Tài liệu A pocket guide to public speaking pptx

PART 1 • GETTING STARTED 1

1. Becoming a Public Speaker 2

2. From A to Z: Overview of a Speech 8

3. Managing Speech Anxiety 14

4. Ethical Public Speaking 23

5. Listeners and Speakers 30

PART 2 • DEVELOPMENT 36

6. Analyzing the Audience 37

7. Selecting a Topic and Purpose 49

8. Developing Supporting Material 57

9. Locating Supporting Material 64

10. Doing Effective Internet Research 73

11. Citing Sources in Your Speech 83

PART 3 • ORGANIZATION 92

12. Organizing the Speech 93

13. Selecting an Organizational Pattern 103

14. Outlining the Speech 110

PART 4 • STARTING, FINISHING,

AND STYLING 122

15. Developing the Introduction and Conclusion 123

16. Using Language 131

PART 5 • DELIVERY 139

17. Choosing a Method of Delivery 140

18. Controlling the Voice 144

19. Using the Body 148

A BRIEF CONTENTS

PART 6 • PRESENTATION AIDS 154

20. Types of Presentation Aids 155

21. Designing Presentation Aids 161

22. A Brief Guide to Microsoft PowerPoint 164

PART 7 • TYPES OF SPEECHES 174

23. Informative Speaking 175

24. Persuasive Speaking 188

25. Speaking on Special Occasions 217

PART 8 • THE CLASSROOM AND BEYOND 230

26. Typical Classroom Presentation Formats 231

27. Science and Mathematics Courses 236

28. Technical Courses 240

29. Social Science Courses 243

30. Arts and Humanities Courses 246

31. Education Courses 248

32. Nursing and Allied Health Courses 251

33. Business Courses and Business Presentations 253

34. Presenting in Teams 258

35. Communicating in Groups 262

APPENDICES 267

A. Citation Guidelines 268

B. Question-and-Answer Sessions 282

C. Preparing for Mediated Communication 284

D. Tips for Non-Native Speakers of English 286

Glossary 290

Notes 309

Index 323

This page intentionally left blank

PART 1•GETTING STARTED 1

1. BECOMING A PUBLIC SPEAKER 2

A Vital Life Skill

Speech as Communication

Classical Roots

2. SPEECH OVERVIEW 8

Topic Selection

Audience Analysis

Speech Purpose

Thesis Statement

Main Points

Supporting Materials

Major Speech Parts

Outline

Presentation Aids

Delivery

3. SPEECH ANXIETY 14

Causes of Anxiety

Onset of Anxiety

Boosting Confidence

Relaxation Techniques

Using Movement

Learning from Feedback

4. ETHICS 23

Audience Trust

Audience Values

Free Speech and Responsibility

Positive Public Discourse

Ethical Ground Rules

Avoiding Offensive Speech

Avoiding Plagiarism

Fair Use, Copyright, and Ethics

Avoiding Internet Plagiarism

5. LISTENING 30

Selective Listening

Responsible Listening

Exchanging Ideas

Listening Obstacles

Active Listening

Evaluating Evidence

Feedback

PART 2•DEVELOPMENT 36

6. AUDIENCE ANALYSIS 37

Psychology

Demographics

Cultural Differences

Seeking Information

Setting and Context

7. TOPIC AND PURPOSE 49

Where to Begin

Consider the Audience

Avoid Overused Topics

General Purpose

Narrowed Topic

Specific Purpose

Thesis Statement

• From Source to Speech: Narrowing

Your Topic Online

8. DEVELOPING SUPPORT 57

Examples

Stories

Testimony

Facts and Statistics

Accurate Statistics

Ethical Statistics

Oral References

9. LOCATING SUPPORT 64

Secondary Sources

• From Source to Speech: Citing Books

• From Source to Speech: Citing

Periodicals

Evaluating Sources

Recording References

10. INTERNET RESEARCH 73

Using a Library Portal

Being a Critical Consumer

Information, Propaganda,

Misinformation, and Disinformation

Internet Search Tools

• From Source to Speech: Evaluating

Web Sites

Commercial Factors

• From Source to Speech: Citing Web

Sites

Smart Searches

Recording Sources

11. CITING SOURCES 83

Conveying Source Information

• From Source to Speech:

