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ALL-IN-ONE
Making Everything Easier!™
$39.99 US / $47.99 CN / £27.99 UK
ISBN 978-0-470-53755-8
Programming Languages/HTML
Go to Dummies.com®
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Harris
spine=2.16”HTML, XHTML, & CSS
ALL-IN-ONE
HTML, XHTML, & CSS
• Creating the HTML/XHTML Foundation
• Styling with CSS
• Using Positional CSS
• Client-Side Programming with JavaScript®
• Server-Side Programming with PHP
• Managing Data with MySQL®
• Into the Future with AJAX
• Moving from Pages to Sites
Andy Harris
Open the book and find:
• The basics of building XHTML
documents
• What to do with selectors,
classes, and styles
• How to build flexible layouts
• Tips on using HTML5
• Secrets of managing files and
directories
• All about SQL coding
• AJAX essentials and how to
add events with jQuery
• The advantages of a Content
Management System
You too can become a
Web wizard! Here’s how to go
from simple pages to super sites
Contemplating your first dip into Web page creation, or
ready to take your sites to the next level? All you need are
these eight minibooks. Newbies can start at the beginning
for a complete understanding of basic page creation with
HTML5, XHTML, and CSS. If you’ve been there and done
that, jump ahead to managing data with MySQL, building
AJAX connections, and more!
• Lay the foundation — build the skeleton of your pages with
XHTML, use CSS to add color and formatting, and create dynamic
buttons or menus
• Serve it up — move to the server and use PHP to program
responses to Web requests or connect to databases
• Manage data — set up a secure data server and create a reliable
and trustworthy data back-end for your site
• Explore AJAX — learn the essentials of AJAX, how to add events
and animation, and cool ways to use the UI library
• Create super sites — understand clients and servers, work with
content management systems, and more
Andy Harris taught himself programming because it was fun. Today he
teaches computer science, game development, and Web programming at
the university level; is a technology consultant for the state of Indiana; and
has helped people with disabilities to form their own Web development
companies.
8IN1
BOOKS
Valuable bonus programs on CD-ROM
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Visit the companion Web site at www.dummies.com/
go/htmlxhtmlandcssaiofd2e for code and other
supporting materials
Valuable bonus
tools on CD-ROM! Covers HTML5 and prior versions of HTML!
2nd Edition
2nd Edition
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HTML, XHTML,
& CSS
ALL-IN-ONE
FOR
DUMmIES‰
2ND EDITION
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by Andy Harris
HTML, XHTML,
& CSS
ALL-IN-ONE
FOR
DUMmIES‰
2ND EDITION
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HTML, XHTML, & CSS All-in-One For Dummies®, 2nd Edition
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2011 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written
permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the
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Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley
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Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the
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other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc. is not associated with
any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO
REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF
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WHEN IT IS READ.
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2010937814
ISBN: 978-0-470-53755-8
Manufactured in the United States of America
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Disclaimer: This eBook does not include ancillary media that was packaged with the
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About the Author
Andy Harris began his teaching life as a special education teacher. As he was
teaching young adults with severe disabilities, he taught himself enough computer programming to support his teaching habit with freelance programming. Those were the exciting days when computers started to have hard
drives, and some computers began communicating with each other over an
arcane mechanism some were calling the Internet.
All this time Andy was teaching computer science part time. He joined the
faculty of the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Computer
Science department in 1995. He serves as a Senior Lecturer, teaching the
introductory courses to freshmen as well as numerous courses on Web
development, general programming, and game programming. As manager
of the Streaming Media Laboratory, he developed a number of online videobased courses, and worked on a number of international distance education
projects including helping to start a computer science program in Tetevo,
Macedonia FYR.
Andy is the author of several other computing books including JavaScript For
Dummies, Flash Game Programming For Dummies, and Game Programming:
the L Line. He invites your comments and questions at andy@aharris
books.net. You can visit his main site and fi nd a blog, forum, and links to
other books at http://www.aharrisbooks.net.
