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For your convenience Apress has placed some of the front
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and Contents at a Glance links to access them.
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Beginning HTML5 and
CSS3
Richard Clark, Oli Studholme,
Christopher Murphy and Divya Manian
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Beginning HTML5 and CSS 3
Copyright © 2012 by Richard Clark, Oli Studholme, Christopher Murphy and Divya Manian
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specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser
of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law
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ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4302-2874-5
ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4302-2875-2
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For K & J.
—Richard
For C, R & C
—C
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iv
Contents at a Glance
Contents ....................................................................................................................... v
Forewords ................................................................................................................... xv
About the Authors .................................................................................................... xvi
About the Technical Reviewers .............................................................................. xvii
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. xviii
Introduction ............................................................................................................... xix
Chapter 1: HTML5: Now, Not 2022 ............................................................................. 1
Chapter 2: Your First Plunge into HTML5 ................................................................ 19
Chapter 3: New Structural Elements ........................................................................ 43
Chapter 4: A Richer Approach to Marking Up Content .......................................... 89
Chapter 5: Rich Media ............................................................................................. 141
Chapter 6: Paving the Way for Web Applications ................................................. 189
Chapter 7: CSS3, Here and Now ............................................................................. 231
Chapter 8: Keeping Your Markup Slim Using CSS Selectors .............................. 275
Chapter 9: A Layout for Every Occasion ............................................................... 311
Chapter 10: Improving Web Typography ............................................................... 397
Chapter 11: Putting CSS3 Properties to Work ...................................................... 435
Chapter 12: Transforms, Transitions, and Animation .......................................... 499
Chapter 13: The Future of CSS or, Awesome Stuff That’s Coming .................... 581
Index .......................................................................................................................... 591
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v
Contents
Contents at a Glance .................................................................................................. iv
Forewords ................................................................................................................... xv
About the Authors .................................................................................................... xvi
About the Technical Reviewers .............................................................................. xvii
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. xviii
Introduction ............................................................................................................... xix
Who is this book for? ............................................................................................................... xix
How is this book structured? ................................................................................................... xix
Conventions used in this book ................................................................................................ xix
Chapter 1: HTML5: Now, Not 2022 ............................................................................. 1
Basic tenets ............................................................................................................................... 1
A web standards approach ................................................................................................... 2
The Dao of web design: embracing uncertainty .................................................................... 4
Accessibility ........................................................................................................................... 6
Crafting your markup ............................................................................................................. 7
How was HTML5 created? ........................................................................................................ 8
Beyond HTML 4… ................................................................................................................. 8
XHTML 1.0 ............................................................................................................................ 8
XHTML 2.0 and the backlash ................................................................................................ 9
HTML5 moving forward! .......................................................................................................... 10
HTML5 design principles ......................................................................................................... 11
Supporting existing content ................................................................................................. 12
Degrading gracefully ........................................................................................................... 12
Don’t reinvent the wheel ...................................................................................................... 13
Paving the cowpaths ........................................................................................................... 13
Evolution, not revolution ...................................................................................................... 13
A dozen myths about HTML5 .................................................................................................. 14
1. Browsers don’t support HTML5. ...................................................................................... 14
2. OK, most browsers support HTML5, but IE surely doesn’t. ............................................ 14
3. HTML5 won’t be finished until 2022. ............................................................................... 14
4. Now I have to relearn everything! ................................................................................... 15
5. HTML5 uses presentational elements. ............................................................................ 15
6. HTML5 is a return to tag soup. ........................................................................................ 15
7. HTML5 kills accessibility kittens. ..................................................................................... 15
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8. Flash is dead. .................................................................................................................. 15
9. HTML5 will break the Web! ............................................................................................. 15
