Tài liệu Electronics For Dummies ppt

Dickon Ross

Editor-in-Chief, Electronics & Technology

Magazine

Cathleen Shamieh

Gordon McComb

Electronics experts

Learn to:

• Get to grips with electronics theory

• Start working with electrical parts

and equipment

• Read schematics and build simple

circuits

• Create your own projects, from flashing

lights to infrared detectors

Electronics

Making Everything Easier!™

UK Edition

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Schematic for an electronic die

Open the book and find:

• What electronics involves

• Ways to harness electricity

• How electronic components really

work

• Advice on using integrated circuits

• Key tools and equipment for your

workbench

• How to create solderless and

soldered breadboards

• Ways to measure your circuits with

multimeters and oscilloscopes

• Key safety information

• Top tips to help you succeed

Dickon Ross is the Editor-in-Chief of Electronics & Technology Magazine,

published by the IET. He is also the launch Editor of Flipside, a science,

engineering and technology magazine aimed at teenagers. Cathleen

Shamieh is a technology writer with extensive engineering and consulting

experience. Gordon McComb is an electronics author and consultant.

£16.99 UK / $24.99 US

ISBN 978-0-470-68178-7

Electronics

Go to Dummies.com®

for videos, step-by-step examples,

how-to articles or to shop!

Get charged up about electronics

If you’re interested in how things work and want to get

hands on with technology, you’ve come to the right place.

Covering everything from the low-down on the science and

equipment to the practical information you need to build

exciting projects, this easy-to-follow guide will get you up

and running in no time. So get reading and start putting

the electricity into electronics!

• Understand the basics – learn about electrons and find out about

resistors, capacitors, inductors, conductors and more

• Make a start – set up your workspace, learn how to read

schematics and build simple breadboards

• Get practical – create your own circuits and build fun projects such

as electronic compasses, infrared detectors and electronic dice

• Stock up – find out which parts you need for every project and

where to get them in the UK and overseas

UK Edition Electronics

Ross

Shamieh

McComb

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Electronics

FOR

DUMmIES‰

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by Dickon Ross, Cathleen Shamieh,

and Gordon McComb

Electronics

FOR

DUMmIES‰

A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication

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Electronics For Dummies®

Published by

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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West Sussex

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England

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ISBN: 978-0-470-68178-7

Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall

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About the Authors

Dickon Ross, adapting author of the UK edition, has been a science and

technology journalist for 20 years, working on titles ranging from Electronics

Times to Focus. Dickon is now Editor-in-Chief of Engineering & Technology

magazine and Flipside – the magazine he launched for teenagers – for the

Institution of Engineering and Technology.

Cathleen Shamieh is a writer with an engineering background who spe￾cialises in creating communication materials focused on technology and

its business benefi ts. She received an outstanding education in electrical

engineering at Manhattan College and MIT, and enjoyed working as an engi￾neer for several years in the medical electronics and telecommunications

industries. Accepting a challenge from a respected colleague, she shifted

her career into business consulting with a focus on technology implementa￾tion, eventually migrating into marketing and communications consulting for

high-tech companies. Cathleen enjoys leveraging her technical and business

background to create white papers and other materials for not-so-technical

audiences.

Gordon McComb has penned 60 books and over a thousand magazine arti￾cles. More than a million copies of his books are in print, in over a dozen lan￾guages. For 13 years, Gordon wrote a weekly syndicated newspaper column

on personal computers. When not writing about hobby electronics and other

fun topics, he serves as a consultant on digital cinema to several notable

Hollywood clients.

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Dedication

To my parents, Beth and Jim Corbett, who taught me that I can do anything

I put my mind to; to Sister Eustelle, who made a writer out of me; to my

wonderful husband, Bill, who’s always there to support me; and to my four

fantastic sons, Kevin, Peter, Brendan, and Patrick, who make life a fun, loving

adventure every single day.

C.S.

To my father, Wally McComb, who instilled in me a fascination with electronics;

and to Forrest Mims, who taught me a thing or two about it.

G.M.

Authors’ Acknowledgements

Dickon Ross would like to thank his son Edmund for his help in building and

testing the circuits in this book.

Cathleen Shamieh extends her thanks to the excellent editors at Wiley, espe￾cially Katie Feltman and Christopher Morris, for their hard work, support,

and gentle reminders, and to Kirk Kleinschmidt for his intense technical scru￾tiny of the material. She is also grateful to Linda Hammer and Ken Donoghue,

who kindly recommended her work to Wiley. Finally, Cathleen thanks her

family and friends, whose support, assistance, and understanding helped

make her goal of becoming a Dummies author a reality.

Gordon McComb gives heartfelt thanks to Wiley and the hard-working edi￾tors at Wiley, especially Katie Feldman, Nancy Stevenson, Carol Sheehan,

Laura Miller and Amanda Foxworth. Many thanks also to Ward Silver, for

his excellent and thorough technical review, and Matt Wagner at Waterside

Productions for always having a positive outlook. Gordon also wishes to

thank his family, who once again put their lives on hold while he fi nished

another book.

