Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

SOUTHEAST ASIA

Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England

SOUTHEAST ASIA

A Historical Encyclopedia,

from Angkor Wat to East Timor

EDITED BY OOI KEAT GIN

Copyright © 2004 by Ooi Keat Gin

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for

the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in

writing from the publishers.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Southeast Asia : a historical encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor /

edited by Ooi Keat Gin.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-57607-770-5 (hardcover : alk. paper); 1-57607-771-3 (e-book)

1.Asia, Southeastern—History—Encyclopedias. I. Ooi, Keat Gin, 1959–

DS524.S68 2004

959'.003—dc22

2004004813

07 06 05 04 10987654321

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This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Manufactured in the United States of America

CONTENTS

Foreword, xvii

Preface, xxi

Introduction, 1

v

A

Abaca (Manila Hemp), 111

Abangan, 112

Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj,Tunku

(1903–1990), 113

Abdul Razak,Tun (1922–1976), 114

Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, Munsyi

(1797–1854), 116

Abu Bakar, Sultan of Johor (r. 1862–1895), 117

Aceh (Acheh), 118

Aceh (Acheh) Wars (1873–1903), 122

Adat, 123

Age of Commerce, 124

Agency Houses, European, 127

Agricultural Involution, 129

Aguinaldo, Emilio (1869–1964), 129

Agung, Sultan of Mataram (r. 1613–1645), 131

Agus Salim, Haji (1884–1954), 133

Airlangga (r. 1019–1049), 134

Alaung-hpaya (r. 1752–1760), 135

Albuquerque,Afonso de (ca. 1462–1515), 137

Alliance Party (Malaya/Malaysia), 138

Amangkurat I (Sunan Tegalwangi)

(r. 1645–1677), 139

Amangkurat II (Adipati Anom)

(r. 1677–1703), 141

Ambon (Amboina/Amboyna) Massacre

(1623), 142

Anawrahta (Aniruddha) (r. 1044–1077), 143

Ancient Coinage in Southeast Asia, 144

Anda y Salazar, Don Simon de (1710–1776),

145

Ang Chan (1781–1835), 146

Ang Duong (Ang Duang) (1796–1860), 147

Ang Eng (ca. 1774–1797), 147

Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM)

(Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement), 148

Angkor, 148

Angkor Wat (Nagaravatta), 151

Anglo-Brunei Relations (Nineteenth Century

to 1980s), 153

Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–1826, 1852, 1885),

155

Anglo-Dutch Relations in Southeast Asia

(Seventeenth to Twentieth Centuries), 158

Anglo-French Declaration of London (1896),

163

Anglo-Malayan/Malaysian Defence Agreement

(AMDA), 163

Annam, 164

Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League

(AFPFL), 165

Anti-Spanish Revolts (The Philippines), 167

Aquino, Corazon Cojuangco (1933–), 168

Arabs, 169

Arakan, 171

Archaeological Sites of Southeast Asia,

173

Architecture of Southeast Asia, 179

Army of the Republic of Vietnam

(ARVN), 182

“Asia for the Asiatics,” 184

Asian-African (Bandung) Conference

(April 1955), 184

A-so-ya-min, 185

VOLUME I: A–G

vi Contents

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN) (1967), 185

Aung San (1915–1947), 189

Australia and Southeast Asia, 190

Ayutthaya (Ayuthaya,Ayudhya,Ayuthia)