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Dedication
I dedicate this book to Jesus Christ, my personal savior, and to Heather, the
joy in my life. I also dedicate this project to Elizabeth, Matthew, Jacob, and
Benjamin. I love each of you.
Author’s Acknowledgments
Thank you fi rst to Heather. Even though I type all the words, this book is a
real partnership, like the rest of our life. Thanks for being my best friend and
companion. Thanks also for doing all the work it takes for us to sustain a
family when I’m in writing mode.
Thank you to Mark Enochs. It’s great to have an editor who gets me, and
who’s willing to get excited about a project. I really enjoy working with you.
Thanks very much to Katie Feltman. It’s fun to see how far a few wacky ideas
have gone. Thanks for continuing to believe in me, and for helping me to
always fi nd an interesting new project.
Thank you to the copy editors: fi rst and foremost, I thank Brian Walls for his
all his hard work in making this edition presentable. Thanks also go to Teresa
Artman, John Edwards, and Melba Hopper for their help. I appreciate your
efforts to make my geeky mush turn into something readable. Thanks for
improving my writing.
A special thanks to Jeff Noble for his technical editing. I appreciate your vigilance. You have helped to make this book as technically accurate as possible.
Thank you to the many people at Wiley who contribute to a project like
this. The author only gets to meet a few people, but so many more are
involved in the process. Thank you very much for all you’ve done to help
make this project a reality.
Thanks to Chris McCulloh for all you did on the fi rst edition, and I thank you
for your continued friendship.
A big thank you to the open source community which has created so many
incredible tools and made them available to all. I’d especially like to thank the
creators of Firefox, Firebug, Aptana, HTML Validator, the Web Developer toolbar, Ubuntu and the Linux community, Notepad++, PHP, Apache, jQuery, and
the various jQuery plugins. This is an amazing and generous community effort.
I’d fi nally like to thank the IUPUI computer science family for years of support
on various projects. Thank you especially to all my students, current and
past. I’ve learned far more from you than the small amount I’ve taught. Thank
you for letting me be a part of your education.
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Publisher’s Acknowledgments
We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our online registration form
located at http://dummies.custhelp.com. For other comments, please contact our Customer
Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002.
Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:
Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media
Development
Senior Project Editor: Mark Enochs
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Katie Feltman
Copy Editors: Brian Walls, Teresa Artman,
John Edwards, Melba Hopper
Technical Editor: Jeff Noble
Editorial Manager: Leah Cameron
Media Development Project Manager:
Laura Moss-Hollister
Media Development Assistant Project
Manager: Jenny Swisher
Media Development Assistant Producer:
Shawn Patrick
Editorial Assistant: Amanda Graham
Sr. Editorial Assistant: Cherie Case
Cartoons: Rich Tennant
(www.the5thwave.com)
Composition Services
Project Coordinators: Katherine Crocker,
Lynsey Stanford
Layout and Graphics: Carl Byers,
Timothy C. Detrick
Proofreaders: Lauren Mandelbaum,
Christine Sabooni
Indexer: BIM Indexing & Proofreading Services
Special Help: Tonya Cupp,
Colleen Totz Diamond
Publishing and Editorial for Technology Dummies
Richard Swadley, Vice President and Executive Group Publisher
Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher
Mary Bednarek, Executive Acquisitions Director
Mary C. Corder, Editorial Director
Publishing for Consumer Dummies
Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher
Composition Services
Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services
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Contents at a Glance
Introduction ................................................................ 1
Book I: Creating the HTML/XHTML Foundation .............. 7
Chapter 1: Sound HTML Foundations .............................................................................9
Chapter 2: It’s All about Validation ...............................................................................19
Chapter 3: Choosing Your Tools ....................................................................................41
Chapter 4: Managing Information with Lists and Tables ............................................65
Chapter 5: Making Connections with Links ..................................................................83
Chapter 6: Adding Images ...............................................................................................93
Chapter 7: Creating Forms ............................................................................................121
Chapter 8: The Future of HTML: HTML 5 ....................................................................141
Book II: Styling with CSS ......................................... 157
Chapter 1: Coloring Your World ..................................................................................159
Chapter 2: Styling Text ..................................................................................................177
Chapter 3: Selectors, Class, and Style .........................................................................201
Chapter 4: Borders and Backgrounds .........................................................................219
Chapter 5: Levels of CSS................................................................................................239
Book III: Using Positional CSS .................................. 257
Chapter 1: Fun with the Fabulous Float ......................................................................259
Chapter 2: Building Floating Page Layouts .................................................................279
Chapter 3: Styling Lists and Menus .............................................................................299
Chapter 4: Using Alternative Positioning ....................................................................317
Book IV: Client-Side Programming with JavaScript ..... 335
Chapter 1: Getting Started with JavaScript ................................................................337
Chapter 2: Making Decisions with Conditions ...........................................................359
Chapter 3: Loops and Debugging .................................................................................373
Chapter 4: Functions, Arrays, and Objects .................................................................395
Chapter 5: Talking to the Page .....................................................................................423
Chapter 6: Getting Valid Input ......................................................................................445
Chapter 7: Animating Your Pages ................................................................................467
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Book V: Server-Side Programming with PHP .............. 499