Demonstrating Source Credibility

Sample Oral Citations

Citing Facts and Statistics

Citing Summaries and Paraphrases

PART 3•ORGANIZATION 92

12. ORGANIZING THE SPEECH 93

Main Points

Supporting Points

Organization

Transitions

• From Point to Point: Using

Transitions

13. ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS 103

Chronological

Spatial

Causal (Cause-Effect)

Problem-Solution

Topical

Narrative

Circular

14. OUTLINING THE SPEECH 110

Create Two Outlines

Outline Formats

Working Outlines

Speaking Outlines

Practicing

PART 4• STARTING, FINISHING,

AND STYLING 122

15. INTRODUCTIONS AND

CONCLUSIONS 123

16. LANGUAGE 131

Writing for the Ear

Concrete Words, Vivid Imagery

CONTENTS

Building Credibility

Creating an Impression

PART 5•DELIVERY 139

17. METHODS OF DELIVERY 140

18. THE VOICE 144

Volume

Intonation

Rate

Pauses

Vocal Variety

Pronounciation and Articulation

Dialect

19. THE BODY 148

Body Language

Practicing Delivery

PART 6•PRESENTATION AIDS 154

20. TYPES OF PRESENTATION

AIDS 155

Appropriate Aids

Displaying Aids

Rehearsing

21. DESIGNING PRESENTATION

AIDS 161

Simplicity

Consistency

Typefaces and Fonts

Color

Interpretations of Color

22. GUIDE TO POWERPOINT 164

A Speech, Not a Slide Show

Develop Effective Slides

Avoid Technical Glitches

Using PowerPoint

PART 7• TYPES OF SPEECHES 174

23. INFORMATIVE 175

Fostering Audience Involvement

Informative Topic Areas

Presenting Information

Reducing Confusion

Arranging Main Points

Sample Informative Speech

John Kanzius and the Quest to

Cure Cancer, David Kruckenberg

24. PERSUASIVE 188

Motivation

Reason and Emotion

Credibility

Listener Needs

Mental Engagement

Arguments

Culture

Organization

Sample Persuasive Speeches

Emergency in the Emergency Room,

Lisa Roth

The Importance of Community

Engagement and Volunteerism,

Stephanie Poplin

25. SPECIAL OCCASION 217

Speeches of Introduction

Speeches of Acceptance

Speeches of Presentation

Roasts and Toasts

Eulogies and Other Tributes

After-Dinner Speeches

Speeches of Inspiration

Sample Special Occasion Speeches

Best Man Wedding Toast, Ben

Platt

2004 University of Pennsylvania

Commencement Address, Bono

PART 8• THE CLASSROOM

AND BEYOND 230

26. TYPICAL CLASSROOM

FORMATS 231

Review of Academic Articles

Team Presentations

Debates

Poster Sessions

Preparing for Different Audiences

27. SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

COURSES 236

28. TECHNICAL COURSES 240

29. SOCIAL SCIENCE COURSES 243

30. ARTS AND HUMANITIES

COURSES 246

31. EDUCATION COURSES 248

32. NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH

COURSES 251

33. BUSINESS COURSES 253

34. PRESENTING IN TEAMS 258

35. COMMUNICATING IN GROUPS 262

APPENDICES 267

A. Citation Guidelines: Chicago,

APA, MLA, CSE, IEEE 268

B. Question-and-Answer Sessions 282

C. Preparing for Mediated

Communication 284

D. Tips for Non-Native Speakers

of English 286

Glossary 290

Notes 309

Index 323

A Pocket

Guide to

Public

Speaking

Getting Started ■ Development ■ Organization

■ Starting, Finishing, and Styling ■ Delivery ■

Presentation Aids ■ Types of Speeches ■ The

Classroom and Beyond ■ Citation Guidelines

Dan O’Hair

University of Oklahoma

Hannah Rubenstein

Rob Stewart

Texas Tech University

Bedford/St. Martin’s Boston ◆ New York

THIRD EDITION

For Bedford/St. Martin’s

Executive Editor for Communication: Erika Gutierrez

Executive Developmental Editor: Simon Glick

Developmental Editor: Lai T. Moy

Editorial Assistant: Mae Klinger

Production Editor: Bill Imbornoni

Production Supervisor: Andrew Ensor

Marketing Manager: Adrienne Petsick

Art Director: Lucy Krikorian

Text Design: Claire Seng-Niemoeller

Copy Editor: Hilly van Loon

Indexer: Leoni Z. McVey

Cover Design: Donna L. Dennison

Composition: Macmillan Publishing Solutions

Printing and Binding: Quebecor World Eusey Press

President: Joan E. Feinberg

Editorial Director: Denise B. Wydra

Director of Development: Erica T. Appel

Director of Marketing: Karen R. Soeltz

Director of Editing, Design, and Production: Marcia Cohen

Assistant Director of Editing, Design, and Production: Elise S. Kaiser

Managing Editor: Shuli Traub

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009933859

Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2004 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or oth￾erwise, except as may be expressly permitted by the applicable

copyright statutes or in writing by the Publisher.

