Tài liệu FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH SMALL-SCALE POULTRY PRODUCTION pdf



*44/


'"0
"/*."-
130%6$5*0/
"/%
)&"-5)

4."--4$"-&
106-53:
130%6$5*0/

UFDIOJDBM
HVJEF

NBOVBM

FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH

Rome, 2004

1

manual

SMALL-SCALE POULTRY PRODUCTION

technical guide

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

E.B. Sonaiya

Department of Animal Science

Obafemi Awolowo University

Ile-Ife, Nigeria

and

S.E.J. Swan

Village Poultry Consultant

Waimana, New Zealand

Small-scale poultry production iii

Contents

Chapter 1 ..........................................................................................................1

Introduction ..............................................................................................1

Chapter 2 ..........................................................................................................7

Species and Breeds ...............................................................................7

Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................13

Feed Resources....................................................................................13

Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................23

General Management ..........................................................................23

Chapter 5 ........................................................................................................37

Incubation and Hatching......................................................................37

Chapter 6 ........................................................................................................41

Health .....................................................................................................41

Chapter 7 ........................................................................................................59

Breed Improvement..............................................................................59

Chapter 8 ........................................................................................................65

Production Economics .........................................................................65

Chapter 9 ........................................................................................................69

Marketing ...............................................................................................69

Chapter 10......................................................................................................85

Research and Development for Family Poultry...............................85

Bibliography..................................................................................................109

Foreword iv

Foreword

Keeping poultry makes a substantial contribution to household food security throughout the

developing world. It helps diversify incomes and provides quality food, energy, fertilizer and a

renewable asset in over 80 percent of rural households.

Small-scale producers are however constrained by poor access to markets, goods and

services; they have weak institutions and lack skills, knowledge and appropriate technologies.

The result is that both production and productivity remain well below potential and losses and

wastage can be high. However, adapted breeds, local feed resources and appropriate vaccines

are available, along with proven technologies that can substantially improve productivity and

income generation.

FAO recognizes the important contribution that poultry can make to poverty alleviation and

has programmes that focus on small-scale, low-input, family based poultry production. These

programmes target the more vulnerable households especially those affected by natural

disasters, HIV Aids and conflict. This manual provides a comprehensive and valuable technical

guide for those in government service or aid agencies, wishing to embark on projects that

exploit the potential of small-scale poultry production to improve the livelihoods of the rural

poor. All aspects of small-scale poultry production are discussed in this book including feeding

and nutrition, housing, general husbandry and flock health. Regional differences in production

practices are described.

FAO acknowledges and commends the effort that the authors have put into making such a

comprehensive and valuable reference for those involved in poultry production in the

developing world. The views expressed are, however, those of the authors and do not

necessarily reflect those of FAO. Members of the International Network for Family Poultry

Development (INFPD) have been involved in producing and reviewing this document and their

contribution is also gratefully acknowledged. A major aim of the INFPD is to bring together and

disseminate technical information that supports small-scale poultry producers throughout the

world.

Small-scale poultry production 1

Chapter 1

Introduction

The socio-economic Importance of Family Poultry

Family poultry is defined as small-scale poultry keeping by households using family labour and,

wherever possible, locally available feed resources. The poultry may range freely in the

household compound and find much of their own food, getting supplementary amounts from the

householder. Participants at a 1989 workshop in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, defined rural poultry as a flock

of less than 100 birds, of unimproved or improved breed, raised in either extensive or intensive

farming systems. Labour is not salaried, but drawn from the family household (Sonaiya 1990b).

Family poultry was additionally clarified as “small flocks managed by individual farm families

in order to obtain food security, income and gainful employment for women and children”

(Branckaert, as cited in Sonaiya, 1990c). Family poultry is quite distinct from medium to large￾scale commercial poultry farming.

Family poultry is rarely the sole means of livelihood for the family but is one of a number of

integrated and complementary farming activities contributing to the overall well-being of the

household. Poultry provide a major income-generating activity from the sale of birds and eggs.

Occasional consumption provides a valuable source of protein in the diet. Poultry also play an

important socio-cultural role in many societies. Poultry keeping uses family labour, and women

(who often own as well as look after the family flock) are major beneficiaries. Women often

have an important role in the development of family poultry production as extension workers

and in vaccination programmes.

