Sport policy systems and sport federations: A Cross-National perspective

Sport Policy Systems and

Sport Federations

A Cross-National Perspective

Edited by

Jeroen Scheerder

Annick Willem

Elien Claes

Sport Policy Systems and Sport Federations

Jeroen Scheerder • Annick Willem • Elien Claes

Editors

Sport Policy Systems

and Sport

Federations

A Cross-National Perspective

ISBN 978-1-137-60221-3 ISBN 978-1-137-60222-0 (eBook)

DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-60222-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016958881

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Editors

Jeroen Scheerder

Policy in Sports & Physical Activity

Research Group

KU Leuven

Belgium

Elien Claes

Policy in Sports & Physical Activity

Research Group

KU Leuven

Belgium

Annick Willem

Department of Movement & Sport Sciences

Ghent University

Belgium

v

Contents

Does It Take Two to Tango? The Position and Power of National

Sport bodies Compared to Their Public Authorities 1

Jeroen Scheerder, Elien Claes, and Annick Willem

Australia: Evolution and Motivators of National Sport Policy 19

Camilla Brockett

Belgium: Flanders — Sport Federations

and Governmental Sport Bodies 41

Elien Claes, Jeroen Scheerder, Annick Willem,

and Sandrine Billiet

Canada: An Evolving Sport System 65

Lucie Thibault

Denmark: The Dissenting Sport System in Europe 89

Bjarne Ibsen

Finland: From Steering to the Evaluation of Effectiveness 113

Hanna Vehmas and Kalervo Ilmanen

vi Contents

France: Organisation of Sport and Policy Towards Sport

Federations 135

Nicolas Scelles

Germany: Autonomy, Partnership and Subsidiarity 157

Christoph Breuer and Tobias Nowy

Lithuania: The Organisation and Governance of Sport 179

Vilma Čingienė

The Netherlands: How the Interplay Between Federations

and Government Helps to Build a Sporting Nation 201

Koen Breedveld and Remco Hoekman

Slovenia: Towards a Social Configuration

of the Sport System 221

Gregor Jurak

Spain: Putting the Pieces of the Sport System in 

Place — The Role of the Sport Federations 243

Ramón Llopis-Goig

Switzerland: The Organisation of Sport and Policy Towards Sport

Federations 263

Emmanuel Bayle

UK: England — National Governing Bodies of Sport

and Government Agencies 283

Vassil Girginov

Conclusion: The Role of Sport Policies and Governmental

Support in the Capacity Building of Sport Federations 303

Annick Willem and Jeroen Scheerder

Index 321

vii

Jeroen  Scheerder (PhD) is Associate Professor of Sport Policy and Sport

Sociology in the Department of Kinesiology at the KU Leuven (Belgium). He is

the head of the Policy in Sports & Physical Activity Research Group and the aca￾demic coordinator of the KU Leuven Sport Management Program. His research

focuses on policy-related and sociological aspects of sport and leisure-time physi￾cal activity. He has (co-)authored more than 70 articles in numerous peer-reviewed

international journals, such as European Journal for Sport & Society, European Sport

Management Quarterly, International Journal of Sport Management & Marketing,

International Journal of Sport Policy & Politics, International Review for the Sociology

of Sport, Managing Leisure, Sport, Education & Society and Voluntas, and is (co-)

author of more than 20 chapters in internationally recognised academic books on

sport governance and sport participation. Scheerder lectures in the fields of sport

management, sport policy and sport sociology, and is (co-)supervisor of ten PhD

projects. He was president of the European Association for Sociology of Sport (EASS),

was Visiting Professor in Sport Sociology at the Faculty of Political & Social

Sciences, Ghent University (Belgium), and co-initiated together with colleagues

from the Dutch Mulier Institute the MEASURE project which is a European

research network on sport policy and levels of sport participation. In 2015 he was

appointed by the Belgian Olympic Committee as expert in sport governance. He

was guest professor at the universities of Bern, Brussels, Cassino, Cologne,

Jyväskylä, Kaunas, Nijmegen and Porto.

