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GSM SYSTEM SURVEY

STUDENT TEXT

EN/LZT 123 3321

R2C

GSM System Survey

DISCLAIMER

This book is a training document and contains simplifications.

Therefore, it must not be considered as a specification of the

system.

The contents of this document are subject to revision without

notice due to ongoing progress in methodology, design and

manufacturing.

Ericsson assumes no legal responsibility for any error or damage

resulting from the usage of this document.

This document is not intended to replace the technical

documentation that was shipped with your system. Always refer

to that technical documentation during operation and

maintenance.

This document was produced by Ericsson Radio Systems AB.

• It is used for training purposes only and may not be copied

or reproduced in any manner without the express written

consent of Ericsson.

• This document number, EN/LZT 123 3321, R2C supports

course number LZU 108 852.

EN/LZT 123 3321 R2C

Copyright © 1999 by Ericsson Radio Systems AB

Revision Record

REVISION RECORD

Date Revision No. Chapters

Affected

EN/LZT 123 3321 R2C

96/09/02 R1A All

97/07/04 R1B All

97/09/09 R1C All

98/05/27 R2A All

98/11/30 R2B All

99/08/30 R2C 1 - 7 and 9

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Table of Contents

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Table of Contents

Topic Page

EN/LZT 123 3321 R2C -i -

1. Introduction to Mobile Telecommunications and GSM..................... 1

2. Overview of Ericsson’s GSM Systems.......................................... 25

3. Wireless Concepts........................................................................ 37

4. Channel Concepts ........................................................................ 71

5. Introduction to AXE....................................................................... 83

6. Switching System ....................................................................... 111

7. Base Station System .................................................................. 131

8. Mobile Stations ........................................................................... 155

9. Traffic Cases .............................................................................. 181

10. Cell Planning .............................................................................. 211

11. Operation and Maintenance Systems......................................... 231

12. Subscriber Services.................................................................... 255

13. Charging and Accounting ........................................................... 265

14. Appendix A: Mobile Intelligent Network Services ........................ 277

15. Appendix B: Data Services ......................................................... 293

16. Appendix C: Case Study: New Telerica’s GSM networks ........... 301

17. Appendix D: The Future of GSM................................................. 317

18. Appendix E: Ericsson’s Customer Services ................................ 325

19. Index........................................................................................... 329

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Introduction to Mobile Telecommunications and

GSM

Chapter 1

This chapter is designed to provide the student with an

introduction to mobile telecommunications and an overview of

the GSM standard. It introduces the main system components,

the network structure and basic terminology used.

OBJECTIVES:

Upon completion of this chapter the student will be able to:

• Describe the concept of a standard for mobile

communications

• Describe the history of GSM development

• Describe the philosophy of GSM as a global common

standard

• Describe the GSM network components

• Describe the GSM geographical network structure

• Describe the GSM frequency bands

• Describe the terminology used in GSM traffic cases

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1 Introduction to Mobile Telecommunications and GSM

EN/LZT 123 3321 R2C – i –

1 Introduction to Mobile

Telecommunications and GSM

Table of Contents

Topic Page

MOBILE TELEPHONY...........................................................................1

HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION ............................................................. 1

MOBILE STANDARDS .................................................................................................. 3

ERICSSON IN MOBILE ................................................................................................. 5

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)..............6

HISTORY OF GSM........................................................................................................ 6

GSM SPECIFICATIONS................................................................................................ 9

GSM PHASES ............................................................................................................. 10

GSM NETWORK COMPONENTS .......................................................12

SWITCHING SYSTEM (SS) COMPONENTS.............................................................. 14

BASE STATION SYSTEM (BSS) COMPONENTS...................................................... 16

NETWORK MONITORING CENTERS ........................................................................ 16

MOBILE STATION (MS) .............................................................................................. 17

GSM GEOGRAPHICAL NETWORK STRUCTURE.............................18

CELL ............................................................................................................................ 18

LOCATION AREA (LA) ................................................................................................ 18

MSC SERVICE AREA.................................................................................................. 19

PLMN SERVICE AREA................................................................................................ 19

GSM SERVICE AREA ................................................................................................. 20

GSM FREQUENCY BANDS ................................................................22

GSM 900...................................................................................................................... 22

GSM 1800.................................................................................................................... 22

GSM 1900.................................................................................................................... 22

KEY TERMS.........................................................................................23

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1 Introduction to Mobile Telecommunications and GSM

EN/LZT 123 3321 R2C – 1 –

MOBILE TELEPHONY

Mobile telecommunications is one of the fastest growing and

most demanding of all telecommunications technologies.

Currently, it represents an increasingly high percentage of all

new telephone subscriptions worldwide. In many cases, cellular

solutions successfully compete with traditional wireline

networks and cordless telephones. In the future, cellular systems

employing digital technology will become the universal method

of telecommunication.

HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

The origins of mobile communications followed quickly behind

the invention of radio in the late 1800s. The first applications of

mobile radio were related to the navigation and safety of ships at

sea. As radio concepts developed, so did it’s use as a

communications tool. The major milestones in the development

of wireless communications are summarized in the following

table:

Date Activity

1906 Reginald Fesseden successfully transmits human

voice over radio. Up until that time, radio

communications consisted of transmissions of Morse

Code.

1915 J. A. Fleming invents the vacuum tube making it

possible to build mobile radios.

1921 The Detroit police department used a 2 MHz

frequency in the department's first vehicular mobile

radio. The system was only one way and police had

to find a wireline phone to respond to radio

messages.