10. HTML5’s development is controlled by browser vendors. ............................................ 15
11. HTML5 includes CSS3, Geolocation, SVG, and every other modern technology under the sun.
............................................................................................................................................. 16
12. So when can I start using HTML5? ............................................................................... 16
Summary ................................................................................................................................. 16
Homework ........................................................................................................................... 17
Chapter 1 homework ........................................................................................................... 17
Directed reading .................................................................................................................. 17
Chapter 2: Your First Plunge into HTML5 ................................................................ 19
Homework review .................................................................................................................... 19
Our page ............................................................................................................................. 20
84.8% of your markup remains ........................................................................................... 21
It’s all in the head .................................................................................................................... 22
A more perfect DOCTYPE .................................................................................................. 23
Declaring languages in HTML5 ........................................................................................... 23
Character encoding ............................................................................................................. 25
Mr. Memory ......................................................................................................................... 25
A “Hello World!” journey .......................................................................................................... 26
“Hello World!” in XHTML1.0 style ........................................................................................ 26
“Hello World!” in HTML4 style ............................................................................................. 27
“Hello World!” in HTML5 “loose” style ................................................................................. 27
“Hello World!” in HTML5 “strict” style .................................................................................. 28
Supporting HTML5 cross-browser .......................................................................................... 29
How do browsers deal with unknown elements? ................................................................ 29
Meet the shiv ....................................................................................................................... 31
IE print protector .................................................................................................................. 32
Declaring block-level elements ........................................................................................... 32
An HTML5 boilerplate page .................................................................................................... 33
No more type attribute ......................................................................................................... 33
Polyfills and alternatives ...................................................................................................... 34
Validation ................................................................................................................................. 35
HTML5 validator .................................................................................................................. 35
HTML Lint ............................................................................................................................ 37
Revisiting Miss Baker .............................................................................................................. 38
Summary ................................................................................................................................. 40
Homework ............................................................................................................................... 41
Chapter 3: New Structural Elements ........................................................................ 43
Workflow practices, evolving? ................................................................................................. 44
A brave new semantic dawn ................................................................................................... 45
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Structural building blocks: <div>, <section>, and <article> ..................................................... 49
The difference between <div>, <section>, and <article> .................................................... 49
Which one to choose? ......................................................................................................... 50
Basic structures using these elements ................................................................................ 51
Headings: <header>, <hgroup>, and <h1>–<h6>, plus <footer> ........................................... 53
An article with one heading ................................................................................................. 54
An article <header> with heading and metadata ................................................................ 55
An article with an <hgroup>-enclosed subheading ............................................................. 55
An article with heading, subheading, and metadata ........................................................... 55
Some examples of <hgroup> use ....................................................................................... 56
The HTML5 outlining algorithm ............................................................................................... 57
Outlining in action ................................................................................................................ 58
Sectioning root elements ..................................................................................................... 60
The scourge of the untitled section ..................................................................................... 60
HTML5-style heading element levels ...................................................................................... 62
Example of nesting heading element levels ........................................................................ 63
Example of the new style for heading element levels ......................................................... 63
Even more structural elements: <nav>, <aside>, <figure> (and <figcaption>) ....................... 64
Putting it all together ............................................................................................................... 67
New sectioning content elements in a nutshell ................................................................... 68
Converting a simple page to HTML5 ................................................................................... 69
Introducing “HTML4.5”: Adding HTML5’s semantics via <div class=””> ............................. 74
Adding semantics to “HTML4.5” and HTML5 via ARIA landmark roles .............................. 79
Reality rains on our accessible parade ............................................................................... 80
Accessibility and HTML5 ......................................................................................................... 81
Accessibility techniques, evolving ....................................................................................... 82
Other HTML5 accessibility issues ....................................................................................... 86
HTML5 accessibility: A new hope ....................................................................................... 87
Summary ................................................................................................................................. 87
Homework ............................................................................................................................... 88
Further Reading ...................................................................................................................... 88
Chapter 4: A Richer Approach to Marking Up Content .......................................... 89
Ex-presentational elements and friends .................................................................................. 90
Giving the <i> and <b> elements new semantic meanings ................................................ 91
The <small> element ........................................................................................................... 95
The <hr> element ................................................................................................................ 95
The <s> element, together with <del> and <ins> ................................................................ 97
The <u> element ................................................................................................................. 99
Presentational elements: relics of a bygone era ............................................................... 100
Block-level links with the <a> element .................................................................................. 100
Writing a Block Link ........................................................................................................... 101
Browser caveats with Firefox <4 (for posterity) ................................................................. 102
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Other elements with minor changes from HTML 4 ............................................................... 103
The <ol> element and related new (and old) attributes .................................................... 103
The <dl> element .............................................................................................................. 105
The <cite> element ............................................................................................................ 107
New semantic elements ........................................................................................................ 109
The <mark> element ......................................................................................................... 109
Ruby annotations with <ruby>, <rt>, and <rp> .................................................................. 110
The <time> element .......................................................................................................... 116