Annick Willem holds a PhD in Applied Economics (Ghent University). She is

Associate Professor in Sport Management at the Department of Movement &

Sport Sciences (Ghent University) and holder of the Olympic Chair Henri de

About the Editors

viii About the Editors

Baillet Latour-Jacques Rogge. She is head of the Sport Management Research

Group at Ghent University. Her research is on management and policy in the

sport sector, with a particular focus on organisational issues, such as knowledge

management, collaboration and networking; and also on ethical management

issues. Her work has appeared in several academic journals, including, among

others, European Sport Management Quarterly, Journal of Business Ethics and

Public Management Review. She teaches several sport management courses and

is academic coordinator of the Belgian Olympic Academy.

Elien Claes is a Master in Kinesiology (Sport Management) and works in the

Policy in Sports & Physical Activity Research Group at the University of Leuven

(Belgium), Department of Kinesiology. Her research focuses on sport policy and

sport management. She is responsible for the execution of multiple research

projects, commissioned by the European Commission, the Flemish government

and Flemish sport federations, in which both qualitative and quantitative

research methods are applied. The main focus is on the organisation of sport, at

(inter)national as well as at local level. The organisation and management of

sport federations and sports clubs and the social function of sport are the core

elements of her research.

ix

Notes on Contributors

Emmanuel Bayle is currently Professor in Sport Management at the Institute

of Sport Sciences of the University of Lausanne (ISSUL). Previously, he was

Professor in Strategic Management and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

at the Business School of the University of Lyon. He has published several books

and articles in sport management (on, among other subjects, great leaders in

sport, governance in sport organisations, CSR and sport, and so on) but also in

CSR and in non-profit management. He is a specialist of governance, manage￾ment and performance for sport Olympic organisations and has considerable

experience in executive education in this area. He currently manages a research

project on professionalisation of international sport federations.

Sandrine Billiet received her Bachelor of Science degree in Business Economics

and her Master of Science degree in Business Economics/Marketing, both from

Ghent University. In her Master's dissertation, she studied the parameters influ￾encing the sponsorship of team sports. She graduated magna cum laude from

the Belgian Olympic Academy, after which she became a researcher at the

Department of Movement and Sport Sciences at Ghent University. She has

been involved in large-scale projects dealing primarily with the organisational

properties of international sporting bodies. She is also a world-ranked interna￾tional athlete.

Koen  Breedveld is director of the Mulier Institute and Professor in Sport

Sociology and Sport Policy in the Department of Sociology, Radboud University,

Nijmegen, the Netherlands. His research interests include sport participation

and sport policies, and trends and developments in sports. He has published

numerous reports and articles on sport, oriented at either a scientific audience,

a professional audience or both.

x Notes on Contributors

Christoph Breuer is vice-president for resources and planning of the German

Sport University Cologne and director of the Institute of Sport Economics and

Sport Management. From 2006 to 2011 he was simultaneously research profes￾sor at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin). Professor

Breuer publishes regularly in economic A-journals and in leading sport manage￾ment journals. His main research fields are in organisational economics, sport

systems and the value of sport.

Camilla Brockett is a Senior Research Fellow and Senior Sport Consultant at

the Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University

(VU) where she manages policy- and performance-related projects with key uni￾versity partners. She has a background in sport science and elite coaching and

has also worked at the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) for nine years, bench￾marking elite sport systems and programs. More recently, Camilla Brockett led

a VU-AIS collaboration to identify sport policy factors that impact Australia’s

sporting success as part of an international comparative study known as

SPLISS.  She is currently engaged with the SPLISS consortium to examine

national Paralympic sport systems. She has acted as a consultant for various

national and international sporting organisations and is currently delivering

sport development initiatives and high-performance sport consultancy to the

national and state governments of India.

Vilma  Čingienė is a Professor at the Mykolas Romeris University. She has

worked in the sport industry since graduating from Moscow State Lomonosov

University in 1993. She has close cooperations with governmental and

non-governmental sport organisations across the country. During the last decade

she either led or contributed to various national and European research projects.

She is a member of the European Commission experts group Economic

Dimension, an executive board member of the European Observatoire of Sport &

Employment (EOSE), and a member of the European Association of Sport

Management (EASM). Her main areas of interest are on the economic impact

of sport and human resource development in sport.

Vassil  Girginov is Reader in Sport Management/Development at Brunel

University London and Visiting Professor at the Russian International Olympic

University. His work is concerned with understanding the relationship between

the Olympic Games and social change in various cultural and economic milieus.

