statistical techniques in business and economics

Lind / Marchal / Wathen

Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics

F o u rte e nth E d ition

This

International

Student Edition

is for use

outside of

the U.S.

McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Statistical Techniques in

Business & Economics

Fourteenth Edition

Douglas A. Lind

Coastal Carolina University and The University of Toledo

William G. Marchal

The University of Toledo

Samuel A. Wathen

Coastal Carolina University

McGraw-Hill

Irwin

Boston Burr R idge, IL D ubuque. IA M adison, Wl New York San F rancisco St Louis

B angkok Bogota C aracas Kuala Lum pur Lisbon London M adrid M exico City

M ilan M ontreal N ew Delhi Santiago Seoul S ingapore S ydney Taipei Toronto

Me

Gravu

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M T ilti i. „ . .i m a a a l

McGraw-Hill

Irwin

ST A TIST IC A L T E C H N IQ U E S IN BU SIN E SS AND E C O N O M IC S

P ublish ed by M cG raw-H ill/Irwin, a business unit of T h e M cG raw-H ill C om panies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the

A m ericas, New York, NY, 10020. C opyright © 2010, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999. 1996, 1993, 1990, 1986, 1982,

1978, 1974, 1970, 1967 by The M cG raw -H ill C om panies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication

m ay be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any m eans, or stored in a database or retrieval system,

w ithout the prior w ritten consent of T h e M cG raw-H ill C om panies, Inc.. includin g, but not lim ited to. in any

network or other electro nic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Som e an cillaries, in clu d in g electro nic and print com ponents, m ay not be available to custom ers outside the

U nited States.

T h is book is printed on acid-free paper.

1234567890 W CK AVCK 0 9

ISBN 978-0-07-017220-3

M H ID 0-07-017220-X

M e

Graw

Hill

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The McGraw-Hill/Irwin Series

Operations and Decision Sciences

Business Statistics

Aczel and Sounderpandian

Complete Business Statistics

Seventh Edition

ALEKS Corporation

ALEKS fo r Business Statistics

First Edition

Alwan

Statistical Process Analysis

First Edition

Bowerman, O'Connell, and Murphree

Business Statistics in Practice

Fifth Edition

Bowerman, O’Connell,

Orris, and Murphree

Essentials of Business Statistics

Third Edition

Bryant and Smith

Practical Data Analysis: Case

Studies in Business Statistics,

Volumes I, II, and III*

Cooper and Schindler

Business Research M ethods

Tenth Edition

Doane, Mathieson, and Tracy

Visual Statistics

Second Edition, 2.0

Doane and Seward

Applied Statistics in Business

and Econom ics

Second Edition

Doane and Seward

Essential Statistics in Business

and Economics

Second Edition

Gitlow, Oppenheim, Oppenheim,

and Levine

Quality Management

Third Edition

Kutner, Nachtsheim, Neter and Li

Applied Linear Statistical Models

Fifth Edition

Kutner, Nachtsheim, and Neter

Applied Linear Regression Models

Fourth Edition

Lind, Marchal, and Wathen

Basic Statistics for Business and

Economics

Sixth Edition

Lind, Marchal, and Wathen

Statistical Techniques in Business

and Economics

Fourteenth Edition

Merchant, Goffinet, and Koehler

Basic Statistics Using Excel for

Office XP

Fourth Edition

Olson and Shi

Introduction to Business

Data Mining

First Edition

Orris

Basic Statistics Using Excel

and MegaStat

First Edition

Siegel

Practical Business Statistics

Fifth Edition

Wilson, Keating, and John Galt

Solutions, Inc.

Business Forecasting

Fifth Edition

Zagorsky

Business Inform ation

First Edition

Quantitative Methods and

Management Science

Hillier and Hillier

Introduction to Management

Science

Third Edition

Stevenson and Ozgur

Introduction to Management

Science with Spreadsheets

First Edition

Kros

Spreadsheet M odeling for

Business Decisions

First Edition

•Available only through M cG raw-Hill’s PRIMIS Online Assets Library.

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A Note From

O ver the years, w e have received m any co m p lim e n ts on th is te x t and have been

to ld it’s a favorite am ong students. We a cce p t th a t as th e h ighest c o m p lim e n t and

co ntin u e to w ork very hard to m aintain th a t status.