(1351–1767), Kingdom of, 192

Azahari bin Sheikh Mahmud, Sheikh

(1928–2002), 195

B

Ba Maw, Dr. (b. 1893), 197

Baba Nyonya, 198

Bajau, 200

Bali, 202

Baling Talks (1955), 205

Ban Chiang, 205

Ban Kao Culture, 208

Bandjarmasin (Banjermasin), Sultanate of, 211

Bangkok, 212

Banks and Banking, 214

Banten (Bantam) (1526–1813), 218

B§o µ¢i (V|nh Th™y) (1913–1997), 220

Barangay, 221

Barisan Nasional (National Front) (1974), 221

Barisan Sosialis (Socialist Front), 222

Bataan Death March, 223

Bataks, 223

Batavia (Sunda Kelapa, Jacatra,

Djakarta/Jakarta), 226

Battambang, 229

Bayinnaung (r. 1551–1581), 229

Bejalai, 230

Bengkulu (Bencoolen, Benkulen), 231

Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (“Unity in Diversity”),

231

Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) (r. 1946–), 232

Binh Xuyen, 235

Birch, J.W.W. (1826–1875), 235

Blitar, 237

Boat People, 237

Boedi Oetama (Budi Utomo) (1908), 238

Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation

(BBTC), 239

Bonifacio,Andres (1863–1897), 240

Borneo, 241

Borobudur, 244

Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897–1945), 246

Bourbon Reforms, 247

Bowring, Sir John (1792–1872), 249

Briggs Plan, 250

British Borneo, 251

British Burma, 251

British India, Government of, 252

British Interests in Southeast Asia, 255

British Malaya, 259

British Military Administration (BMA) in

Southeast Asia, 260

British North Borneo Chartered Company

(1881–1946), 265

Brooke, Sir Charles Anthoni Johnson

(1829–1917), 266

Brooke, James, and Sarawak, 268

Brunei (Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries), 270

Brunei Ethnic Minorities, 272

Brunei Malay, 273

Brunei National Democratic Party (BNDP)

(1985–1988), 274

Brunei National Solidarity Party (BNSP)

(1985), 275

Brunei Oil and Gas Industry, 276

Brunei Rebellion (December 1962), 278

Buddhism, 279

Buddhism, Mahayana, 280

Buddhism,Theravada, 282

Buddhist Institute of Phnom Penh, 283

Buddhist Socialism, 284

Bugis (Buginese), 285

Bumiputera (Bumiputra), 287

Bunga Emas (Bunga Mas) (Gold Flowers), 288

Bunnag Family, 288

Burma Communist Party (BCP), 290

Burma during the Pacific War (1941–1945),

290

Burma Independence Army (BIA), 293

Burma Research Society (BRS) (1909), 294

Burma Road, 295

Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP), 296

Burma under British Colonial Rule, 297

Burmans, 300

Burma-Siam Wars, 301

C

Cabecilla System, 305

Caciques, 306

Cakkavatti/Setkya-min (Universal Ruler), 306

Cambodia (Eighteenth to Mid-Nineteenth

Centuries), 307

Cambodia under French Colonial Rule, 309

Cambodian Chronicles, 311

Cßn V†≈ng (Aid the King) Movement, 312

Candi, 313

Cao µài, 314

Catholicism, 316

Cavite Mutiny, 317

Ceramics, 318

Champa, 321

Contents vii

Champassak, 323

Chea Sim (1932–), 323

Cheng Ho (Zheng He),Admiral

(1371/1375–1433/1435), 324

Chenla, 324

Chettiars (Chettyars), 326

Chiang Mai, 327

Chiang Rai, 328

Chin Peng (Ong Boon Hua/Hwa)

(1922–), 330

China, Imperial, 331

China, Nationalist, 334

China Relief Fund, 337

China since 1949, 338

Chindits, 340

Chinese Dialect Groups, 342

Chinese Gold-Mining Communities in

Western Borneo, 343

Chinese in Southeast Asia, 344

Chinese Revolution (1911), 348

Chinese Tribute System, 350

Chins, 353

Chulalongkorn University, 354

Clarke, Sir Andrew (1824–1902), 355

Cochin China, 356

Cocoa, 357

Coen, Jan Pieterszoon (1587–1629), 359

Coffee, 360

Coinage and Currency, 362

Cold War, 365

Collaboration Issue in Southeast Asia, 368

Colonialism, 373

“Comfort Women,” 374

Comintern, 375

Communism, 376

Confucianism, 378

Constitutional (Bloodless) Revolution (1932)

(Thailand), 379

Constitutional Developments in Burma

(1900–1941), 383

Constitutional Developments in the

Philippines (1900–1941), 385

Constitutional Monarchy of Malaya/Malaysia,

388

Consulado, 389

Country Traders, 389

Cruz,Apolinario de la (1814/1815–1841), 390

Cultivation System (Cultuurstelsel), 391

C˚u Qu«c (National Salvation), 394

D

µà N∞ng (Tourane), 397

Dai Viet (939–1407 C.E.), 398

Damrong, Prince (1862–1943), 400

Darul Islam Movement (DI), 401

Dayaks, 403

“Death Railway” (Burma-Siam Railway), 404

Decolonization of Southeast Asia, 405

Demak, 409

Democratic Action Party (DAP), 411

Democratic Kampuchea (DK), 412

Demographic Transition in Southeast Asia, 414

Devaraja, 418

Dewawongse, Prince (1858–1923), 419

Dewey, Commodore George (1837–1917), 420

Dien Bien Phu, Battle of (May 1954), 421

Diponegoro (Pangeran Dipanegara)