Extending HTML5.................................................................................................................. 118
The <data> element .......................................................................................................... 119
The custom data attribute (data-*) .................................................................................... 119
Microformats ...................................................................................................................... 120
A lightning introduction to microformats ............................................................................ 121
Microdata: HTML5’s semantic sprinkles ........................................................................... 125
Microdata syntax ............................................................................................................... 126
Microdata in action ............................................................................................................ 131
Final thoughts on microdata .............................................................................................. 138
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 139
Further reading and related links ...................................................................................... 139
Chapter 5: Rich Media ............................................................................................. 141
The case for Flash ................................................................................................................ 141
Proprietary formats vs. open standards ............................................................................ 142
Enter HTML5 and friends .................................................................................................. 143
Does HTML5 signal the end of Flash? .............................................................................. 143
Video the HTML5 way ........................................................................................................... 144
Video formats .................................................................................................................... 147
Browser support ................................................................................................................ 148
Adding video source .......................................................................................................... 150
The track element .............................................................................................................. 153
Do more with video ............................................................................................................ 157
Take out the heavy lifting .................................................................................................. 158
Audio ..................................................................................................................................... 162
Audio codecs ..................................................................................................................... 162
Browser support ................................................................................................................ 163
Adding audio source .......................................................................................................... 163
Using jPlayer ..................................................................................................................... 164
Video and audio summary................................................................................................. 164
Canvas .................................................................................................................................. 164
Pixel-based freedom ......................................................................................................... 165
Adding/implementing canvas ............................................................................................ 165
The power and potential of canvas ................................................................................... 174
Further canvas resources.................................................................................................. 182
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SVG ....................................................................................................................................... 182
Vector power ..................................................................................................................... 182
Vectors unleashed with SVG ............................................................................................ 183
SVG-related reading .......................................................................................................... 186
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 186
Homework ............................................................................................................................. 188
Chapter 6: Paving the Way for Web Applications ................................................. 189
HTML5 forms ......................................................................................................................... 189
A history of HTML5 forms .................................................................................................. 190
HTML5 forms attributes ..................................................................................................... 190
New input types ................................................................................................................. 197
Validation and how to provide fallbacks ............................................................................ 211
Current browser support .................................................................................................... 213
Forms in action .................................................................................................................. 215
HTML5 forms APIs ............................................................................................................ 219
HTML5 forms summary ..................................................................................................... 219
Web applications ................................................................................................................... 220
Introduction to elements for web applications ................................................................... 220
Introduction to HTML5-related APIs .................................................................................. 224
The glorious dawn of the age of the standards-based Web, accessible to all, in a world of compliant
browsers, on a variety of devices .......................................................................................... 228
Homework: Mark up the “Join Gordo’s Space Cadets” form using the new markup covered229
Chapter 7: CSS3, Here and Now ............................................................................. 231
A Refresher on the importance of web standards ................................................................. 232
CSS 1, CSS 2.1, CSS3 ... ..................................................................................................... 232
Is CSS3 ready? ..................................................................................................................... 233
Context .............................................................................................................................. 233
CSS3 modularity ............................................................................................................... 234
Maturity levels ................................................................................................................... 235
The benefits of CSS3 ............................................................................................................ 235
Streamlining design ........................................................................................................... 236
Reduced workarounds and hacks ..................................................................................... 236
CSS basics refresher ............................................................................................................ 237
Anatomy of a rule (or rule set) ........................................................................................... 237
A property .......................................................................................................................... 237
A value............................................................................................................................... 237
A declaration ..................................................................................................................... 238
Declaration block ............................................................................................................... 238
Keywords ........................................................................................................................... 238
CSS units .......................................................................................................................... 239
Functional notation ............................................................................................................ 239
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Selectors ........................................................................................................................... 241
Combinators ...................................................................................................................... 241
At-rules .............................................................................................................................. 241
Vendor-specific extensions ............................................................................................... 241
CSS shorthand ...................................................................................................................... 241
The cascade, specificity, and inheritance ............................................................................. 243
CSS cascade ..................................................................................................................... 243
Calculating specificity ........................................................................................................ 243
CSS inheritance ................................................................................................................ 245
CSS organization and maintenance ..................................................................................... 245
CSS conventions ............................................................................................................... 246
Commenting best practices ............................................................................................... 249
CSS resets and normalize.css .......................................................................................... 251
