Tài liệu COGNITIVE RADIO ARCHITECTURE pptx

COGNITIVE RADIO

ARCHITECTURE

The Engineering Foundations of

Radio XML

JOSEPH MITOLA III

A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

COGNITIVE RADIO

ARCHITECTURE

COGNITIVE RADIO

ARCHITECTURE

The Engineering Foundations of

Radio XML

JOSEPH MITOLA III

A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in

any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or

otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright

Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through

payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222

Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at

www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the

Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030,

(201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their

best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect

to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifi cally disclaim any

implied warranties of merchantability or fi tness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be

created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and

strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a

professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss

of profi t or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental,

consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer

Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993 or

fax 317-572-4002.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears

in print, however, may not be available in electronic format.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Mitola, Joseph.

Cognitive radio architecture : the engineering foundations of radio XML / by

Joseph Mitola.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-10: 0-471-74244-9

ISBN-13: 978-0-471-74244-9

1. Software radio. 2. XML (Document markup language) I. Title.

TK5103.4875.M58 2006

621.384–dc22

2005051362

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

v

CONTENTS

PREFACE ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Perception / 3

1.2 Aware, Adaptive, or Cognitive? / 5

1.3 Adaptation / 8

1.4 Cognition / 10

1.5 Cognitive Radio and Public Policy / 15

1.6 Are We There Yet? / 16

1.7 Key Questions / 18

1.8 Organization of the Text / 19

1.9 Exercises / 20

I FOUNDATIONS

2 TECHNICAL OVERVIEW 25

2.1 The iCR Has Seven Capabilities / 25

2.2 Sensing and Perception: What and Whom to Perceive / 27

2.3 Ideal Cognitive Radio (iCR) Platform Evolution / 41

2.4 The serModel of Machine Learning for iCR / 47

2.5 Architecture / 51

vi CONTENTS

2.6 Synoptic iCR Functional Defi nition / 56

2.7 Exercises / 56

3 EVOLVING FROM AWARE AND ADAPTIVE TO

COGNITIVE RADIO 58

3.1 Revolution or Evolution? / 58

3.2 Moving Day / 59

3.3 Developing AML for Genie / 62

3.4 Learning Etiquette / 73

3.5 Value Proposition for AML in AACR / 75

3.6 Exercises / 79

4 AUTONOMOUS MACHINE LEARNING FOR AACR 80

4.1 Machine Learning Framework / 80

4.2 Histogram as a Discovery Algorithm / 85

4.3 User-Domain Learning / 88

4.4 Radio-Domain Learning / 97

4.5 Reinforcement, Extension, and Constraint Discovery / 108

4.6 Learning Strategies / 118

4.7 Exercises / 121

5 COGNITIVE RADIO ARCHITECTURE 123

5.1 CRA I: Functions, Components, and Design Rules / 124

5.2 CRA II: The Cognition Cycle / 134

5.3 CRA III: The Inference Hierarchy / 138

5.4 CRA IV: Architecture Maps / 143

5.5 CRA V: Building the CRA on SDR Architectures / 144

5.6 Cognition Architecture Research Topics / 152

5.7 Exercises / 152

II RADIO-DOMAIN COMPETENCE

6 RADIO-DOMAIN USE CASES 157

6.1 Radio Use-Case Metrics / 157

6.2 FCC Unused TV Spectrum Use Case / 163

6.3 Demand Shaping Use Case / 170

6.4 Military Market Segment Use Cases / 176

CONTENTS vii

6.5 RF Knowledge That Saves Lives / 177

6.6 Prognostication / 180

6.7 Exercises / 180

7 RADIO KNOWLEDGE 183

7.1 Radio-Domain Overview / 183

7.2 Knowledge of the HF Radio Band / 195

7.3 Knowledge of the LVHF Radio Band / 208

7.4 Radio Noise and Interference / 224

7.5 Knowledge of the VHF Radio Band / 228

7.6 Knowledge of the UHF Radio Band / 237

7.7 Knowledge of the SHF Radio Band / 246

7.8 Knowledge of EHF, Terahertz, and Free Space Optics / 256

7.9 Satellite Communications Knowledge / 260

7.10 Cross-Band/Mode Knowledge / 267

8 IMPLEMENTING RADIO-DOMAIN SKILLS 275

8.1 Cognitive Radio Architecture Structures Radio Skills / 276

8.2 Embedded Databases Enable Skills / 281

8.3 Production Systems Enable Skills / 288

8.4 Embedded Inference Enables Skills / 291

8.5 Radio Knowledge Objects (RKOs) / 296

8.6 Evolving Skills Via RKO and RDH / 303

8.7 Implementing Spatial Skills / 305

8.8 Generalized <Information-landscape/> / 318

8.9 Microworlds / 323

8.10 Radio Skills Conclusions / 325

8.11 Exercises / 326

III USER-DOMAIN COMPETENCE

9 USER-DOMAIN USE CASES 331

9.1 Emergency Companion Use Case / 331

9.2 Offi ce Assistant Use Case / 333

9.3 Cognitive Assistants for Wireless / 334

9.4 User Skill Enhancements / 343

9.5 Exercises / 346

viii CONTENTS

10 USER-DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE 347

10.1 Users’ Natural Language Expression / 348

