Tài liệu Building the U.S. e Battery Industry of Electric Drive Vehicles ppt

Charles W. Wessner

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium

Charles W. Wessner, Rapporteur

Subcommittee on Electric Drive Battery Research and Development Activities

Committee on Competing in the 21st Century:

Best Practice in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives

Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

Policy and Global Affairs

Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street NW Washington DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of

the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National

Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The

members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences

and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by: Contract/Grant No. DE-DT0000584, TO# 29, between the

National Academy of Sciences and the Department of Energy. This report was prepared by

the National Academy of Sciences under award number SB134106Z0011, TO# 4 (68059)

from the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST). This report was prepared by the National Academy of Sciences under award

number 99-06-07543-02 from the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department

of Commerce. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the

author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, the Economic Development Administration, or the U.S. Department of

Commerce. Additional support was provided by the Michigan Economic Development

Corporation and Michigan’s University Research Corridor. Any opinions, findings,

conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and

do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support

for the project.

International Standard Book Number 13: 978-0-309-25452-6 (Book)

International Standard Book Number 10: 0-309-25452-3 (Book)

Additional copies of this report are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500

Fifth Street, N.W., Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313;

http://www.nap.edu/.

Printed in the United States of America

Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of

distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the

furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the

authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate

that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr.

Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the

National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is

autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the

National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.

The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at

meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior

achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of

Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences

to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination

of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the

responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to

be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of

medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the

Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in

1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s

purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in

accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become

the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the

National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public,

and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by

both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M.

Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium

Subcommittee on

Electric Drive Battery Research and Development Activities

Mary L. Good (NAE), Chair

Dean Emeritus, Donaghey College

of Engineering and Information

Technology

Special Advisor to the Chancellor

for Economic Development

University of Arkansas

at Little Rock

Raymond G. Boeman

Director, Energy Partnerships

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Michael G. Borrus

Founding General Partner

X/Seed Capital Management

Ralph Brodd

President

Broddarp of Nevada

Robert Kruse

Principal

EV Consulting

W. Clark McFadden II

Senior Counsel

Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP

Daniel Sperling

Director, Institute

of Transportation Studies

University of California, Davis

Committee on Competing in the 21st Century:

Best Practice in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives

Mary L. Good (NAE), Chair

Dean Emeritus, Donaghey College

of Engineering and Information

Technology

Special Advisor to the Chancellor

for Economic Development

University of Arkansas

at Little Rock

Michael G. Borrus

Founding General Partner

X/Seed Capital Management

William C. Harris

President and CEO

Science Foundation Arizona

W. Clark McFadden II

Senior Counsel

Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP

David T. Morgenthaler

Founding Partner

Morgenthaler Ventures

Edward E. Penhoet (IOM)

Director

Alta Partners

Tyrone C. Taylor

President

Capitol Advisors

on Technology, LLC

Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium

PROJECT STAFF

Charles W. Wessner

Study Director

McAlister T. Clabaugh

Program Officer

David S. Dawson

Senior Program Assistant

Sujai J. Shivakumar

Senior Program Officer

David E. Dierksheide

Program Officer

Peter Engardio

Consultant

Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium

vii

For the National Research Council (NRC), this project was overseen by

the Board on Science, Technology and Economic Policy (STEP), a standing

board of the NRC established by the National Academies of Sciences and

Engineering and the Institute of Medicine in 1991. The mandate of the Board

on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy is to advise federal, state, and

local governments and inform the public about economic and related public

policies to promote the creation, diffusion, and application of new scientific and

technical knowledge to enhance the productivity and competitiveness of the U.S.

economy and foster economic prosperity for all Americans. The STEP Board

and its committees marshal research and the expertise of scholars, industrial

managers, investors, and former public officials in a wide range of policy areas

that affect the speed and direction of scientific and technological change and

their contributions to the growth of the U.S. and global economies. Results are

communicated through reports, conferences, workshops, briefings, and

electronic media subject to the procedures of the National Academies to ensure

their authoritativeness, independence, and objectivity. The members of the

STEP Board* and the NRC staff are listed below:

Paul L. Joskow, Chair

President

Alfred P. Sloan Foundation

Ernst R. Berndt

Louis E. Seley Professor

in Applied Economics

Massachusetts Institute

of Technology

John Donovan

Chief Technology Officer

AT&T Inc.

Alan M. Garber (IOM)

Provost

Harvard University

Ralph E. Gomory (NAS/NAE)

Research Professor

Stern School of Business

New York University

*As of September 2012.