For smallholder farmers in developing countries (especially in low income, food-deficient

countries [LIFDC]), family poultry represents one of the few opportunities for saving,

investment and security against risk. In some of these countries, family poultry accounts for

approximately 90 percent of the total poultry production (Branckaert, 1999). In Bangladesh for

example, family poultry represents more than 80 percent of the total poultry production, and 90

percent of the 18 million rural households keep poultry. Landless families in Bangladesh form

20 percent of the population (Fattah, 1999, citing the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 1998)

and they keep between five and seven chickens per household. In LIFDC countries, family

poultry-produced meat and eggs are estimated to contribute 20 to 30 percent of the total animal

protein supply (Alam, 1997, and Branckaert, 1999), taking second place to milk products (38

percent), which are mostly imported. Similarly, in Nigeria, family poultry represents

approximately 94 percent of total poultry keeping, and accounts for nearly four percent of the

total estimated value of the livestock resources in the country. Family poultry represents 83

percent of the estimated 82 million adult chickens in Nigeria. In Ethiopia, rural poultry accounts

for 99 percent of the national total production of poultry meat and eggs (Tadelle et al., 2000).

Poultry are the smallest livestock investment a village household can make. Yet the poverty￾stricken farmer needs credit assistance even to manage this first investment step on the ladder

out of poverty. Poultry keeping is traditionally the role of women in many developing countries.

Female-headed households represent 20 to 30 percent of all rural households in Bangladesh

(Saleque, 1999), and women are more disadvantaged in terms of options for income generation.

In sub-Saharan Africa, 85 percent of all households keep poultry, with women owning 70

percent of the poultry. (Guéye, 1998 and Branckaert, 1999, citing World Poultry 14).

Income generation is the primary goal of family poultry keeping. Eggs can provide a regular,

albeit small, income while the sale of live birds provides a more flexible source of cash as

required. For example, in the Dominican Republic, family poultry contributes 13 percent of the

income from animal production (Rauen et al., 1990). The importance of poultry to rural

households is illustrated by the example below from the United Republic of Tanzania (see Table

1.1). Assuming an indigenous hen lays 30 eggs per year, of which 50 percent are consumed and

the remainder have a hatchability of 80 percent, then each hen will produce 12 chicks per year.

2 Introduction

Assuming six survive to maturity (with 50 percent mortality), and assuming that three pullets

and three are cockerels, the output from one hen projected over five years would total 120 kg of

meat and 195 (6.8 kg) eggs.

Table 1.1 Projected output from a single initial hen (United Republic of Tanzania)

Time

(months)

Nº of hatching eggs Nº of cockerels Nº of pullets Nº of cocks Nº of hens Nº of culls

0 - - 1 - - -

8 - - - - 1 -

20 15 3 3 - - 1

28 - - - 3 3 -

40 45 9 9 - - 6

48 - - - 9 9 -

60 135 27 27 - - 18

Total 195 39 40 12 13 25

Source: Kabatange and Katule, 1989.

A study on income generation in transmigrant farming systems in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

(see Table 1.2), showed that family poultry accounted for about 53 percent of the total income,

and was used for food, school fees and unexpected expenses such as medicines (Ramm et al.,

1984).

Flock composition is heavily biased towards chickens in Africa and South Asia, with more

ducks in East Asia and South America. Flock size ranges from 5 – 100 in Africa, 10 – 30 in

South America and 5 – 20 in Asia. Flock size is related to the poultry farming objectives of:

x home consumption only;

x home consumption and cultural reasons;

x income and home consumption; and

x income only.

(See Table 1.3.)

In Bangladesh (Jensen, 1999), the average production rate per local hen of 50 eggs/year was

regarded by some as low productivity. However, if it is considered that 50 eggs per hen per year

represents four hatches from four clutches of eggs laid, incubated and hatched by the mother

hen, and the outcome is 30 saleable chicken reared per year (assuming no eggs sold or eaten, 80

percent hatchability and 25 percent rearing mortality), then it is a remarkably high productivity.

PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Family poultry are kept under a wide range of conditions, which can be classified into one of

four broad production systems (Bessei, 1987):

x free-range extensive;

x backyard extensive;

x semi-intensive; and

x intensive.

Indicative production levels for the different systems are summarized in Table 1.4.