His research interests, publications and industry experience are in the field of the

Olympic Movement, sport development, comparative management and policy

analysis. Dr Girginov’s most recent books include Olympic Studies—a four￾volume collection (2015), the Handbook of the London 2012 Olympic &

Notes on Contributors xi

Paralympic Games (vols. 1 & 2), (2012–2013), Sport Management Cultures

(2011) and Management of Sports Development (2008).

Remco Hoekman is a Senior Researcher at the Mulier Institute and a PhD

candidate at the Department of Sociology, Radboud University Nijmegen, the

Netherlands. His research interests include sport participation, sport facilities

and sport policy and he has published various book chapters, articles and reports

on these topics. He is a member of the extended board of the European Association

for Sociology of Sport (EASS).

Bjarne Ibsen is Professor and Head of Research at the Centre for Sports, Health

and Civil Society, University of Southern Denmark. The governing idea in his

research is the sociological analysis of civil society and voluntary associations, pri￾marily in the field of sport but also in other areas of society. The particular focus

of this research is voluntary work in civil society, the characteristics of voluntary

associations, the relations between the voluntary and the public sector, changes in

the pattern of associations and voluntary organisations and sport politics.

Kalervo Ilmanen has worked, since 1997, as a Senior Lecturer and Researcher

at the Department of Sport Sciences of the University of Jyväskylä. His teaching

and research areas relate to sport history and the ethics of sport. Dr Ilmanen has

written several books about the history of municipal sport sectors and sport

organisations. His latest research interests have focused on Finnish civic activi￾ties of sport, the media image of sport and moral issues in sport.

Gregor  Jurak is Full Professor at the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. He

received a Bachelor’s degree in Physical Education, a Master’s degree and a PhD

in Kinesiology, and a Master’s degree in Economics from the University of

Ljubljana. In his youth he was a top athlete and a member of the national swim￾ming team. After graduating, he worked as a PE teacher, coach, university assis￾tant and professor, and was project manager of several national sport projects,

director of the Sport Foundation and vice-dean. He is the first author of the

current Slovenian national programme of sport. He is interested in the physical

fitness of children, the didactics of PE and the management of sport.

Ramón Llopis-Goig is an Associate Professor in Sociology at the University of

Valencia, where he teaches Sociology of Sport and Sociology of Organizations.

He is President of AEISAD (Spanish Association of Social Research Applied to

Sport) and he has published a collection of papers entitled Sport Mega-events

(UOC, Barcelona, 2012) as well as numerous articles about the sociology of

sport in both mainstream and specialist journals. His most recent publication is

the book Spanish Football and Social Change: Sociological Investigations (2015).

xii Notes on Contributors

Tobias Nowy is a Researcher, Lecturer and PhD candidate at the Institute of

Sport Economics & Sport Management at the German Sport University

Cologne. His main research fields are organisational economics, capacities and

problems of (non-profit) sport clubs in Europe. He has been involved in several

large-scale research projects, including the UEFA Research Programme

2014/2015 and the Erasmus+ project Social Inclusion and Volunteering in Sports

Clubs in Europe, and has published in a leading sport management journal.

Nicolas Scelles is Lecturer in Sport Economics at the University of Stirling in

Scotland. His PhD dealt with outcome uncertainty in professional sport leagues.

It was awarded by the Grand Prix UCPF (Union of the French Professional

Football Clubs) 2009. Nicolas has published scientific articles in several interna￾tional journals, among others Applied Economics, Economics Bulletin, International

Journal of Sport Finance, International Journal of Sport Management & Marketing

and Journal of Sports Economics. He is tutor in the IOC Executive Master in

Sport Organisations Management (MEMOS) and member of the I3SAW

(International Society for Sports Sciences in the Arab World).

Lucie Thibault is Professor at the Department of Sport Management of Brock

University in Canada. She teaches policy, governance and globalisation of sport.

She serves on the editorial board of International Journal of Sport Policy & Politics

and European Sport Management Quarterly, and was editor of Journal of Sport

Management. In 2008, she received the North American Society for Sport

Management’s Earle F. Zeigler Award for scholarly and leadership contributions

to the field. Her research interests include governments’ role in sport and inter￾organisational relationships in non-profit sport. She has co-edited Contemporary

Sport Management (2014) and Sport Policy in Canada (2013) and her research

has appeared in numerous scholarly journals.