The o bje ctive o f S ta tistica l Techniques in B usiness a n d E co n om ics is to provide

stu d e nts m ajoring in m anagem ent, m arketing, finance, a ccou n tin g, econ o m ics, and

o th e r fie ld s o f business a d m in istra tio n w ith an in tro d u c to ry su rve y o f th e m any

a pp licatio n s o f d escrip tive and inferential sta tistics. W hile w e fo c u s on business

a pplications, w e also use m any exercises and exam ples th a t are stu d e n t oriented

and d o n ot require previous courses.

In th is te x t w e sh ow beginning stu d e nts every ste p needed to be su ccessfu l in

a basic s ta tistics course. T his s te p -b y -s te p a pproach enhances p erform ance, a c c e l￾erates preparedness, and sign ifica ntly im proves m otivatio n . U nd e rsta n din g th e c o n ­

cepts, seeing and doing p lenty o f exam ples and exercises, and c o m pre h e nd ing the

application o f statistical m ethods in business and e conom ics are the focus o f this book.

The first editio n o f th is te x t w as published in 1967. A t th a t tim e locating rele￾va nt business data w as d ifficult. That has changed! Today loca tin g data is n ot a

problem . The num ber o f item s you purchase at the groce ry store is auto m atica lly

recorded a t the ch e cko u t counter. P hone com pa n ies tra c k th e tim e o f o ur calls, the

length o f calls, and the num ber o f th e person called. C red it card co m p a n ie s m a in ­

tain inform ation on the num ber, tim e and date, and a m ou n t o f o ur purchases. M e d ­

ical d evices auto m atica lly m o n ito r o ur heart rate, b lo o d pressure, and tem perature.

A large am ou n t of business inform ation is recorded and re ported a lm o st instantly.

CNN , USA Today, and M S N B C , fo r exam ple, all have w eb site s w here you can tra ck

s to c k price s w ith a delay o f less than 20 m inutes.

Today, skills are needed to deal w ith a large vo lu m e o f n um erical inform ation.

First, w e need to be critical co nsu m e rs o f inform ation presented b y others. S econd,

w e need to be able to reduce large a m ou n ts o f inform a tio n into a c o n cise and m e an ­

ingful fo rm to enable us to m ake e ffe ctive interpretations, jud g m e nts, and d ecisions.

All stu d e n ts have c a lc u la to rs and m o st have e ith e r perso n a l c o m p u te rs or

a cc e s s to perso n a l c o m p u te rs in a ca m p u s lab. S ta tis tic a l so ftw a re , su ch as

M icroso ft Excel and MINITAB, is available on these co m p u te rs. The c o m m a n d s n e c￾essary to achieve th e so ftw a re results are available in a special se ction at th e end

o f each chapter. We use screen c a p tu re s w ith in th e c h a p te rs , so th e s tu d e n t

becom es fa m ilia r w ith the nature o f th e so ftw a re o u tp u t. B ecause o f th e a vailability

o f co m p u te rs and so ftw a re it is no longer necessary to dw ell on ca lcu la tion s. We

have replaced m any o f the c a lcu la tion exam ples w ith interp re ta tive ones, to assist

the stu d e nt in und e rsta n din g and interpreting th e sta tistica l results. In a dd itio n w e

n ow place m ore e m phasis on th e co nce p tu a l nature o f th e sta tistica l to p ic s . W hile

m aking these changes, w e still co n tin u e to present, as b est w e can, th e key c o n ­

ce pts, along w ith s u p p o rtin g exam ples.

What's New in This Fourteenth Edition?

We have m ade several chan g e s to th is e ditio n th a t w e th in k you a nd yo ur stu d e n ts

w ill fin d useful.

• N ew exercises and exam ples using Excel 2007 screenshots and the latest version

of MINITAB. W e have also increased the size and clarity o f these screenshots.

IV

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ithors

There are also new Excel 2007 softw are com m ands and updated MINITAB c o m ­

m ands at the ends o f chapters.

A t th e end o f each S ection Review, w e have added a P ractice Test. We think

th is w ill give the student an idea of w ha t m ight appear on a te st and how the

te s t m igh t be stru ctu re d . H opefully, th is w ill reduce te s t anxiety. The te st

includes a section on vocabulary and a section o f problem s.