(ca. 1785–1855), 423

Diseases and Epidemics, 424

Domino Theory, 427

Dong-son, 428

Dorman-Smith, Sir Reginald (t. 1941–1946),

431

Du Bus de Gisignies,Viscount Leonard Pierre

Joseph (1780–1849), 432

Dual Economy, 432

Dupleix, Joseph François (1696–1763), 433

Dupré, Marie Jules (1813–1880), 434

Dutch Borneo, 435

Dutch East Indies, 436

Dutch Interests in Southeast Asia from 1800,

438

Dutch Police Actions (First and Second), 441

Dvaravati, 442

E

East India Company (EIC) (1600), English,

445

East Indonesian Ethnic Groups, 447

East Malaysian Ethnic Minorities, 449

École Française d’Extrême-Orient, L’ 452

Ecological Setting of Southeast Asia, 453

Economic Development of Southeast Asia

(post-1945 to early 2000s), 459

Economic History of Early Modern Southeast

Asia (pre-Sixteenth Century), 465

Economic Transformation of Southeast Asia

(ca. 1400–1800), 470

EDSA Revolution (1986), 475

Education, Overseas Chinese, 476

Education,Traditional Religious, 478

Education,Western Secular, 482

Elephants, 487

Ethical Policy (Ethische Politiek), 489

Ethnolinguistic Groups of Southeast Asia,

492

viii Contents

F

Famines, 499

Federated Malay States (FMS) (1896), 501

Federation of Malaya (1948), 503

Filipinization, 503

Firearms, 505

First Ava (Inwa) Dynasty (1364–1527 C.E.), 506

Folk Religions, 508

Force 136, 511

Forced Deliveries, 512

Formosa (Taiwan), 512

“Fortress Singapore,” 514

Free Thai Movement, 514

Free Trade, 515

French Ambitions in Southeast Asia, 517

French Indochina, 520

French Indochinese Union (Union Indochinoise

Française) (1887), 521

FRETLIN (Frente Revolucionária do Timor￾Leste Independente), 522

Friars, Spanish (the Philippines), 524

Friar-Secular Relationship, 527

Fujiwara Kikan (F. Kikan), 528

Funan, 529

FUNCINPEC (United National Front

for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and

Co-operative Cambodia, 530

G

Gajah Mada (t. 1331–1364), 533

Galleon Trade, 534

Gama,Vasco da (1459–1524), 537

Garnier, Francis (1839–1873), 538

General Council of Burmese Associations

(GCBA) (1920), 540

Geneva Conference (1954), 542

Germans (Germany), 543

Gestapu Affair (1965), 544

Goh Chok Tong (1941–), 546

Gold, 546

Golkar, 548

Great Depression (1929–1931), 548

Great War (1914–1918), 552

Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere, 553

Guided Democracy (Demokrasi Terpimpin), 554

Gujaratis, 556

Gulf of Tonkin Incident (August 1964),

557

H

Hamengkubuwono II (r. 1792–1812), 559

Hamzah Fansuri, 560

Hanoi (Thang-long), 561

Harrison, Francis Burton (1873–1957), 563

Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei (1946–), 564

Hatien, 565

Hayâm Wuruk (Râjasanagara) (r. 1350–1389),

567

Heeren Zeventien (Gentlemen Seventeen), 568

Heng Samrin (1934–), 569

Highways and Railways, 570

Hindu-Buddhist Period of Southeast Asia (First

Century B.C.E. to Thirteenth Century C.E.),

573

Hinduism, 587

Hispanization, 588

Historical Geography of Insular Southeast Asia,

591

Historical Geography of Mainland Southeast

Asia, 593

Hlutdaw, 596

Hmong, 597

H∆ Chí Minh (1890–1969), 598

H∆ Chí Minh Trail, 602

Hòa H§o, 603

Hoabinhian, 604

Hong Kong, 607

Horses and Mules, 609

Hsinbyushin (r. 1763–1776), 611

Hu∏, 611

Hui, 613

Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban Sa

Hapon) (People’s Anti-Japanese Army)