CSS frameworks and toolkits ............................................................................................ 254
Maintainable CSS .............................................................................................................. 254
CSS validation ................................................................................................................... 259
CSS lint.............................................................................................................................. 260
Browser support, vendor prefixes, polyfills, and progressive enhancement ......................... 261
Progressive enhancement................................................................................................. 261
CSS3 browser support ...................................................................................................... 262
Feature detection and polyfills .............................................................................................. 268
Polyfills .............................................................................................................................. 269
IE-specific polyfills ............................................................................................................. 270
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 271
Homework ............................................................................................................................. 272
Appendix: CSS3 Module Status ............................................................................................ 273
Chapter 8: Keeping Your Markup Slim Using CSS Selectors .............................. 275
Selectors rundown................................................................................................................. 276
CSS3 selectors ...................................................................................................................... 277
Combinators ...................................................................................................................... 278
Attribute and substring selectors ....................................................................................... 279
UI element states pseudo-classes .................................................................................... 284
Target pseudo-class .......................................................................................................... 286
Structural pseudo-classes ................................................................................................. 291
Pseudo-elements .............................................................................................................. 301
Negation pseudo-class ...................................................................................................... 303
Browser support .................................................................................................................... 304
Selectors of the future ........................................................................................................... 305
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 306
Homework ............................................................................................................................. 307
Appendix ............................................................................................................................... 308
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Chapter 9: A Layout for Every Occasion ............................................................... 311
The web of many devices . ................................................................................................... 311
Evolution of monitor sizes . ............................................................................................... 312
Separate sites optimized for each device? But that’s crazy talk! . .................................... 313
The Visual Formatting Model of CSS—it’s boxes all the way down! . .................................. 315
The Box Model: content, padding, border, margin . .......................................................... 315
CSS3 layouts ........................................................................................................................ 365
CSS Positioned Layout Module Level 3 . .......................................................................... 366
CSS Fragmentation Module Level 3 . ............................................................................... 366
Multi-column Layout Module . ........................................................................................... 367
CSS Regions Module Level 3 . ......................................................................................... 373
CSS Exclusions and Shapes Module Level 3 . ................................................................. 375
CSS Paged Media Module Level 3 . ................................................................................. 376
CSS Generated Content for Paged Media Module . ......................................................... 378
The Flexible Box Layout Module . ..................................................................................... 380
The CSS Grid Layout Module . ......................................................................................... 388
CSS3 layout modules in summary . .................................................................................. 390
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 391
Further reading ..................................................................................................................... 391
Specifications ................................................................................................................... 393
Homework ............................................................................................................................ 395
Chapter 10: Improving Web Typography ............................................................... 397
Typeface and fonts ............................................................................................................... 397
Anatomy of type ................................................................................................................... 398
A brief history of web type . ................................................................................................... 399
Text as image ....................................................................................................................... 400
Farhner Image Replacement (FIR) . ................................................................................. 400
Leahy/Langridge method. ................................................................................................. 400
Phark method ................................................................................................................... 401
Gilder/Levin method ......................................................................................................... 401
JavaScript Image Replacement (JIR) . ............................................................................. 401
sIFR ...................................................................................................................................... 402
Cufón .................................................................................................................................... 403
SVG fonts ............................................................................................................................. 403
@font-face ............................................................................................................................ 404
Web fonts ......................................................................................................................... 404
In the beginning ................................................................................................................ 404
@font-face strikes back . ................................................................................................... 404
Dissecting font face syntax: @font-face declaration . ....................................................... 405
Bulletproof syntax for @font-face . .................................................................................... 406
Avoiding the flash of unstyled text (FOUT) . ..................................................................... 406
Things to keep in mind while using web fonts . ................................................................. 409
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Finding web fonts .................................................................................................................. 410
Free web fonts ................................................................................................................... 410
Commercial web fonts ....................................................................................................... 410
Font as a service ............................................................................................................... 411
Designing with web fonts ................................................................................................... 412
Using web fonts as icons ................................................................................................... 412
Web fonts in summary ....................................................................................................... 412
Baselines ............................................................................................................................... 413
Setting font-family .............................................................................................................. 413
Setting vertical spacing ..................................................................................................... 413
Setting font sizes ............................................................................................................... 414
Designing with a grid ............................................................................................................. 414
With pixels ......................................................................................................................... 415
With ems............................................................................................................................ 417
Setting the grid .................................................................................................................. 418
Automating vertical rhythms .............................................................................................. 419
Baseline grid in summary ...................................................................................................... 419
Fun with web type ................................................................................................................. 419
Choose the weight of glyphs ............................................................................................. 419