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Publisher’s Acknowledgements

We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our Dummies online registration

form located at www.dummies.com/register/.

Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:

Commissioning, Editorial, and

Media Development

Project Editor: Steve Edwards

Content Editor: Jo Theedom

Commissioning Editor: Nicole Hermitage

Assistant Editor: Jennifer Prytherch

Development Editor: Andy Finch

Copy Editor: Anne O’Rorke

Technical Editor: Roger Dettmer

Proofreader: Kelly Cattermole

Production Manager: Daniel Mersey

Cover Photos: © Tombaky/Fotolia

Cartoons: Ed McLachlan

Composition Services

Project Coordinator: Lynsey Stanford

Layout and Graphics: Carrie A. Cesavice,

Joyce Haughey, Melissa K. Jester,

Mark Pinto, Christine Williams

Proofreaders: Melissa Cossell,

Rebecca Denoncour

Indexer: Ty Koontz

Special Help

Brand Reviewer: Rev Mengle

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Contents at a Glance

Introduction ................................................................ 1

Part I: Understanding the Fundamentals of Electronics ... 7

Chapter 1: What Is Electronics and What Can It Do for You? ......................................9

Chapter 2: Manipulating Electricity to Make Something Happen ..............................19

Chapter 3: Meeting Up with Resistance ........................................................................37

Chapter 4: Getting a Charge Out of Capacitors ............................................................63

Chapter 5: Curling Up with Coils and Crystals .............................................................89

Chapter 6: The Wide World of Semiconductors ........................................................109

Chapter 7: Cramming Components into Chips ..........................................................139

Chapter 8: Rounding Out Your Parts List ...................................................................163

Part II: Getting Your Hands Dirty ............................. 187

Chapter 9: Setting Up Shop and Staying Safe .............................................................189

Chapter 10: Sussing out Schematics............................................................................213

Chapter 11: Constructing Circuits ...............................................................................233

Chapter 12: Measuring and Analysing Circuits ..........................................................255

Part III: Putting Theory into Practice ........................ 279

Chapter 13: Exploring Some Simple Circuits ..............................................................281

Chapter 14: Great Projects You Can Build in 30 Minutes or Less............................305

Part IV: The Part of Tens .......................................... 329

Chapter 15: Ten Exciting Electronics Extras ..............................................................331

Chapter 16: Ten Great Sources for Electronics Parts ..............................................341

Appendix: Internet Resources .................................... 345

Index ...................................................................... 349

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Table of Contents

Introduction ................................................................. 1

Why Buy This Book? .......................................................................................1

Why Electronics? .............................................................................................2

Foolish Assumptions .......................................................................................3

Safety Is Number 1 ...........................................................................................3

How This Book Is Organised ..........................................................................4

Part I: Understanding the Fundamentals of Electronics ...................4

Part II: Getting Your Hands Dirty .........................................................5

Part III: Putting Theory into Practice...................................................5

Part IV: The Part of Tens .......................................................................5

Icons Used in This Book .................................................................................6

Part I: Understanding the Fundamentals of Electronics ... 7

Chapter 1: What Is Electronics and What Can It Do for You? . . . . . . . .9

Just What Is Electronics? ................................................................................9

Understanding Electric Current ...................................................................10

Getting a charge out of electrons ......................................................10

Moving electrons in conductors ........................................................11

Harnessing Electricity to Do Work ..............................................................12

Where Electrical Energy Comes From ........................................................12

Tapping into electrical energy ...........................................................12

Giving electrons a nudge ....................................................................13

Using conductors to make the circuit ...............................................13

Oh, the Things Electrons Can Do! ................................................................15

Creating good vibrations ....................................................................15

Seeing is believing ................................................................................15

Sensing and alarming ..........................................................................16

Controlling motion ...............................................................................16

Solving problems (aka computing) ...................................................16

Communicating with each other ........................................................16

Chapter 2: Manipulating Electricity to Make Something Happen . . .19

Supplying Electrical Energy .........................................................................19

Getting direct current from a battery ...............................................20

Using alternating current from

the power station .............................................................................22

Transforming light into electricity ....................................................24

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Table of Contents xi

Understanding Directions: Real Electron Flow

versus Conventional Current Flow ..........................................................24

Examining a Simple Light Bulb Circuit ........................................................25

Controlling Electrical Current with Basic Components ...........................28

Ways to control current ......................................................................29

Active versus passive components ...................................................30

Making Connections: Series and Parallel ....................................................30

Series connections ...............................................................................30

Parallel connections ............................................................................31

Combination circuits ...........................................................................32

Creating Electronic Systems ........................................................................33

Making sound appear out of thin air .................................................33

Painting pictures with electrons ........................................................35

Chapter 3: Meeting Up with Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Resisting the Flow of Current .......................................................................37

Resistors: Passive Yet Powerful ..................................................................39

Discovering the usefulness of resistors ............................................39

Choosing a type: fi xed or variable .....................................................40

Decoding fi xed resistors .....................................................................42

Dialling with potentiometers ..............................................................44

Rating resistors according to power .................................................45

Combining Resistors .....................................................................................47

Using resistors in series ......................................................................47