Chapter 1: Getting Started on the Server ....................................................................501
Chapter 2: PHP and XHTML Forms ..............................................................................519
Chapter 3: Control Structures ......................................................................................539
Chapter 4: Working with Arrays ..................................................................................559
Chapter 5: Using Functions and Session Variables ...................................................579
Chapter 6: Working with Files and Directories ..........................................................591
Chapter 7: Connecting to a MySQL Database.............................................................613
Book VI: Managing Data with MySQL ....................... 635
Chapter 1: Getting Started with Data ..........................................................................637
Chapter 2: Managing Data with SQL ............................................................................665
Chapter 3: Normalizing Your Data ...............................................................................691
Chapter 4: Putting Data Together with Joins .............................................................705
Book VII: Into the Future with AJAX ......................... 729
Chapter 1: AJAX Essentials ...........................................................................................731
Chapter 2: Improving JavaScript and AJAX with jQuery ..........................................747
Chapter 3: Animating jQuery ........................................................................................771
Chapter 4: Using the jQuery User Interface Toolkit ..................................................797
Chapter 5: Improving Usability with jQuery ...............................................................823
Chapter 6: Working with AJAX Data ............................................................................843
Book VIII: Moving from Pages to Sites ....................... 867
Chapter 1: Managing Your Servers ..............................................................................869
Chapter 2: Planning Your Sites ....................................................................................895
Chapter 3: Introducing Content Management Systems ............................................915
Chapter 4: Editing Graphics .........................................................................................941
Chapter 5: Taking Control of Content .........................................................................961
Appendix A: What’s on the CD .................................. 979
Index ...................................................................... 985
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Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................. 1
No Experience Necessary ...............................................................................2
Great for Advanced Folks, Too! .....................................................................2
Use Any Computer ...........................................................................................3
Don’t Buy Any Software ..................................................................................3
How This Book Is Organized ..........................................................................4
New for the Second Edition ............................................................................5
Icons Used in This Book .................................................................................6
What’s Next? .....................................................................................................6
Book I: Creating the HTML/XHTML Foundation ............... 7
Chapter 1: Sound HTML Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Creating a Basic Page ......................................................................................9
Understanding the HTML in the Basic Page ...............................................11
Meeting Your New Friends, the Tags ..........................................................12
Setting Up Your System ................................................................................15
Displaying fi le extensions ...................................................................15
Setting up your software .....................................................................16
Chapter 2: It’s All about Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Somebody Stop the HTML Madness! ..........................................................19
XHTML to the rescue ...........................................................................20
There’s XHTML and there’s good XHTML ........................................21
Building an XHTML Document .....................................................................22
Don’t memorize all this! ......................................................................22
The DOCTYPE tag ................................................................................22
The xmlns attribute .............................................................................23
The meta tag .........................................................................................23
You validate me ...................................................................................23
Validating Your Page .....................................................................................25
Aesop visits W3C .................................................................................27
Showing off your mad skillz ................................................................35
Using Tidy to repair pages ..................................................................37
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xii HTML, XHTML, & CSS All-in-One For Dummies, 2nd Edition
Chapter 3: Choosing Your Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
What’s Wrong with the Big Boys? ...............................................................41
Alternative Web Development Tools ..........................................................43
The features you need on your computer ........................................43
Building a basic toolbox......................................................................43
Picking a Text Editor .....................................................................................44
Tools to avoid unless you have nothing else ...................................44
A noteworthy editor: Notepad++ .......................................................45
The old standards: VI and Emacs ......................................................46
Other text editors ................................................................................49
The Web Developer’s Browser ....................................................................49
A little ancient history .........................................................................49
Overview of the prominent browsers ...............................................50
Other notable browsers ......................................................................52