Choosing the right font width ............................................................................................. 421
Control text overflow .......................................................................................................... 421
Align text vertically from baseline ...................................................................................... 422
Control the white space between letters of a word ........................................................... 423
Adjust spacing between words .......................................................................................... 424
Break Long Words ............................................................................................................. 425
Control white space and line breaks ................................................................................. 425
Print hyphens .................................................................................................................... 426
Control the quote glyphs ....................................................................................................... 429
Hanging Punctuation ......................................................................................................... 430
Control the rendering of non-latin web type ...................................................................... 431
word-break ........................................................................................................................ 431
text-emphasis .................................................................................................................... 431
Use ligatures and additional OpenType font features ....................................................... 432
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 433
Further Reading .................................................................................................................... 433
Chapter 11: Putting CSS3 Properties to Work ...................................................... 435
Color and transparency ......................................................................................................... 435
RGB ................................................................................................................................... 436
RGBa transparency ........................................................................................................... 437
HSLa .................................................................................................................................. 439
Opacity .............................................................................................................................. 441
Backgrounds ......................................................................................................................... 442
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background-clip ................................................................................................................. 443
background-origin .............................................................................................................. 445
background-size ................................................................................................................ 448
Multiple backgrounds ........................................................................................................ 452
Borders .................................................................................................................................. 460
border-radius ..................................................................................................................... 460
border-image ..................................................................................................................... 467
Drop shadows ....................................................................................................................... 471
box-shadow ....................................................................................................................... 471
text-shadow ........................................................................................................................... 476
Gradients ............................................................................................................................... 478
Gradients ........................................................................................................................... 478
Detecting support and helping other browsers ..................................................................... 490
Using Modernizr ................................................................................................................ 491
CSS3 Pie ........................................................................................................................... 491
Combining CSS3 effects ....................................................................................................... 492
Hold the cheese ................................................................................................................ 495
Summary ............................................................................................................................... 497
Homework ............................................................................................................................. 498
Chapter 12: Transforms, Transitions, and Animation .......................................... 499
Translate, rotate, scale, skew, transform: 2D and 3D CSS transforms .............................. 500
Using transform and the transform functions .................................................................... 505
Putting 3D things into perspective with perspective and transform:perspective() ............ 515
Changing the origin of perspective with the perspective-origin property .......................... 517
Changing transforms via transform-origin ......................................................................... 518
3D or flat transforms with transform-style ......................................................................... 521
Hiding and showing the back of a transformed element with backface-visibility .............. 522
Browser support for CSS transforms ................................................................................ 524
CSS transforms gotchas ................................................................................................... 527
CSS transforms in summary ............................................................................................. 528
CSS transitions and CSS animations: compare and contrast .............................................. 529
CSS transitions: bling in 4D! ................................................................................................. 531
Setting what to transition with transition-property ............................................................. 532
Controlling the duration of a transition with transition-duration ......................................... 540
transition-timing-function, cubic Bézier curves, and steps() .............................................. 540
Delaying the start of a transition with transition-delay ....................................................... 546
Multiple transition values and the transition shorthand property ....................................... 547
transition shorthand property order ................................................................................... 547
Browser support for CSS transitions ................................................................................. 547
CSS transitions gotchas .................................................................................................... 549
CSS transitions in summary .............................................................................................. 551
Keyframin’ with CSS animations ........................................................................................... 552
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A simple animation example with animation-name and animation-duration ..................... 556
Controlling an animation using @keyframes .................................................................... 558
Timing functions with animation-timing-function ............................................................... 559
Changing how an animation starts using animation-delay ................................................ 562
How many times? animation-iteration-count will tell you! ................................................. 563
Mixing it up with animation-direction ................................................................................. 564
Control how elements behave before and after an animation with animation-fill-mode ... 564
Pausing an animation using animation-play-state ............................................................ 567
The animation shorthand property and comma-separated animation-* values ................ 568
Browser support for CSS animations ................................................................................ 570
A little animation-related JavaScript detour .......................................................................... 572
Animation gotchas ............................................................................................................. 573
CSS animations in summary ............................................................................................. 574
Putting it all together ............................................................................................................. 575
Further Reading .................................................................................................................... 577
Chapter 13: The Future of CSS or, Awesome Stuff That’s Coming .................... 581
Hardware acceleration and CSS performance ..................................................................... 582
Internationalization ................................................................................................................ 582
Define your own list counters with the CSS Counter Styles Module ................................ 582
The calc() and attr() functions ........................................................................................... 584
Variables, mixins, and nesting .......................................................................................... 586
Turning the “OMG!” up to 11 with CSS shaders ............................................................... 586
Go forth and make awesome ................................................................................................ 587
Appendix: essential links ....................................................................................................... 588
Index .......................................................................................................................... 591
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