Sử dụng báo cáo tài chính trong phân tích tài chính

( Sd 8(61) - 2008^ TAI CHIINH DOANH NGHIEP

TRONG PHAN TJCH TAI CHJNH

TS. Nghiem ST Thu'cng*

Mot han che Ion trong phan tich tai chinh hien nay tai cac doanh nghiep la can bo phan tich

chira sfr dung cac bdo cdo tdi chinh rut ggn ma van sir dung nguyen ven bao cao tong hop theo

cac bieu mau BOI va B02 theo quy djnh cua Bo Tai chinh. Viec nghien ciru d6i tirong qua mot

mo hinh qua "tron ven" chu-a han da mang lai ket qua tot do chju tac dong ciia qua nhieu thong

tin khong lien quan tryc tiep. Vi vay, trong nghien ciru khoa hoc, ngiroi ta thu-ong tien hanh mo

hinh hoa doi tirong nghien ciru diroi cac goc do khac nhau de co the dat diroc muc tieu nghien

ciru mot each hieu qua nhat tren co so cac each tiep can khac nhau.

Chiing tdi xin kien nghi

cac doanh nghiep nen sii

dyng mau hdng can ddi

ki todn riit ggn tai Bang 1. Lgi

the cua viec sir dyng BCDKT

nit ggn la cho phep nghien ciiu

ddi tugng phan tich mdt each

khai quat va tryc tiep, khdng bj

nhieu loan bdi cac thdng tin

phy, nhd dd cd do tin cay cao.

Dieu nay ciing cd nghia la qua

trinh nghien ciiu dugc don gian

hda de cd the kiem sodt dugc.

Miic dp don gian hda cua md

hinh phy thude vao myc tieu va

ndi dung cy the ma phan tich

theo dudi ciing nhu miic do san

cd cua thdng tin. Y tudng chinh

cua viec don gian hda nay la

phan chia tai san va ngudn vdn

theo cac khoan myc chinh de

nghien ciiu va khi can van cd

thl chi tilt hda cac khoan myc

chinh nay thdng qua cac khoan

myc thanh phan. Tat nhien, can

chii y la Bang 1 chi la mpt trong

nhieu phuang an riit gpn

BCDKT ma nha phan tich cd

the van dung tiiy thude vao myc

tieu phan tich cy the ctia mmh.

* D?l hpc Bach khoa Ha No!

Bang 1 Bang can doi ke

toan riit gon su- dung trong

phan tich tai chinh

can thdng nhat them ve mdt sd

khai niem sau day:

Thir nhat, ddi ten vd khdng

TT

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Khoan muc

Tidn mat v^ chipng khoan d§ b^n

Khoan phai thu

H^ng ton kho

Tai san lu-u dong (1)+(2)+(3)

Tai san c6 djnh rong

Tong tai san: (4)+(5)

Khoan phai tra

Vay ngin han

Ng dinh ki

Tong no ngin han: (7)+(8)+(9)

Ng d^i han

Tong no'(10)+(11)

Cd phin ipu dai

Co phieu dai chting

Lgi nhuan giu lai

C6 phin dai chung (14)+(15)

Ngudn v6n(12)+(13)+(16)

Cuoi ki

50

439

862

1,350

1,350

2,700

81

444

189

714

1,030

1,744

35

130

791

921

2,700

Dau ki

261

442

597

1,300

1,200

2,500

42

218

182

443

1,167

1,610

40

140

710

850

2,500

Dieu chinh ten va bo sung

mot so khoan muc tren bang

can doi ketoan

D I cd the xay dyng

BCDKT rut gpn va sir dyng nd

trong phan tich, chiing ta cung

dinh khdi niem "Lgi nhudn giu

lgi" (Retainedearnings). Khoan

myc "Lai khdng chia" hay "Lai

chua phan phdi" phan anh phan

ngudn vdn ma doanh nghiep cd

dugc tir ndi bd bang each tai dau

tu mdt phan lgi nhuan thu dugc

Tgp chi nghien cCru Tai chinh k§ toan 26;