The bottom line in browsers ..............................................................53
Tricking Out Firefox ......................................................................................53
Validating your pages with HTML Validator ....................................54
Using the Web Developer toolbar ......................................................55
Using Firebug ........................................................................................57
Using a Full-Blown IDE ..................................................................................58
Introducing Aptana ..............................................................................58
Customizing Aptana.............................................................................60
Introducing Komodo Edit .............................................................................62
Chapter 4: Managing Information with Lists and Tables . . . . . . . . . . .65
Making a List and Checking It Twice ...........................................................65
Creating an unordered list ..................................................................65
Creating ordered lists ..........................................................................67
Making nested lists ..............................................................................69
Building the defi nition list ..................................................................72
Building Tables ..............................................................................................74
Defi ning the table .................................................................................75
Spanning rows and columns...............................................................77
Avoiding the table-based layout trap ................................................80
Chapter 5: Making Connections with Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Making Your Text Hyper ...............................................................................83
Introducing the anchor tag .................................................................84
Comparing block-level and inline elements......................................85
Analyzing an anchor ............................................................................86
Introducing URLs .................................................................................86
Making Lists of Links .....................................................................................88
Working with Absolute and Relative References ......................................89
Understanding absolute references ..................................................89
Introducing relative references ..........................................................89
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Table of Contents xiii
Chapter 6: Adding Images. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
Adding Images to Your Pages ......................................................................93
Adding links to images ........................................................................94
Adding inline images using the <img> tag ........................................96
Choosing an Image Manipulation Tool .......................................................98
An image is worth 3.4 million words! ................................................98
Introducing IrfanView ........................................................................101
Choosing an Image Format .........................................................................102
BMP ......................................................................................................102
JPG/JPEG .............................................................................................102
GIF ........................................................................................................103
PNG ......................................................................................................105
Summary of Web image formats ......................................................106
Manipulating Your Images ..........................................................................106
Changing formats in IrfanView .........................................................106
Resizing your images .........................................................................108
Enhancing image colors ....................................................................109
Using built-in effects ..........................................................................110
Other effects you can use .................................................................115
Batch processing ...............................................................................115
Using Images as Links .................................................................................117
Creating thumbnail images ...............................................................118
Creating a thumbnail-based image directory .................................120
Chapter 7: Creating Forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
You Have Great Form ..................................................................................121
Forms must have some form ............................................................123
Organizing a form with fi eldsets and labels ...................................123
Building Text-Style Inputs ..........................................................................126
Making a standard text fi eld .............................................................126
Building a password fi eld ..................................................................127
Making multi-line text input ..............................................................128
Creating Multiple Selection Elements .......................................................130
Making selections ..............................................................................130
Building check boxes.........................................................................132
Creating radio buttons ......................................................................134
Pressing Your Buttons ................................................................................136
Making input-style buttons ...............................................................137
Building a Submit button ..................................................................138
It’s a do-over: The Reset button .......................................................138
Introducing the <button> tag ...........................................................139
Chapter 8: The Future of HTML: HTML 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
Can’t We Just Stick with XHTML? ..............................................................141
Using the HTML 5 doctype ...............................................................142
Browser support for HTML 5 ...........................................................142
Validating HTML 5 .............................................................................142
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