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400 Must-Have Words

for the TOEFL®

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400 Must-Have Words

for the TOEFL®

LYNN STAFFORD-YILMAZ

LAWRENCE J. ZWIER

MCGRAW-HILL

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DOI: 10.1036/0071467076

This book is dedicated to my late father, Richard J. Zwier,

an intelligent, unselfish man.

And to my dear friend Sepideh Farsai, who developed

a keen command of both the vocabulary and idioms

of English.

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Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi

Six Quick Hints for Success on the TOEFL® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii

Nature

LESSON 1 Food Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

LESSON 2 Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

LESSON 3 Evolution and Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

LESSON 4 Petroleum Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Science

LESSON 5 Time Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

LESSON 6 Ancient Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

LESSON 7 Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

LESSON 8 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Mind and Body

LESSON 9 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

LESSON 10 Spirituality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

LESSON 11 Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

LESSON 12 Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

LESSON 13 Ghosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

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Society

LESSON 14 Anthropology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

LESSON 15 Social Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

LESSON 16 Expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

LESSON 17 Military Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

LESSON 18 War and Conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

LESSON 19 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Money

LESSON 20 Financial Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

LESSON 21 Wealth and Social Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101

LESSON 22 Personal Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

LESSON 23 Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

LESSON 24 International Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

Government and Justice

LESSON 25 Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

LESSON 26 A Reasonable Doubt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

LESSON 27 The Police . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

LESSON 28 Investigating Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

LESSON 29 Government Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

LESSON 30 Crimes at Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

LESSON 31 The War on Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

Relationships

LESSON 32 Family Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157

LESSON 33 Friendship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

viii Contents

LESSON 34 Passion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

LESSON 35 Negative Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

Culture

LESSON 36 Social Rebels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

LESSON 37 Painting and Sculpture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181

LESSON 38 The Written Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

LESSON 39 Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

LESSON 40 Risky Fashions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195

400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

Contents ix

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Introduction

400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL® will help you improve your score on

the TOEFL test. In particular, this book will build your TOEFL vocabulary

for the new Internet-based TOEFL of 2005.

This book is designed for ease of use as a self-study guide. Its chapters

were written for easy completion in one sitting—about 25 minutes. 400

Must-Have Words is also highly effective in the TOEFL-prep classroom.

Each chapter begins with a list of 10 target words. These words are

defined and used in sample sentences. Usage tips are given for many words,

as are any commonly used parts of speech related to the target word.

Following these definitions, the words are practiced in three exercises.

TOEFL Prep I and TOEFL Prep II give straightforward practice in a variety

of easy exercise styles.The last exercise,TOEFL Success, includes a TOEFL￾style reading followed by one or two authentic TOEFL-style questions. Most

TOEFL Success readings incorporate all 10 target words, and most also

include an additional bonus structure. Each chapter ends with an answer key

so you can check your work.

As an extra feature, this book includes a special front section called “Six

Quick Hints for Success on the TOEFL®.” These hints give general test-taking

advice for TOEFL success.

This book was written by ELT professionals who help prepare students

for the TOEFL test. Their selection of words for this book was based on

extensive experience with the TOEFL test, information about the corpus

(body of words) that is used in creating the actual TOEFL test, and TOEFL

materials published by ETS, the creators of the TOEFL test.

400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL® is the best book on the market

to improve your vocabulary for the TOEFL test.

Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

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Six Quick Hints for Success on the TOEFL®

1. Try to understand a reading or lecture as a whole. Unlike earlier

versions of the TOEFL, the new version tests whether you can see

how ideas interact in a longer reading.

2. Take notes. Especially in the listening section, you will need notes

to remember what you have heard. Note-taking will also help you

concentrate.You can practice by taking notes of news stories, doc￾umentaries, or lectures.

3. Study grammar in context, not by itself. Unlike earlier versions

of the TOEFL, the new version has no grammar section. Your

knowledge of grammar is useful in helping you understand the

readings and lectures, not in answering grammar-specific ques￾tions.

4. Practice writing essays that express your opinion on a topic.

The writing section of the 2005 TOEFL includes questions ask￾ing for your opinion on various daily topics. These are timed.

Practice writing under a time limit, shaping your thoughts into

a well-rounded essay.

5. Build up your academic vocabulary.Your ability to comprehend

reading passages rests largely on your academic vocabulary. Build

your vocabulary by reading, making flash cards, and writing sen￾tences using new words in context. A strong vocabulary will help

you not only in your reading comprehension, but also in listening,

writing, and speaking.

6. Commit your attention to the test. Some of the topics covered in

the test may not actually interest you. Still, your focused energy

will improve your test score. Agree with yourself not to think

about other topics during the test. Force yourself to keep your at￾tention on the tested material.

Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.