1930s Amplitude Modulation (AM) two-way mobile

systems were in place in the U.S. that took

advantage of newly developed mobile transmitters

and utilized a "push-to-talk" or half-duplex

transmission. By the end of the decade channel

allocation grew from 11 to 40.

1935 Invention of Frequency Modulation (FM) improved

audio quality. FM eliminated the need for large AM

transmitters and resulted in radio equipment which

required less power to operate. This made the use of

transmitters in vehicles more practical.

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1940s The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

recognized a communication service it classified as

Domestic Public Land Mobile (DPLM) radio

service. The first DPLM system was established in

St. Louis in 1946 and it utilized the 150 MHz band.

The following year, a "highway" system was

developed along the New York - Boston corridor

using the 35-40 MHz band.

1947 D.H. Ring, working at Bell Laboratories, envisions

the cellular concept.

1948 Shockley, Bardeen and Brittain, at Bell Laboratories,

invent the transistor which enables electronic

equipment, including the radio to be miniaturized.

1949 Radio Common Carriers (RCCs) were recognized.

1949,

1958

Bell Systems made broadband proposals.

1964 AT&T introduces Improved Mobile Telephone

System (IMTS).

1968 The FCC began to address issue of new US spectrum

requirements.

1969 Nordic countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland,

Norway and Sweden agree to form a group to study

and recommend areas of cooperation in

telecommunication. This led to the standardization

of telecommunications for all members of the Nordic

Mobile Telephone (NMT) group, the first

comprehensive international standardization group.

1973 The NMT group specifies a feature allowing mobile

telephones to be located within and across networks.

This feature would become the basis for roaming.

1979 The FCC authorized the installation and testing of

the first developmental cellular system in the US

(Illinois Bell Telephone Company).

1981 Ericsson launches the world’s first cellular system in

Saudi Arabia based on the analog NMT 450

standard.

1991 The first digital cellular standard (GSM) is launched.

1998 The number of mobile subscribers world-wide has

grown to over 200 million.

Table 1-1 Milestones in development of wireless

communications

F Did you know?

Ericsson predicts that

in the year 2000, the

number of mobile

subscribers worldwide

will be approximately

500 million.

1 Introduction to Mobile Telecommunications and GSM

EN/LZT 123 3321 R2C – 3 –

MOBILE STANDARDS

Standards play a major role in telecommunications by:

• Allowing products from diverse suppliers to be

interconnected

• Facilitating innovation by creating large markets for common

products

The standards-making process is one of co-operation at many

levels, both nationally and internationally and includes co￾operation between:

• Industrial concerns within a country

• These industrial concerns and their governments

• National governments at an international level

The primary purpose of a standard for mobile communications

is to specify how mobile phone calls are to be handled by a

mobile network. For example, this includes specification of the

following:

• The signals to be transmitted and received by the mobile

phone

• The format of these signals

• The interaction of network nodes

• The basic network services which should be available to

mobile subscribers

• The basic network structure (i.e. cells, etc.)

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Since the development of NMT 450 in 1981, many standards for

mobile communication have been developed throughout the

world. Each mobile standard has been developed to meet the

particular requirements of the country or interest groups

involved in its specification. For this reason, although a standard

may be suitable for one country, it may not be suitable for

another. The main standards and the main markets in which they

are used are summarized in the following table.

Year Standard Mobile Telephone System Technology

Primary

Markets

1981 NMT 450 Nordic Mobile Telephony Analogue Europe,

Middle East

1983 AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone

System

Analogue North and

South

America

1985 TACS Total Access

Communication System

Analogue Europe and

China

1986 NMT 900 Nordic Mobile Telephony Analogue Europe,

Middle East

1991 GSM Global System for Mobile

communication

Digital World-wide

1991 D-AMPS Digital-AMPS Digital North and

South

America

1992 GSM 1800 Global System for Mobile

communication

Digital Europe

1994 PDC Personal Digital Cellular Digital Japan

1995 PCS 1900 Personal Communication

Services

Digital North

America

Table 1-2 The main cellular standards

F Did you know?

The country with the

highest per capita

penetration of mobile

subscribers is

Finland, with over

40% of its population

owning a mobile

phone.

1 Introduction to Mobile Telecommunications and GSM

EN/LZT 123 3321 R2C – 5 –

ERICSSON IN MOBILE

Ericsson is one of the leading telecommunication companies in

the world, with customers in more than 130 countries. Ericsson’s

key product is the AXE digital exchange which is in service in

the most sophisticated public networks in Europe, the Americas,

Australia, Africa and Asia. One of the key reasons for the

success of AXE is that it is modular in design which allows it to

adapt easily to a wide variety of applications. The concept of

open systems and standardized interfaces is fundamental to the

development of all new telecommunication products within

Ericsson.

Ericsson has been designing cellular radio systems since the

1970’s. It offers network products for all major standards, both

analogue and digital. The largest Ericsson markets, measured in

number of subscribers using an Ericsson system are North

America and Europe.

Ericsson is the world's most successful supplier of mobile

network infrastructure equipment and supplies 40% of the

world's mobile telephony market. Ericsson supplies 50% of the

world's digital telephony market. This means that half of all the

world's digital mobile telephone calls are switched through

Ericsson exchanges.

Mobile Standard Ericsson Product

NMT 450 CMS 45

AMPS CMS 8800

TACS CMS 8810

NMT 900 CMS 89

GSM CME 20

D-AMPS CMS 8800-D

GSM 1800 CME 20

PDC CMS 30

PCS 1900 (using GSM) CMS 40

PCS 1900 (using DAMPS) CMS 8800-D

Table 1-3 Ericsson’s cellular systems