Mary L. Good (NAE)

Dean Emeritus, Donaghey College

of Engineering and Information

Technology

Special Advisor to the Chancellor

for Economic Development

University of Arkansas

at Little Rock

William H. Janeway

Partner

Warburg Pincus, LLC

Richard K. Lester

Japan Steel Industry Professor

Head, Nuclear Science

and Engineering

Founding Director, Industrial

Performance Center

Massachusetts Institute

of Technology

continued

Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium

viii

William F. Meehan III

Lecturer in Strategic Management

Raccoon Partners Lecturer

in Management

Graduate School of Business

Stanford University

and

Director Emeritus

McKinsey and Co., Inc.

David T. Morgenthaler

Founding Partner

Morgenthaler Ventures

Luis M. Proenza

President

The University of Akron

William J. Raduchel

Chairman

Opera Software ASA

Kathryn L. Shaw

Ernest C. Arbuckle Professor

of Economics

Graduate School of Business

Stanford University

Laura D’Andrea Tyson

S.K. and Angela Chan Professor

of Global Management

Haas School of Business

University of California, Berkeley

Harold R. Varian

Chief Economist

Google, Inc.

Alan Wm. Wolff

Senior Counsel

McKenna Long & Aldridge LLP

STEP Staff

Stephen A. Merrill

Executive Director

Paul T. Beaton

Program Officer

McAlister T. Clabaugh

Program Officer

Aqila A. Coulthurst

Program Coordinator

Charles W. Wessner

Program Director

David S. Dawson

Senior Program Assistant

David E. Dierksheide

Program Officer

Sujai J. Shivakumar

Senior Program Officer

Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium

Contents

PREFACE xiii

I. OVERVIEW 1

II. PROCEEDINGS 45

DAY ONE

Welcome 47

Greg Main, Michigan Economic Development Corporation

Opening Remarks I 48

Carl Levin, United States Senate

Opening Remarks II

Introduction by Charles W. Wessner, The National Academies 51

Sridhar Kota, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy 52

Opening Remarks III 56

Jennifer Granholm, State of Michigan

Overview of NAS Study: Building the Battery Industry

for Electric Vehicles 59

Mary Good, University of Arkansas at Little Rock

Keynote Address

Introduction by John R. Chalifoux, Original Equipment Suppliers 62

Association

Debbie Stabenow, United States Senate 63

Panel I: The Federal Outlook for the U.S. Battery Industry 70

Moderator: Charles W. Wessner, The National Academies

The Department of Energy Perspective 70

Patrick B. Davis, U.S. Department of Energy

Vehicle Technologies Program

Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium

x CONTENTS

The Army Perspectives 76

Grace Bochenek, U.S. Army Tank Automotive

Research, Development and Engineering Center

John Pellegrino, U.S. Army Research Laboratory

Panel II: The State of Battery R&D and Manufacturing

in the United States 84

Moderator: Ralph C. Brodd, Kentucky-Argonne National Battery

Manufacturing R&D Center

The Battery Industry Perspective 84

Jason M. Forcier, A123 Systems

Mohamed Alamgir, Compact Power

The Automotive Industry Perspective 92

Nancy Gioia, Ford Motor Company

The University/Startup Perspective 99

Ann Marie Sastry, University of Michigan and Sakti3

Panel III: Strengthening the Supply Chain 103

Moderator: Jim Greenberger, National Alliance

for Advanced Technology Batteries

Battery Manufacturer Perspective 104

Tom Watson, Johnson Controls

Defining the Supply Chain: Gaps and Opportunities 107

Michael E. Reed, Magna E-Car Systems

Battery Materials Availability and Recycling 110

Linda Gaines, Argonne National Laboratory

Panel IV: Market Drivers: 117

Creating Demand for Electric Vehicles

Moderator: Robert Kruse, EV Consulting LLC

Incentives for the Electric Vehicle Market 118

Daniel Sperling, University of California-Davis

The Industry Perspective: Transforming 123

the Automotive Industry

Gary Smyth, General Motors

Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium

CONTENTS xi

Early Adoption of Hybrid Vehicles 125

Bill Van Amburg, CALSTART

Panel V: Building the Battery Workforce 134

Moderator: Bill Harris, Science Foundation Arizona

Workforce Needs and Opportunities 135

Robert Kamischke, EnerDel

Technical Training and Workforce Development 138

Simon Ng, Wayne State University

DAY TWO

Welcome and Introduction 142

Andy Levin, Michigan Department of Energy, Labor

and Economic Growth

Panel VI-A: Federal and State Programs to Support 145

the Battery Industry

Moderator: Charles W. Wessner, The National Academies

The Department of Energy Battery 145

R&D Program and Goals

David Howell, U.S. Department of Energy

Department of Defense Battery 151

R&D Programs and Goals

Sonya Zanardelli, U.S. Army Tank and Automotive

Research, Development, and Engineering Center

The Kentucky-Argonne 154

National Battery Manufacturing R&D Center

Ralph C. Brodd, Kentucky-Argonne National Battery

Manufacturing R&D Center

Panel VI-B: Federal and Michigan Programs 159

to Support the Battery Industry

Moderator: Sujai Shivakumar, The National Academies

The Department of Commerce and the Role 159

of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership

David C. Stieren, Manufacturing Extension Partnership

Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium

xii CONTENTS

Michigan Investments in 163

Batteries and Electric Vehicles

Eric Shreffler, Michigan Economic

Development Corporation

Roundtable: What Have We Learned and Next Steps 169

Moderator: Mary Good, University of Arkansas at Little Rock

Bill Harris, Science Foundation Arizona

Les Alexander, A123 Systems

Gary Krause, Michigan Economic Development Corporation

III. APPENDIXES