10.2 Acoustic Sensory Perception / 352

10.3 Visual Sensory Perception / 359

10.4 Audio-Visual Integration / 363

10.5 Lexical Conceptual Semantics (LCS) / 366

10.6 Other Sensors / 369

10.7 Architecture Implications / 369

10.8 Exercises / 369

11 IMPLEMENTING USER-DOMAIN SKILLS 372

11.1 Integrating Cognition / 373

11.2 Autonomous Extensibility / 382

11.3 Supervised Extensibility / 401

11.4 Uncertainty / 407

11.5 Learning Requires Grounding / 417

11.6 Sleep Cycles / 423

11.7 Pitfalls and Opportunities / 424

11.8 Exercises / 426

12 SEMANTIC RADIO 428

12.1 CYC, eBusiness Solutions, and the Semantic Web / 428

12.2 CYC Case Study / 429

12.3 CYC Implications / 437

12.4 Web Languages / 439

12.5 Radio XML / 439

12.6 Conclusions / 443

GLOSSARY 444

REFERENCES 451

INDEX 467

ix

PREFACE

On 14 October 1998, I coined the term “cognitive radio (CR)” to represent

the integration of substantial computational intelligence—particularly

machine learning, vision, and natural language processing—into software￾defi ned radio (SDR). CR embeds a RF-domain intelligent agent as a radio

and information access proxy for the user, making a myriad of detailed radio

use decisions on behalf of the user (not necessarily of the network) to use the

radio spectrum more effectively. (This is the fi rst of several informal defi ni￾tions of cognitive radio. The technical defi nition is given in a computational

ontology of the ideal cognitive radio, the iCR.) CR is based on “software

radio.” (See J. Mitola, Software Radio Architecture, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ,

2000).

Between 1998 and 2000, I refi ned cognitive radio concepts in my disserta￾tion research. At that time, I built a research prototype cognitive wireless

personal digital assistant (CWPDA) in Java—CR1—and trained it, gaining

insights into cognitive radio technology and architecture. While working on

my dissertation, I described the ideal CR (iCR) for spectrum management at

the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on 6 April 1999 (see the

companion CD-ROM or web site for the text of this statement) and in a public

forum on secondary markets in a layperson’s version of a core doctoral

program (FCC, Public Forum on Secondary Markets, Washington, DC, 21

May 2000). It showed the potential economic value of iCR in secondary radio

spectrum markets. I fi rst presented the technical material publicly at the

IEEE workshop on Mobile Multimedia Communications (see J. Mitola III,

“Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia Communications,” Mobile

Multimedia Communications (MoMUC 99), IEEE Press, New York, 1999).

x PREFACE

The FCC uses the term cognitive to mean “adaptive” without requiring

machine learning. This text coins the phrase “ideal cognitive radio (iCR)”

for a CR with autonomous machine learning, vision (not just a camera), and

spoken or written language perception. There will be an exciting progression

across aware, adaptive, and cognitive radio (AACR). Enjoy!

DISCLAIMER

This text was prepared entirely on the author’s personal time and with per￾sonal resources. The author is an employee of The MITRE Corporation on

loan via the provisions of the Interagency Personnel Act (IPA) to the U.S.

Department of Defense (DoD). This document has been “Approved for

public release; Distribution unlimited” per DoD case number pp-05-0378 and

MITRE case number 06-0696. “The author’s affi liation with DoD and The

MITRE Corporation is provided for identifi cation purposes only, and is not

intended to convey or imply MITRE or DoD concurrence with, or support

for, the positions, opinions, or viewpoints expressed by the author.”

Joseph Mitola III

xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In 1999 and 2000, MITRE Corporation supported the author’s fi nal year of

doctoral research at KTH, The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm,

Sweden on which this text is based. The author would like to acknowledge

the truly supportive environment of MITRE, which is a world-class resource

for the creation and application of information technologies for the public

interest.

Without Professor Chip Maguire’s vision, imagination, incredible technical

depth, professional reputation, and unbending support, the cutting edge

research in cognitive radio wouldn’t have happened at all, at least not by me

and not in 1997–2000. KTH and Columbia University couldn’t do better.

Thanks, Chip. Thanks also to Professor Jens Zander, a KTH advisor, who

kept asking all those hard radio engineering questions and offering insights

that have stood the test of time.

Finally, my wife, Lynné, is a saint to have been so supportive not only

through the doctoral work, but in support of my passion for the public benefi t

of radio technology over the decades, starting with teaching in the 1970s,

graduate work in the 1970s and 1980s, my fi rst book—Software Radio Archi￾tecture—in 2000, continuing through the cognitive radio research at KTH,

and fi nally the publication of this book about Aware, Adaptive, and Cognitive

Radio. Lynné not only is the wind beneath my wings, she is my wings. Thanks

for your years of sacrifi ce and support, Hon.

J. M. 3