Employing resistors in parallel ..........................................................48

Combining series and parallel resistors ...........................................50

Obeying Ohm’s Law ......................................................................................51

Driving current through a resistance ................................................51

Understanding a relationship that’s constantly proportional! ......52

Working with one law, three equations ............................................53

Using Ohm’s Law to Analyse Circuits .........................................................54

Calculating current through a component .......................................54

Working out voltage across a component ........................................55

Determining an unknown resistance .................................................56

What is Ohm’s Law Really Good For? .........................................................56

Analysing complex circuits ................................................................57

Designing and altering circuits ..........................................................58

The Power of Joule’s Law .............................................................................60

Using Joule’s Law to choose components ........................................60

Going perfectly together: Joule and Ohm .........................................60

Trying Your Hand at Circuits with Resistors .............................................61

Chapter 4: Getting a Charge Out of Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Reservoirs for Electrical Energy ..................................................................63

Charging and discharging ...................................................................64

Opposing voltage change....................................................................65

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xii Electronics For Dummies

Allowing alternating current .............................................................66

Shining a light on capacitors ..............................................................67

Characterising Capacitors ............................................................................67

Calculating the charge a capacitor can store ...................................67

Reading capacitor values ....................................................................68

Keeping an eye on the working voltage ............................................71

Selecting dielectrics.............................................................................71

Sizing up capacitor packaging ............................................................72

Connecting with polarity ....................................................................73

Varying capacitance ............................................................................74

Combining Capacitors ...................................................................................74

Capacitors in parallel ..........................................................................74

Capacitors in series .............................................................................76

Understanding Capacitive Reactance .........................................................77

Using Ohm’s Law for capacitive reactance ......................................78

Understanding that behaviour depends on frequency ...................79

So What Have Capacitors Ever Done for Us? .............................................80

Storing electrical energy .....................................................................80

Blocking DC current ............................................................................80

Smoothing out voltage ........................................................................80

Creating timers ....................................................................................81

Tuning in (or out) frequencies ...........................................................81

Teaming Up with Resistors ..........................................................................81

Timing is everything ............................................................................81

Calculating RC time constants ...........................................................83

Creating a timer....................................................................................84

Selecting Frequencies with Simple RC Filters ............................................85

Looking at low-pass fi lters ..................................................................85

Encountering high-pass fi lters ...........................................................86

Cutting off frequencies at the knees ..................................................87

Filtering frequency bands ...................................................................88

Trying Out Simple Capacitive Circuits ........................................................88

Chapter 5: Curling Up with Coils and Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

Working Both Ways: Magnetism and Electricity .......................................90

Drawing the (fl ux) lines with magnets ..............................................90

Producing a magnetic fi eld with electricity ......................................91

Inducing current with a magnet .........................................................92

Introducing the Inductor: A Coil with a Magnetic Personality ................93

Measuring inductance .........................................................................93

Opposing current changes .................................................................94

Alternating current gets nowhere fast ..............................................95

Understanding Inductive Reactance ..........................................................96

Using Ohm’s Law for inductive reactance ........................................97

Discovering that behaviour depends on frequency (again!) ..........97

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Table of Contents xiii

Using Inductors in Circuits ...........................................................................98

Insulating and shielding inductors ....................................................98

Reading inductance values .................................................................98

Combining shielded inductors ...........................................................99

Filtering signals with inductors..........................................................99

Calculating the RL time constant .....................................................100

Now Introducing Impedance! .....................................................................101

Tuning in to Radio Broadcasts ..................................................................102

Resonating with RLC circuits ...........................................................102

Ensuring crystal-clear resonance ....................................................104

Calling on the Coil Next Door: Transformers ...........................................105

Letting unshielded coils interact .....................................................105

Isolating circuits from a power source ...........................................106

Stepping up, stepping down voltages .............................................106

Chapter 6: The Wide World of Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Are We Conducting, or Aren’t We? ............................................................109

Doping semiconductors ....................................................................111

Combining n-types and p-types to create components ................111

Forming a Junction Diode ...........................................................................113

Biasing the diode ...............................................................................114

Conducting current through a diode ..............................................115

Rating your diode ..............................................................................116

Discovering what’s in a name ...........................................................116

Orientating yourself: Which way is up? ..........................................117

Using Diodes in Circuits ..............................................................................117

Rectifying AC ......................................................................................118

Regulating voltage with Zener diodes .............................................119

Seeing the light with LEDs ................................................................120

Using diodes in other ways ..............................................................122

Trillions of Transistors ...............................................................................123

Shrinking circuits ...............................................................................123

Examining the anatomy of a transistor ...........................................123

Operating a transistor .......................................................................125

How Transistors Really Work ....................................................................126

Emitting and collecting electrons ....................................................127

Gaining current ..................................................................................129

Saturating the transistor ...................................................................130

Using a Model to Understand Transistors ...............................................131

Amplifying Signals with a Transistor ........................................................132

Turning it on .......................................................................................133

Turning it up .......................................................................................133

Turning it to your needs ...................................................................134

Switching Signals with a Transistor ..........................................................135

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