle Engine to Your Game 312

Adding a Starfield 315

What You Just Did 320

Summary 321

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 321

15. Wrapping Up Your 3D Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

Adding a Splash Screen Game Component 323

Keeping Score 334

Adding a Power-Up 338

What You Just Did 343

Test Your Knowledge: Exercise 344

16. Deploying to the Xbox 360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Adding an Xbox 360 Device 345

Converting a Project to Run on the Xbox 360 349

Supporting Gamepad Input 351

Deploying to the Xbox 360 358

Xbox 360 Display Settings 360

The Title Safe Region 361

What You Just Did 363

Summary 363

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 363

17. Developing for Windows Phone 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Setting Up Your Windows Phone 7 Device 365

Table of Contents | xi

Registering for a Developer Account 366

Registering Your Windows Phone 7 Device 368

Unlocking Your Phone 369

Creating a Windows Phone 7 Project 370

Resources 372

Digging In 373

Screen Rotation and Resolution 378

More Model Classes 380

Adding a ModelManager 386

Finishing Details 391

What You Just Did 395

Summary 395

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 395

18. Multiplayer Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Split-Screen Functionality 397

Network Game Development 406

Network Configurations 408

Writing an XNA Network Game 410

Modifying the Sprite Class 411

Modifying the UserControlledSprite Class 411

Coding Your Game1 Class 414

Adding Update Code 417

Updating While in the SignIn Game State 418

Updating While in the FindSession Game State 419

Updating While in the CreateSession GameState 422

Updating While in the Start Game State 422

Updating While in the InGame Game State 430

Updating While in the GameOver Game State 431

Adding Draw Code 432

Adding Biohazard Bombs of Insanity! 438

What You Just Did 444

Summary 445

Test Your Knowledge: Quiz 446

Appendix: Answers to Quizzes and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

xii | Table of Contents

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Preface

I’ve taught DirectX and XNA game development courses at Neumont University for

the past several years, and I’ve been repeatedly frustrated by my inability to find the

right book for these classes. There are numerous books on the subject, but none that

I felt fit the goals of my classes (introductory college-level game development courses

targeted to an audience familiar with C#) or that presented the material in a style and

sequence I felt was appropriate.

Many books required too much previous game or graphics development knowledge.

Others assumed too little knowledge of nongame-related development concepts. Still

others relied too much on third-party libraries, or presented the material in a sequence

that would be counterintuitive to a reader who is new to game development.

I found myself jumping around from Chapter 3 in one book to Chapter 18 in another,

then back to the original book for Chapter 7 and Chapter 9, and so forth, while filling

in gaps with slides, code samples, and documents I created on my own.

Eventually, I decided to take the content I had developed for my XNA game develop￾ment course and write some material on the subject for use in the classroom. Initially,

I was going to simply create some papers and essays to give to the students. I then

realized that a large audience outside of the university would probably benefit from the

material as well. I contacted O’Reilly about the book, and the rest is history.

Through my experience teaching XNA game development, I have been able to deter￾mine which points typically snag students and which points typically are easily grasped.

I’ve also developed what I feel is a pretty straightforward way of presenting the material

in a sequence that makes sense and is easy to follow. This book is designed to follow

that sequence and to introduce concepts in a way that will help readers fully understand

each individual topic.

Who This Book Is For

This book is meant to be a solid introduction to game development for somebody with

basic knowledge of the .NET Framework and C# (or similar technologies). No previous

XNA or other game or graphics development experience or knowledge is required.

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