We have carefully review ed the Exercises w ithin the chapters, those at the ends

of chapters, and in the Review S ection. We have revised o r replaced those th a t

w ere outdated. You can still find and assign your favorites th a t have w orked

well, or you can introduce fresh exam ples.

There is new content on nom inal-level data and its properties in C hapter 1.

There are m any new pho tos th ro u gh o ut w ith updated exercises in the chap ter

openers.

M uch o f the relevant data and sta tistics w ithin the te x t and exercises have been

updated.

D edication

To ¡ane, my wife and best friend, and our sons, their wives, and our

grandchildren: Mike and Sue (Steve and Courtney), Steve and Kathryn

(Kennedy and lake), and Mark and Sarah dared. Drew, and Nate).

Douglas A. Lind

To Elizabeth and William, the most recent additions to our family.

William G. Marched

To my wonderful family: Isaac, Hannah, and Barb.

Samuel A. Wathen Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu – ĐH TN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn

How Are Chapters Organized to

Chapter Goals

Each chapter begins w ith a set o f goals, or learning objectives,

designed to provide focus fo r the chapter and m otivate stu ­

d en t learning. These obje ctive s indicate w hat the stu d e nt

should be able to do after com pleting the chapter.

Chapter Opening Exercise

A representative exercise opens the chapter and show s how

the ch ap ter co nte nt can be applied to a real w orld situation.

Introduction to the Topic

Each chapter starts with a review of the im por￾tant concepts of the previous chapter and pro￾vides a link to the material in the current chapter.

This step-by-step approach increases com pre￾hension by providing continuity across the con￾cepts.

Introduction

The highly competitive automotive retailing business has changed significantly

over the past 5 years, due in part to consolidation by large, publicly owned deal￾ership groups. Traditionally, a local family owned and oper￾ated the community dealership, which might have Included

one or two manufacturers, like Pontiac and GMC Trucks o

Chrysler and the popular Jeep line Recently, however, skill

fully managed and well-financed companies have beei

acquiring local dealerships across large regions of the coun

try. As these groups acquire the local dealerships, they often

bring standard selling practices, common software and hard￾ware technology platforms, and management reporting tech￾niques The goal is to provide an improved buying expi

ence for the consumer, while increasing the profitability of

Example/Solution

A fte r im p o rta n t co n c e p ts are introduced, a

solved exam ple is given to provide a how -to

illustration fo r students and to show a relevant

business o r e conom ics-based application that

helps answ er the question, “ W hat will I use this

for?" All exam ples provide a realistic scenario

o r a pp licatio n and m ake th e m ath size and

scale reasonable fo r introd u cto ry students.

Self-Reviews

Self-Reviews are interspersed through￾out each chapter and closely patterned

after the preceding Examples. They

help students m onitor their progress

and provide im m ediate reinforcem ent

for that particular technique.

Self-Review 3-2 Spnngers sold 95 Antonelli men s suits for the regular price of $400. For the spring sale

the surts were reduced to $200 and 126 were sold. At the final clearance, the pnce was

reduced to $100 and the remaining 79 suits were sold,

la) W*3’ "a s ,he weighted mean pnce of an Antonelli suit?

■ H g r S ? . (b) Springers paid S200 a suit for the 300 suits. Comment on the store's profit per suit if

'B&BESgggP a salesperson receives a S25 commission for each one sold

Describing Data

NumtrKjl M u u rn

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Engage Students and Promote Learning?

Statistics in Action

S ta tistics in A ctio n articles are scattered through￾out the text, usually abo u t tw o per chapter. They

provide unique and interesting applications and

historical insights in the field o f statistics.

Margin Notes

There are m ore than 300 co ncise notes in the

m argin. Each is aim ed at reem phasizing the

key c o n c e p ts presented im m ed iate ly a d ja ­

ce nt to it.

Definitions

D efinitions o f new term s or term s unique to the

study o f statistics are set apart from the text

and highlighted fo r easy reference and review.

Variance and Standard Deviation

Variance and standard The variance and standard deviation are also based on the deviations from the

deviation a/e Based on mean However, instead of using the absolute value of the deviations, the variance

squared derations from and the standard deviation square the deviations

VARIANCE The arithmetic mean of the squared deviations from the mean

The vanance is nonnegative and is zero only if all observations are the same

Formulas

Form ulas th a t are used fo r th e first tim e are

boxe d and num bered fo r reference. In addition,

a fo rm u la card is bou n d into the back o f the

te xt, w hich lists these key form ulas.