Manufactured in the United States of America.

432109

f edcba

For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 75 Arlington Street,

Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000)

ISBN-10: 0-312-55404-4

ISBN-13: 978-0-312-55404-0

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments and copyrights appear at the back of the book

on page 322, which constitutes an extension of the copyright page.

How to Use This Book

A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking, Third Edition, is designed

to provide quick, clear answers to your questions about

public speaking — whether you’re in a public speaking class,

in a course in your major, on the job, or in your community.

Here, you will find the tools you need to prepare and deliver

a wide range of speeches and presentations.

In Parts 1 through 6 you will find chapters covering all the

steps necessary to create a speech — from planning, research,

and development to organization, practice, and delivery. Chap￾ters beginning in Part 7 contain guidelines for creating three

of the most commonly assigned speeches in public speaking

classes: informative, persuasive, and special occasion. For specific

guidelines on speaking in other college classes, in small groups,

and on the job, see Part 8.

Finding What You Need

TABLES OF CONTENTS. Browsing through the brief table of

contents inside the front cover will usually guide you to the

information you need. If not, consult the more detailed table

of contents included inside the back cover.

INDEX. If you can’t locate what you need in either set of

contents, consult the index at the back of the book, begin￾ning on page 323. This can be especially useful if you’re look￾ing for something specific and you know the word for it. For

example, if you need to prepare a sales presentation for a

business course, you could simply look under “sales presen￾tations” in the index and then go to the designated pages.

LISTS OF FEATURES. On pages 336–39 (just before the end of

the book), you’ll find a quick guide to some of the most often

consulted parts of this book: the Checklists, Quick Tips,

Visual Guides (illustrated explanations of key points), and

full-length model speeches.

SPEAKING BEYOND THE SPEECH CLASSROOM. In Part 8, “The

Classroom and Beyond,” you’ll find detailed directions for

speaking in a range of college classes — including courses in

iii

the social sciences, arts and humanities, education, business,

science and mathematics, engineering and architecture, and

nursing and allied health — plus chapters on presenting suc￾cessfully as a team and communicating effectively in groups.

GLOSSARY. For definitions of key terms highlighted in the

book, see pages 290–308.

Quick Speech Preparation

If you have to prepare a speech quickly (as in giving a first

speech early in the semester), consult Chapters 1–3 in A

Pocket Guide:

• Chapter 1, “Becoming a Public Speaker,” provides a brief

discussion of public speaking basics.

• Chapter 2, “From A to Z: Overview of a Speech,” offers

quick guidance on each step in the speechmaking

process, from selecting a topic to delivery.

• Chapter 3, “Managing Speech Anxiety,” provides tech￾niques that will help you overcome any fears you may

have.

For more on specific types of speeches, consult Chapters 23–25

on informative, persuasive, or special occasion speeches, or

the appropriate chapter in Part 8.

Other Useful Tools

CITATION GUIDELINES. Appendix A (pp. 268–82) contains

guidelines for documenting sources in the following styles:

Chicago, American Psychological Association (APA), Mod￾ern Language Association (MLA), Council of Science Editors

(CSE), and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE).

TIPS FOR NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH. Appendix D

(pp. 286–89) addresses the most common ESL challenges,

including difficulty pronouncing words and problems in

being understood.

iv How to Use This Book

v

Preface

A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking, Third Edition, represents

our belief in offering a truly effective speech resource that is

comprehensive yet brief, affordable and student friendly, with

solid scholarship and an emphasis on the rhetorical tradition.

This guide is designed to be useful in the widest possible

range of situations, from the traditional speech classroom

and courses across the curriculum to applications on the job

and in the community.