(1942), 613

Human Prehistory of Southeast Asia, 615

Hun Sen (1951–), 620

I

Iban, 623

Ibn Battuta (1304–1377), 626

Ibrahim Yaacob (1911–1979), 626

I-Ching (I-Tsing) (635–713 C.E.), 628

Ieng Sary (1927–), 628

Ilanun and Balangingi, 629

Ilustrados, 632

“Imagined Communities,” 633

Imperialism, 634

Imphal-Kohima, Battle of (1944) 635

VOLUME II: H–Q

Contents ix

India, 636

Indian Immigrants (Nineteenth and Twentieth

Centuries), 638

Indian National Army (INA), 640

Indianization, 642

Indigenous Political Power, 645

Indochina Communist Party (June 1929),

648

Indochina during World War II (1939–1945),

650

Indochina War, First (1946–1954), 654

Indochina War, Second (Vietnam War)

(1964–1975), 656

“Indonesia,” 658

Indonesian Revolution (1945–1949), 659

Indulto de Comerciar, 661

Inquilino, 662

Institute for Medical Research (IMR), 662

Irian Jaya (West Irian), 663

Isan, 665

Iskandar Muda, Sultan (Mahkota Alam)

(r. 1607–1636), 667

Islam in Southeast Asia, 668

Islamic Resurgence in Southeast Asia

(Twentieth Century), 672

Isthmus of Kra, 675

J

Jambi, 677

Japan and Southeast Asia (pre-1941), 678

Japanese Occupation of Southeast Asia

(1941–1945), 681

Jatakas, 686

Java, 687

“Java Man” and “Solo Man,” 690

Java War (1825–1830), 691

Javanese Wars of Succession (1677–1707,

1719–1722, 1749–1755), 692

Jayavarman II (r. 770/790/802?–834 C.E.), 694

Jayavarman VII (r. 1181–1220?), 695

Johor, 697

Johor-Riau Empire, 698

Jungle/Forest Products, 700

Junk Ceylon (Ujung Salang, Phuket), 701

K

Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), 703

Kachins, 704

Kadazan-Dusuns, 705

Kadiri (Kediri), 707

Kampong Ayer (Brunei), 708

Kampuchea United Front for National

Salvation (KUFNS), 709

Kangani System, 709

Kangchu System, 710

Kapitan China System, 711

Karen National Defence Organisation

(KNDO), 711

Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), 712

Karen National Union (KNU), 712

Karens, 713

Kartini, Raden Ajeng (1879–1904), 716

Katipunan, 717

Kebatinan Movements, 719

Kempei-tai, 720

Ke˘rtanagara (r. 1268–1292), 720

Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM,Young Malay

Union), 722

Kew Letters, 722

Khaw Family, 723

Khieu Samphan (1931–), 725

Khmer Issarak (Free Khmer), 725

Khmer People’s National Liberation Front

(KPNLF), 726

Khmer Rouge, 727

Khmers, 729

Khuang Aphaiwong (1902–1968), 730

Kiai, 731

Killing Fields,The, 732

King Edward VII College of Medicine, 732

Kinta Valley, 733

Konbaung Dynasty (1752–1885), 734

Konbaung Rulers and British Imperialism,

738

Konfrontasi (“Crush Malaysia” Campaign), 740

Kongsi, 742

Korean War (1950–1953), 743

Kraton Culture, 744

Kuala Lumpur (KL), 746

Kuantan Principle (1980), 748

Kukrit Pramoj, M. R. (1911–1995), 749

Kuomintang (KMT), 750

Kutai (Koetei), 752

L

La Liga Filipina, 755

La Solidaridad, 756

Labor and Labor Unions, 756

Labuan (1847), 762

Lagrée-Garnier Mekong Expedition

(1866–1868), 763

Langkasuka, 764

Lao, 765

Lao Issara (Issarak), 767

Lao People’s Democratic Republic (LPDR),

768

x Contents

Laos (Nineteenth Century to Mid-1990s), 770

Laotinization, 773

Larut Wars (1872–1874), 775

Laurel, José Paciano (1891–1959), 775

Le Duan (1907–1986), 777

Le Duc Tho (1911–), 778