Hanna Vehmas has worked since 1999 as a Teacher and a Researcher in

Sport Sociology and Sport Management in the Department of Sport

Sciences. Since 2009, she has worked as Senior Lecturer of the

International Master’s Degree Programme in Sport Management and

Health Promotion at the Faculty of Sport & Health Sciences. In addition

to her teaching responsibilities at the University of Jyväskylä, Dr Vehmas

has visited a number of foreign universities as a visiting lecturer. Her

research interests focus on sport-related tourism, the sociology of leisure,

sport participation and the societal role of sport and physical activity.

xiii

List of Figures

Fig. 1 Comparative framework for each country chapter

throughout the book 3

Fig. 2 Types of national sport systems 6

Fig. 3 Possible relationships between sport federations,

confederations and governing bodies 10

Fig. 1 Sport framework Australia 25

Fig. 1 Sport framework of Flanders/Belgium 46

Fig. 1 Overview of Canada’s sport system 69

Fig. 1 Sport framework Denmark 94

Fig. 1 Sport framework in Finland 117

Fig. 2 Organisation of the public sport sector in Finland 119

Fig. 1 The organisation of sport in France in 2015 140

Fig. 1 The organisation of sport in Germany 163

Fig. 1 Sport framework Lithuania 185

Fig. 1 Sport framework of the Netherlands 217

Fig. 1 Participants in the NPS’s management 226

Fig. 2 Sport framework of Slovenia 229

Fig. 1 Sport framework in Spain 248

Fig. 1 Organisation of sport in Switzerland 268

Fig. 1 Framework of sport in England 289

Fig. 1 Levels of support in the organisational

capacity of sport federations 312

Fig. 2 Organisational capacity of federations vs

dependence on governmental support 313

xv

List of Tables

Table 1 Crossing of the typologies by Henry

(2009) and Houlihan (1997) 9

Table 1 Facts and descriptives of Australia 20

Table 2 Sport profile of Australia 22

Table 3 Total expenses of the ASC for Outcome 1 and 2 34

Table 4 National Sporting Organisation (NSO) and

National Sporting Organisations for people with Disabilities

(NSOD) 2013–2014 funding from ASC 35

Table 1 Facts and descriptives of Belgium 43

Table 2 Sport profile of Flanders (Belgium) 45

Table 1 Facts and descriptives of Canada 66

Table 2 Sport profile of Canada 68

Table 3 Sport Canada policies and year(s) of adoption/revision 76

Table 4 Sport Canada contributions to sport since 2005 (in CAD) 79

Table 1 Facts and descriptives of Denmark 90

Table 2 Sports profile of Denmark 92

Table 3 Overview of the division of the sport budget

among the sport organisations (in million €) 101

Table 4 Types of grants for public funding of voluntary associations

and organisations 103

Table 1 Facts and figures of Finland 115

Table 2 Sport profile of Finland 118

xvi List of Tables

Table 3 Total budget of the Ministry of Education and

Culture for sport in 2015 128

Table 1 Facts and descriptive statistics of France 137

Table 2 Sport profile of France 139

Table 1 Facts and descriptives of Germany 159

Table 2 Key findings on sport participation in Germany 160

Table 3 Sport profile of Germany 161

Table 1 Facts and descriptive statistics of Lithuania 181

Table 2 Participation rate in sport in Lithuania (%) 183

Table 3 Sports profile of Lithuania 183

Table 4 Overview of the financing of sport In Lithuania, in 2013 192

Table 5 The budget of Physical Education and Sport

Promotion Fund in 2010–2015 193

Table 6 Income of national sport federations in 2013 194

Table 1 Facts and descriptives of the Netherlands 205

Table 2 Sports profile of the Netherlands 207

Table 1 Facts about Slovenia 222

Table 3 The expenditure for sport in Slovenia 224

Table 2 Sport profile of Slovenia 234

Table 1 Facts and descriptive data for Spain 245

Table 2 Sports profile of Spain 246

Table 3 Expenditure on sport of the three levels of the

administration in 2013 256

Table 4 Budget of the sport federations in 2014 257

Table 1 Facts and descriptives of Switzerland 264

Table 2 Sport profile of Switzerland 267

Table 3 Distribution of lottery funding for sport 275

Table 4 Criteria governing the distribution of

subsidies to national federations via service contracts

with Swiss Olympic (in 2014) 277

Table 1 Facts and descriptives of UK 285

Table 2 Sport profile of England 286