In developing A Pocket Guide, our goal has always been to

meet the needs of speech instructors who find mainstream,

full-size introductory speech texts either too overwhelming

or too constraining for their classes. In addition, we hope to

satisfy instructors in other disciplines who want an easy and

affordable tool for teaching basic presentation skills that is

also manageable enough to allow them to focus on their own

course material.

Happily, A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking seems to have

struck a chord. Since the first edition published in 2003,

over 150,000 instructors and students across the academic

spectrum — from courses in speech and the humanities to

education, engineering, and business — have embraced the

book, making it the most successful pocket-size speech text

available. We have used their generous feedback to create this

third edition.

Features

A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking addresses all of the topics

and skills typically covered in an introductory speech text.

And because the book is meant to be used throughout stu￾dents’ academic careers and in a wide variety of classroom

settings, examples are drawn from a broad range of speech

situations and disciplines. Part 8, “The Classroom and

Beyond,” gives guidelines for creating the kinds of presenta￾tions that students are likely to deliver in their majors and on

the job, and has been reorganized and streamlined in this

new edition to make it even more useful. (For more informa￾tion, see the “New to This Edition” section on the next page.)

Throughout the text, users will find many tools to help

them focus on key public speaking concepts: charts and

tables that summarize salient points; Checklists that rein￾force critical content; insightful Quick Tips that offer suc￾cinct and practical advice; Visual Guides that illustrate the

steps for accomplishing challenging speech tasks; and appen￾dices offering citation guidelines, help with question-and￾answer sessions and mediated communication, and support

for non-native speakers of English.

New to This Edition

Based on feedback from hundreds of instructors about the

challenges of teaching public and presentational speaking,

this revised third edition is designed to help students master

basic skills and apply what they learn in class from the text to

their own speeches.

• Reorganized and expanded Part 1 gets students speak￾ing effectively, right from the start.The chapter “From A

to Z: Overview of a Speech” has been moved up to offer

students even more help with giving a successful speech

early in the semester. Also moved up is the chapter “Man￾aging Speech Anxiety,” with new, concrete advice for stu￾dents from students on overcoming public speaking

jitters.

• Three new Visual Guides. Building on the success of the

previous edition’s four visual research guides, these new

visual tutorials walk students through key steps in the

speechmaking process: selecting and narrowing a topic,

demonstrating source credibility, and incorporating

effective transitions.

• More on orally citing sources. To help students accu￾rately and effectively use supporting material in their

speeches, the third edition offers a full new chapter on

orally citing sources (Chapter 11) and expands coverage

in appropriate sections throughout.

• Three new full-text annotated sample speeches (five

total). New student speeches include an informative

speech about a promising new cancer treatment and a

persuasive speech on significant challenges facing emer￾gency healthcare in the United States; the new profes￾sional speech is a humorous and heartwarming wedding

toast.

• Improved coverage of speaking beyond the speech

classroom. This edition includes a full new chapter on

team presentations (Chapter 34), expanded coverage of

vi Preface

communicating in groups (Chapter 35), and treatment

of business and professional presentations now stream￾lined into a single chapter (Chapter 33).

Supplements

Resources for Students

• Speech Central at bedfordstmartins.com/speechcentral.

Here, students will find an abundance of free study tools

to help them excel in class, including help with speech

topics, tutorials for evaluating sources and avoiding pla￾giarism, exercises for speaking in other college courses,

and more. In addition, students can access VideoCentral

(described below).

• VideoCentral: Public Speaking at bedfordstmartins

.com/speechcentral.The most extensive video offering

available for the public speaking course, VideoCentral

provides 120 brief speech clips and eighteen full student

speeches that model key speech concepts. Access to

VideoCentral also connects students with additional pre￾mium resources, including the Bedford Speech Outliner 2.0

and the Relaxation Audio Download. To package

VideoCentral with the print book at a special discount,

use ISBN-10: 0-312-62184-1 or ISBN-13: 978-0-312-

62184-1. Students can also purchase stand-alone access

at bedfordstmartins.com/speechcentral.