Le Dynasty (1428–1527, 1533–1789), 780

Le Thanh Tong (r. 1460–1497), 781

Lee Kuan Yew (1923–), 782

Legazpi, Captain General Miguel Lopez de

(1500–1572), 783

Liberal Experimental Period (1816–1830), 784

Light, Captain Francis (1740–1794), 785

Ligor/Nakhon, 787

Lim Yew Hock (1914–1984), 789

Linggadjati (Linggajati) Agreement (1947), 789

Lombok, 790

Lon Nol (1913–1984), 791

Loosely Structured Societies, 792

Lopburi (Lawo), 793

Low, Sir Hugh (1824–1905), 794

Luang Prabang, 795

Luzon, 798

Ly Dynasty (1009–1225), 800

M

Mabini,Apolinario (1864–1903), 803

Mac Dynasty (1527–1592), 804

Mac Thien Tu (1700–1780), 806

Macapagal, Diosdado (1910–1997), 807

MacArthur, General Douglas, (1880–1964), 809

Macau (Macao), 810

Madiun Affair (September 1948), 811

Madjelis Sjuro Muslimin Indonesia (Masjumi)

(Council of Indonesian Muslim

Associations), 813

Madjlisul Islamil a‘laa Indonesia (MIAI)

(Great Islamic Council of Indonesia), 814

Madura, 815

Magsaysay, Ramon (1907–1957), 816

Mahâbârata and Râmâyana, 818

Mahathir bin Mohamad, Dr. (1925–), 819

Mahmud, Sultan of Melaka (r. 1488–1511), 820

Majapahit (1293–ca. 1520s), 822

Malang Temples, 825

Malay College, Kuala Kangsar (MCKK), 826

Malayan Communist Party (MCP), 826

Malayan Emergency (1948–1960), 828

Malayan/Malaysian Chinese Association

(MCA) (1949), 831

Malayan/Malaysian Education, 833

Malayan/Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC),

836

Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army

(MPAJA), 837

Malayan Union (1946), 838

Malays, 841

Malaysia (1963), 844

Malik,Adam (1917–1984), 846

Maluku (The Moluccas), 848

Mandalay, 851

“Manifest Destiny,” 852

Manila, 853

Maphilindo Concept, 855

Marcos, Ferdinand (1917–1989), 855

Marine/Sea Products, 858

Marshall, David Saul (1908–1995), 859

Martial Law (1972–1981) (the Philippines), 859

M¶t N†≈c (Losing One’s Country), 861

Mat Salleh Rebellion (1894–1905), 862

Mataram, 863

Max Havelaar (1860), 866

“May 13, 1969” (Malaysia), 867

McArthur, M. S. H. (1872–1934), 868

Melaka, 868

Me˘layu Islam Beraja (MIB, Malay Islamic

Monarchy), 871

Merdeka (Free, Independent), 872

Mestizo, 873

Metal Age Cultures in Southeast Asia, 874

Metal Smithing, 879

MIAs (Missing in Action), 883

Military and Politics in Southeast Asia, 884

Minangkabau, 887

Mindanao, 890

Mindon (r. 1853–1878), 893

Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), 896

Miscegenation, 897

Mission Civilisatrice (“Civilizing Mission”), 899

Missionaries, Christian, 900

Misuari, Nur (1940–), 901

Mohammad Hatta (1902–1980), 902

Mon, 904

Mons, 907

Monsoons, 908

Montagnard, 908

Monumental Art of Southeast Asia, 910

Moral Economy, 912

Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), 913

Moros, 914

Mountbatten,Admiral Lord Louis

(1900–1979), 917

Muhammadiyah, 918

Mui Tsai, 920

Music and Musical Instruments of Southeast

Asia, 921

Contents xi

Muslim Minorities (Thailand), 926

My Lai, 928

N

Nahdatul Ulama, 929

Nam Tien, 931

Nam Viet (Nan Yue), 932

Nan Chao (Nanchao) (Dali/Tali), 935

Nanyang, 936

Napoleonic Wars in Asia, 936

Narai (r. 1656–1688), 938

Nasution, General Abdul Haris, (1918–2000),

939

National League for Democracy (NLD),

941

National Peace-Keeping Council (NPKC)