Exercises

E xercises are included after sections w ithin the

c h ap ter and at the end o f the chapter. Section

exercises cover the m aterial studied in the sec￾tion.

Exercises______________________________

15. Molly's Candle Shop has several retail stores in the coastal areas of North and South

Carolina. Many of Molly's customers ask her to ship their purchases The following chart

shows the number of packages shipped per day for the last 100 days.

a. What is this chart called?

b. What ¡s the total numper of frequencies'*

POPULATION VARIANCE

Computer Output

T he te x t inclu d es m any so ftw a re exam ples,

using Excel, M egaStat®, and MINITAB. Screen

ca ptu res are highlighted w ith either a MINITAB

o r Excel logo in th e m argin.

1

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m : CD

How Does This lëxt

BY CHAPTER

Chapter Summary

Each c h a p te r co n ta in s a b rie f su m m ary o f the

c h a p te r m a te ria l, in c lu d in g th e vo c a b u la ry

and th e c ritic a l form ulas.

Chopter Summary

I. A frequency table is a grouping o

mg me numb» of OK ------

II. A relative frequency la

into mutually exclusive classes si

rs the fraction of the number of frequencies in each cl

Pronunciation Key

T his to o l lists th e m a th e m a tica l sym b ol, its m e an ­

ing, and h o w to p ro n o u n ce it. W e believe th is w ill

help th e s tu d e n t retain th e m eaning o f th e sym b ol

and gen e ra lly enh a n ce co u rse c o m m u n ica tio n s.

P ro n u n c io tio n K e y

MEANING PRONUNCIATION

Population mean mu

Operation of adding sigma

Adding a group of values sigma X

Sample mean X bar

Chapter Exercises

Generally, th e end o f ch ap ter exercises are the

m ost challenging and integrate the chapter c o n ­

cepts. The answ ers and w orke d -o ut solutions for

all odd -n u m be re d exercises appear at the end of

the text. For exercises w ith m ore than 20 obse r￾vations, the data can be found on the S tudent CD

and on the te x t’s W eb site. These files are in Excel

and M INITAB form ats.

C h o p te r € x e rc is e s

23. Descnbe the similarities and differences of qualitative and quantitative variables. Be sure

to include:

a. What level of measurement is required for each vanable type?

b. Can both types be used to descnbe both samples and populations?

Data Set Exercises

T h e last se vera l e xe rc is e s a t th e e nd o f e ach c h a p te r are

b a s e d on fo u r large d a ta se ts. T h e se d a ta s e ts are p rin te d

in A p p e n d ix A in th e te x t and are a lso on th e S tu d e n t CD

and on th e te x t’s W eb site. T hese d a ta se ts p re se n t th e s tu ­

d e n ts w ith re a l-w o rld a n d m o re c o m p le x a p p lic a tio n s .

Softw are Commands

S o ftw a re e xa m p le s u sing E xcel, M egaStat® , and

M IN ITAB are in c lu d e d th ro u g h o u t th e te xt. B ut,

th e e x p la n a tio n s o f th e c o m p u te r in p u t c o m ­

m a n d s fo r each p ro g ra m are p la ce d a t th e end

o f th e chapter. T h is a llo w s s tu d e n ts to fo c u s on

th e sta tis tic a l te c h n iq u e s ra th e r th a n h ow to in p u t

data.

1. The E*cei commands to select a s.rrx*e random

sampie on page 26' are:

a. Select tne Data tab on the top ol tne menu

Thenon the far nght select Data Analysis, men

b. Fey Input Range insert BI B3’ &nce the col￾umn a named, click the Labels bo*. Select

Random, and enter the sample sa» for the

Number of Samples. • this case 5 Ok« or.

Output Range and indicate the place m the

spreadsheet you want the sample »itormatjon

Note that your sample results after from

those n Ihe text Also recall that Excel samples

wth replacement, so it « possible for a popo￾samp*e

■■

¡39

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— • w - H S T !

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Reinforce Student Learning?

Answers to Self-Review

The w orke d -o ut solutions to the Self-Reviews are

provided at the end o f each chapter.