A Agenda 177

B Biographies of Speakers 181

C Participants List 205

D Bibliography 209

Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium

xiii

Preface

Responding to the challenges of fostering regional growth and

employment in an increasingly competitive global economy, many U.S. states

and regions have developed programs to attract and grow high-technology

companies, develop the talent and resources necessary to create innovation

clusters, and sustain manufacturing and high value employment. These state and

regionally based initiatives have a broad range of goals and increasingly include

significant resources that often focus on driving innovation and often in

partnership with foundations and universities. These are being joined by recent

initiatives to coordinate and concentrate investments from a variety of federal

agencies that provide significant resources to develop regional centers of

innovation, business incubators, and other strategies to encourage

entrepreneurship and high-tech development.

In this regard, the state of Michigan is making significant investments

to develop an electrified-vehicle industrial cluster. The state offered more than

$1 billion in grants and tax credits to manufacturers of lithium-ion battery cells,

packs, and components. Michigan has also invested in research centers and

skilled-worker training programs for electrified vehicles.

Efforts by the federal government to ensure that the U.S. has a

domestic manufacturing base for advanced batteries are complementing

Michigan’s initiatives. The federal government in 2009 awarded $2.4 billion in

grants under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to manufacturers of

lithium-ion cells, battery packs, and materials.1 A host of other financial

incentives have also been introduced to help companies commercialize new

vehicle technologies, build production lines, build supply chains, and encourage

consumers to buy electric-gas hybrid cars.

To review the developments, as well as the needs and challenges, of the

U.S. electric drive battery industry in Michigan, the National Academies Board

on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP), in cooperation with the

Michigan Economic Development Corporation and the Department of Energy,

convened a symposium, on Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive

Vehicles: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities.

The symposium, held on 26-27 July 2010 in Livonia, Michigan, and

this report of that symposium, address the first of two key elements of the

Statement of Task (described below) of a committee of the National Research

Council.

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (P. L. 115-5) is a $787 billion economic

stimulus packaged signed by President Barack Obama on Feb. 17, 2009. See Department of Energy,

“The Recovery Act: Transforming America’s Transportation Sector—Batteries and Electric

Vehicles,” July 14, 2010 (http://www.whitehouse.gov/files/documents/Battery-and-Electric-VehicleReport-FINAL.pdf)

Building the U.S. Battery Industry for Electric Drive Vehicles: Summary of a Symposium

xiv PREFACE

STATEMENT OF TASK

The Overall Project

An ad hoc subcommittee will plan and conduct two public symposia to

review and analyze the potential contributions of public-private partnerships and

identify other relevant issues for the Department of Energy, Office of Vehicle

Technologies, Energy Storage Team's activities in the energy storage research

and development area. The symposia will also identify lessons from these and

other domestic and international experiences to help inform DoE as to whether

its activities are complete and appropriately focused. Additional topics that

emerge in the course of the planning may also be addressed. The two symposia

will gather representatives from leading battery manufacturers, automotive

firms, university researchers, academic and industry analysts, congressional

staff, and federal agency representatives. An individually-authored summary of

each symposium will be issued.

This Report

The symposium that is the subject of this report was held in Michigan

in order to provide direct access to the policymakers and industrial participants

drawn from the concentration of battery manufacturers and automotive firms in

the region. The symposium reviewed the current state, needs, and challenges of

the U.S. advanced battery manufacturing industry; challenges and opportunities

in battery R&D, commercialization, and deployment; collaborations between the

automotive industry and battery industry; workforce issues, and supply chain

development. It also focused on the impact of DoE's investments and the role of

state and federal programs in support of this growing industry. This task of this

report is to summarize the presentations and discussions that took place at this

symposium. Needless to say, the battery industry has evolved very substantially

since the conference was held, and indeed some of the caveats raised by the

speakers with regard to overall demand for batteries and the prospects of

multiple producers now seem prescient. At the same time, it is important to

understand that it is unrealistic to expect that all recipients of local, state, or

federal support in a complex and rapidly evolving industry will necessarily

succeed. A number of the firms discussed here have been absorbed by

competitors, others have gone out of business, and others continue to progress.2

The Overview chapter of this report takes note of these recent developments.

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