(Thailand), 941

National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), 942

Nationalism and Independence Movements in

Southeast Asia, 942

Ne Win, General (1911–2002), 947

Negrais, 949

Neolithic Period of Southeast Asia, 951

Netherlands (Dutch) East Indies, 955

New Economic Policy (NEP) (1971–1990),

958

New Economic Zones (NEZs) (Vietnam), 959

New People’s Army (NPA), 960

New Society Movement (Kilusang Bagong

Lipunan, KBL), 961

“New Villages” (Malaya/Malaysia), 962

Newspapers and Mass Media in Southeast Asia,

963

Nghe Tinh Soviets (1930–1931), 966

Ngô µình Diªm (1901–1963), 966

Nguy∑n Ánh (Emperor Gia Long,

r. 1802–1820), 968

Nguy∑n Dynasty (1802–1945), 971

Nguy∑n Emperors and French Imperialism,

973

Nguy∑n Van Thieu (1923–2001), 977

Niah Caves (Sarawak), 979

Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo

(1891), 980

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and

Southeast Asia, 982

Norodom, King (1836–1904), 984

Nu, U (1907–1995), 984

Nuruddin al-Raniri (d. 1658), 986

Nusantara, 987

O

Oc Èo, 989

Oil and Petroleum, 992

Omar Ali Saifuddin III, Sultan of Brunei

(1914–1986), 993

Onn bin Ja’afar (1895–1962), 994

Opium, 995

Orang Asli, 997

Orang Laut, 1000

Orde Baru (The New Order), 1002

Osmeña, Sergio, Sr. (1878–1961), 1005

P

Pactos de Retro, 1007

Padri Movement, 1007

Padri Wars (1821–1837), 1009

Pagan (Bagan), 1010

Pahang, 1013

Paknam Incident (1893), 1015

Palembang, 1016

Pancasila (Pantja Sila), 1017

Pangkor Engagement (1874), 1018

Parameswara (Parameshwara, Paramesvara),

1020

Pararaton (Book of Kings), 1021

Paris Conference on Cambodia (PCC) (1989

and 1991), 1021

Paris Peace Agreement (1968, 1973) (Vietnam),

1023

Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) (1920), 1024

Partai Rakyat Brunei (PRB), 1027

Partai Islam Se Malaysia (PAS), 1029

Partido Nacionalista (Nationalist Party, NP),

1030

Pasai, 1030

Pasisir, 1032

Patani (Pattani), Sultanate of, 1033

Pathet Lao (Land of Laos), 1034

Patron-Client Relations, 1037

Pavie,Auguste (1847–1925), 1038

Peasant Uprisings and Protest Movements in

Southeast Asia, 1039

Pegu, 1044

Penal Settlements in Southeast Asia, 1046

Penang (1786), 1048

Penang Free School (1816), 1049

Penang Secessionist Movement (1948–1951),

1050

People’s Action Party (PAP), 1051

People’s Independence Front (Barisan

Kemerdekaan Rakyat, BAKER) (1966), 1052

Peoples’ Republic of Kampuchea (PRK), 1053

Pepper, 1055

“Perak Man,” 1056

Peranakan, 1057

xii Contents

Performing Arts of Southeast Asia, 1057

Perjuangan (Perdjuangan), 1062

Persatuan Ulama-Ulama Seluruh Aceh

(PUSA), 1063

Perserikatan Nasional Indonesia (PNI)

(1927), 1063

Pertamina Crisis (1975–1976), 1064

Pham Van Dong (1906–2000), 1065

Phan B¡i Châu (1867–1940), 1066

Phan Châu Trinh (1872–1926), 1068

Phaulkon, Constance (Constantine)

(d. 1688), 1070

Phetsarath (1890–1959), 1071

Philippine Revolution (1896–1898), 1072

Philippine War of Independence (1899–1902),

1075

Philippines under Spanish Colonial Rule (ca.