BY SECTION

Section Reviews

A fte r se le cte d g ro u p s o f c h a p te rs (1 -4, 5 -7 , 8 and 9,

1 0 -1 2 , 13 and 14, 15 and 16, and 17 and 18), a S e c￾tio n R eview is inclu d ed . M uch like a review before an

exam , these include a brief o verview o f the chapters,

g lo ssary o f key te rm s, m u ltip le -c h o ic e qu estio n s,

and p ro b lem s fo r review .

Cases

The review also in clu d e s co ntin u ing cases and several

sm a ll c a se s th a t let s tu d e n ts m ake d e c is io n s using

to o ls a nd te c h n iq u e s fro m a variety o f ch ap ters.

“ w m im m m Êm I

|

Glossary '

________________________ ~ I

Practice Test

The P ra c tic e Test is in te n d e d to g ive s tu d e n ts an

idea o f c o n te n t th a t m ig h t a p p e a r on a te s t and how

th e te s t m ig h t b e s tru c tu re d . The P ra ctice Test

in c lu d e s b o th o b je c tiv e q u e s tio n s and p rob le m s c o v ­

ering th e m aterial stu d ie d in th e section.

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m

W hat Software Is

MegaStat® fo r Excel 2007

M egaS tat® fo r E xcel 2 0 0 7 by J. B. O rris of

B u tle r U nive rsity is a fu ll-fea ture d Excel a d d ­

in th a t is in clu d e d on th e S tu d e n t CD p a c k ­

aged w ith th is te xt. T he so ftw a re p erfo rm s

s ta tis tic a l a na lyse s w ith in an E xcel w o rk ­

b oo k. It d o e s b a sic fu n c tio n s , su ch as

d es c rip tiv e s ta tis tic s , fre q u e n cy d istrib u tio n s,

and p ro b a b ility c a lc u la tio n s as w ell as

h y p o th e sis te stin g , ANO VA, and regression.

M e g a S ta t o u tp u t is ca refu lly fo rm a tte d and

e a se -o f-u se fe a tu re s inclu d e A u to E xpand fo r

q u ic k d a ta se le ctio n and A u to Label d ete ct.

S ince M e g a S ta t is easy to use, stu d e n ts can

fo c u s on learning s ta tis tic s w ith o u t being d is ­

tra c te d by th e so ftw a re . M e g a S ta t is alw ays

available fro m E xce l’s m ain m enu. S e lecting

a m e nu ite m p o p s up a d ia lo g b ox. M e g a ­

S ta t w o rk s w ith all re cen t versions o f Excel

in c lu d in g E xcel 2007. H elp files are b u ilt in

and an in tro d u c to ry u s e r’s m anual is also

inclu d ed .

Visual Statistics

Visual S ta tis tic s 2 .2 by D oane, M a th ie so n ,

and Tracy is a p a cka g e o f 21 so ftw a re p ro ­

g ra m s fo r te a c h in g and lea rn in g s ta tis tic s

co n c e p ts . It is u niq u e in th a t it a llo w s s tu ­

d e n ts to learn th e c o n c e p ts th ro u gh in te ra c￾tiv e e x p e rim e n ta tio n and v is u a liza tio n . T he

s o ftw a re and w o rk te x t p ro m o te a ctive learn￾ing th ro u g h c o m p e te n c y b uild in g exercises,

individual and te a m p roje cts, and b u ilt-in data

bases. O ve r 4 00 d a ta sets fro m business s e t￾tin g s are in clu d e d w ith in th e p a cka g e as w ell

as a w o rk te x t in e le c tro n ic fo rm a t.

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Available with This Text?

MINITAB®/SPSS®/JMP®

MINITAB® S tu d e nt Version 14, SPSS® S tudent Version 15, and JMP® S tudent Edition 6 are softw are to o ls

th a t are available to help stu d e nts solve the business sta tistics exercises in the te xt. Each is available in

the stu d e nt version and can be packaged w ith any M cG raw -H ill business sta tistics text.