• Video Theater 3.0 Interactive CD-ROM. This CD-ROM

offers seven full student speeches — informative, persua￾sive, special occasion, and demonstration — with analy￾sis and guidance for each speech, plus twenty professional

speech clips. These video examples work not just as mod￾els but as powerful teaching tools. Available at a discount

rate, you can package the CD-ROM with the book using

ISBN-10: 0-312-62185-X, ISBN-13: 978-0-312-62185-8.

• The Essential Guides. These brief yet comprehensive and

affordable print booklets focus on a range of topics and

are designed to supplement a main text in a public speak￾ing course. These guides are available to be packaged

with A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking for a very low

price. Versions include The Essential Guide to Rhetoric by

William M. Keith and Christian O. Lundberg; The Essen￾tial Guide to Presentation Software by Allison Ainsworth

and Rob Patterson; The Essential Guide to Intercultural

Communication by Jennifer Willis-Rivera; The Essential

Preface vii

Guide to Interpersonal Communication by Dan O’Hair

and Mary O. Wiemann; and The Essential Guide to Group

Communication by Dan O’Hair and Mary O.Wiemann. For

more information about packaging the Essential Guides,

please contact your local publisher’s representative or visit

us online at bedfordstmartins.com/pocketspeak/catalog.

Resources for Instructors

• Instructor’s Resource Manual. Paula Baldwin, George

Mason University; Elaine Wittenberg-Lyles, University of

North Texas; and Melinda M. Villagran, George Mason

University. This comprehensive manual offers useful

guidance for new and experienced instructors, and out￾lines and activities for every chapter in the main text. The

manual is available for download from bedfordstmartins

.com/pocketspeak/catalog.

• Test Bank (print and electronic versions).Paula Baldwin,

George Mason University; Elaine Wittenberg-Lyles,

University of North Texas; and Merry Buchanan, Univer￾sity of Central Oklahoma. Print:ISBN-10: 0-312-60485-8,

ISBN-13: 978-0-312-60485-1. Electronic: ISBN-10:

0-312-60483-1, ISBN-13: 978-0-312-60483-7.

• ESL Students in the Public Speaking Classroom: A

Guide for Teachers. Robbin Crabtree and Robert Weiss￾berg, New Mexico State University. To request a copy,

please contact your local publisher’s representative.

• Professional Speeches. In DVD and VHS formats, mul￾tiple volumes of the Great Speeches series are available to

adopters, along with more videos from the Bedford/St.

Martin’s Video Library.

• Student Speeches. Three volumes of student speeches in

DVD and VHS formats. For more on receiving copies of

our professional and student speech collections, please

visit bedfordstmartins.com/pocketspeak or contact your

local publisher’s representative.

• Content for Course Management Systems (CMS).A

variety of student and instructor resources for this text￾book are ready for use in systems such as Blackboard/

WebCT/Angel, Desire2Learn, and Moodle. To access

CMS content, go to bfwpub.com/cms.

viii Preface

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank all our colleagues at Bedford/

St. Martin’s; we are especially grateful for the many contribu￾tions of Editor Lai T. Moy who expertly guided us through

every step of this revision.

Thanks to all the instructors who participated in reviews

for the third edition: Barry Antokoletz, NYC College of Tech￾nology; Donna Baker, Community College of Vermont; Karl D.

Chambers, Northern Essex Community College; Carolyn Clark,

Salt Lake Community College, South City Campus; Kristopher

Copeland, Florida Community College, Jacksonville; Deborah

Craig-Claar, Metropolitan Community College, Penn Valley;

Maureen Ebben, University of Southern Maine; Amber Erick￾son, University of Cincinnati; Beth Eschenfelder, University

of Tampa; Keith Forrest, Atlantic Cape Community College;

David C. Gaer, Laramie County Community College; Susan

Gilpin, Marshall University; Kent Goshorn, Adams State

College; Lynn L. Greenky, Syracuse University; Nancy Jackson,

Community College of Aurora; Kimberly Korcsmaros, Bridge￾water College; Paul Luby, Seminole Community College; Scott

MacLaughlin, Cowley County Community College; Linda

Norris, Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Amy J. Poteet,

Ashland Community and Technical College; Richard Shawn

Queeney, Bucks County Community College; James W. Reed,

Glendale Community College; Holly J. Susi,Community College

of Rhode Island; Paula Marie Usrey, Umpqua Community

College; Gretchen Weber, Horry-Georgetown Technical College;

Dennis Wemm,Glenville State College.

Preface ix