^2 Minitab - Whitnei.MPJ

Fite Edit Dgta Qalc Stat Graph Editor Tools ¡¿¿indow Help

a t U S U « -IB ! • » <£ © ©i ® 3 I I "fi ?:

fill S heetl • Histogiam of P iice _ _

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m 1 *

How Can Technology

¡a connect

¡BUSINESS STATISTICS

M cG raw-Hill Connect™ Business

Statistics

M cG ra w -H ill C o n n e ct B usiness S tatistics is an online a ssign￾m ent and assessm ent system cu sto m ize d to the te x t and

available as an o p tio n fo r students. W ith C o n n e ct Business

S tatistics, in stru cto rs can d eliver assignm ents, quizzes, and

te sts online. The system utilizes the exercises from the te xt

both in a s ta tic o n e -p ro b le m -a t-a -tim e fashion as w ell as

a lg o rith m ica lly w here p roblem s generate m ultiple data p o s ­

sibilities and answ ers. In a ddition, instructo rs can edit e xist￾ing q ue stio n s and a uth or entirely new problem s.

You choose o r create the problem s. A ssignm ents are graded

autom atically, and the results are stored in your private grade￾book. You can tra ck individual student perform ance by ques￾tion, assignm ent, o r in com parison to the rest of the class.

D etailed grade re po rts are easily integrated w ith Learning

M anagem ent S ystem s, such as W ebCT and Blackboard.

M cG ra w -H ill C o n n e ct B usiness S ta tistics is also available

w ith the intera ctive o nline version o f the te x t— C o n n e ct B u si￾ness S ta tistics Plus. Like C o n n e ct B usiness S tatistics, C on￾n e c t B usiness S ta tistics P lus provid e s stu d e nts w ith online

assig n m e nts and assessm ents, plus 24/7 online a ccess to

an eB ook, an identical, online e dition o f the p rinted te xt, to

aid th e m in su c c e s s fu lly co m p le tin g th e ir w ork, w herever

and w henever th e y choose.

A L G K S

ALEKS is an assessm ent and learning system th a t provides

in d ivid u a lize d in s tru c tio n in B usiness S ta tis tic s . A LEKS

d elive rs p re cise a ssessm e n ts o f s tu d e n ts ’ kn ow le dg e ,

guid e s th e m in the selection o f a p p ro p ria te new stu d y m ate￾rial, and re cord s th e ir progress to w ard m astery o f goals.

ALEKS interacts w ith stu d e nts m uch as a skilled hum an tu to r

w ould, m oving betw een explanation and p ractice as needed,

co rrectin g and analyzing errors, defining te rm s and changing

to p ic s on request. By accura tely assessing th e ir know ledge,

ALEKS fo cu se s p recisely on w ha t to learn next, helping s tu ­

d en ts m aster the co urse co n te n t m ore q uickly and easily.

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Online Learning Center: www.mhhe.com/lind14e

The Online Learning C enter (OLC) Is the text Web site with online content for both students and instructors.

All o f th e m aterial in th e O nline Learning C enter is also available in portable WebCT, B lackboard, or eC ol￾lege co n te n t “ ca rtridg e s" provided free to adopters o f th is text.

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WebCT/Blackboard/eCollege

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The BSC co nta in s links to statistical p ublications and resources, softw are d ow nloads, learning aids, sta ­

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Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu – ĐH TN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn

What Resources Are Available for Instructors?

Instructor's Resources CD-ROM

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T his resource allo w s in stru cto rs to conveniently access the

In s tru c to r’s S o lu tio n s M anual, Test B ank in W ord and EZ Test

fo rm a ts, In stru cto r P ow e rP o int slides, data files, and data

sets.

Online Learning Center:

w w w .m hhe.com /lind14e

The O nline Learning C en te r (OLC) p rovid e s th e in s tru c to r

w ith a c o m p le te In s tru c to r’s M anual in W ord fo rm a t, the

c o m p le te Test B ank in both W ord files and co m pu terize d EZ

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All te st bank q uestions are available in an EZ

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q ue stio n tests, B lo o m ’s ta xo n o m y question

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AACSB Statem ent

The M cG ra w -H ill C om p a n ie s is a prou d c o r￾p o ra te m e m b e r o f A A C S B In te rn a tion a l.

U n d e rsta n din g th e im p o rta n ce and value o f

A A C S B a c c re d ita tio n , Lind, M archal, and

W athen S ta tis tic a l T echniques in B u siness

a n d E co n om ics, 14e, has c o n n e cte d q u e stio n s in th e Test

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xiv

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