1560s-1898), 1076

Philippines under U.S. Colonial Administration

(1898–1946), 1079

Philippines-U.S.“Special Relationship,”

1083

Phnom Penh, 1084

Phra Naret (King Naresuan) (r. 1590–1605),

1086

Phya Taksin (Phya Tak [Sin], King Taksin)

(r. 1767–1782), 1087

Pigneau de Béhaine, Pierre Joseph Georges,

Bishop of Adran (1741–1799), 1089

Piracy, 1089

Pires,Tomé (ca. 1465– ca. 1540), 1091

Pitsanulok (Phitsanulok), 1091

Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Field Marshal

(1897–1964), 1093

Plural Society, 1094

Pol Pot (Saloth Sar) (1925–1998), 1095

Polo, Marco (1254–1324), 1097

Portuguese Asian Empire, 1098

Prajadhipok (Rama VII) (r. 1925–1935), 1099

Prambanan, 1101

Prasat Thong (r. 1629–1656), 1102

Pre-Hispanic Philippines, 1104

Prem Tinsulanond, General (1920–), 1106

Preservation of Siam’s Political

Independence, 1106

Pridi Phanomyong (1900–1983), 1108

Priyayi, 1109

Propaganda Movement, 1110

Pusat Tenaga Rakjat (PUTERA) (Centre of

Peoples’ Power), 1111

Pyus, 1113

Q

Qing (Ching/Manchu) Dynasty (1644–1912),

1115

Quezon, Manuel Luis (1878–1944), 1116

Quirino, Elpidio (1890–1956), 1118

Quôc Ngù, 1120

VOLUME III: R–Z

R

Raffles College, 1121

Raffles, Sir (Thomas) Stamford Bingley

(1781–1826), 1122

Raja Ali Haji (ca. 1809–1869), 1123

Rama I (Chakri) (r. 1782–1809), 1124

Rama Kamhaeng (r. 1279–1298), 1126

Ramathibodi (r. 1351–1369), 1127

Ramos, Fidel Valdez (1928–), 1127

Rangoon (Yangon), 1129

Ratu Adil (Righteous King/Prince), 1130

Reforms and Modernization in Siam, 1131

Rejangs, 1132

Religious Development and Influence in

Southeast Asia, 1134

Religious Self-Mortification in Southeast Asia,

1139

Rentap (d. ca. mid-1860s), 1141

Renville Agreement (January 1948), 1142

Republik Maluku Selatan (RMS, Republic of

the South Moluccas), 1142

Residencia, 1144

Residential System (Malaya), 1144

Rhodes,Alexandre de (1591–1660), 1145

Rice in Southeast Asia, 1146

Ridley, H[enry] N[icholas] (b. 1855), 1149

Rizal, José (1861–1896), 1149

Roti (Rote), 1151

Roxas, Manuel Acuña (1892–1948), 1152

Rubber, 1154

Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia

(RRIM), 1157

Rukunegara, 1157

Russia and Southeast Asia, 1158

S

Sabah Claim, 1163

Sago, 1164

Contents xiii

Saigon (Gia µ≥nh, H∆ Chí Minh City), 1165

Sailendras, 1167

Sakdalist Movement, 1168

Sambas and Pontianak Sultanates, 1170

Samin Movement, 1171

Sandakan Death March, 1172

Sangha, 1172

Sangkum Reastre Niyum (Peoples’ Socialist

Community) (March 1955), 1173

Santo Tomas, University of, 1174

Santri, 1174

Sarawak and Sabah (North Borneo), 1175

Sarawak Museum, 1179

Sarekat Islam (1912), 1180

Savu (Sabu), 1181

Se˘jarah Me˘layu (Malay Annals), 1182

Semaoen (Semaun) (1899–1971), 1183

Seni Pramoj, M. R. (1905–1997), 1184

Services Reconnaissance Department (SRD),

1185

Sexual Practices in Southeast Asia, 1186

Shamsuddin al-Sumatrani (d. 1630), 1190

Shan Nationalism, 1190

Shan United Revolutionary Army (SURA),

1192

Shans, 1192

Shipbuilding, 1194

“Shoe Issue,” 1196

Short Declaration, Long Contract, 1197

Siamese Malay States (Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan,

Terengganu), 1197

Siem Reap, 1200

Sihanouk, Norodom (1922–), 1201

Singapore (1819), 1203

Singapore, Entrepôt Trade and Commerce of

(Nineteenth Century to 1990s), 1205

Singapore-Malaya/Malaysia Relations

(ca. 1950s-1990s), 1206

Singhasâri (1222–1293), 1208

Sino-Soviet Struggle, 1209

Sino-Vietnamese Relations, 1212

Sino-Vietnamese Wars, 1216

Sisavang Vong (r. 1904–1959), 1217

Sisowath (1840–1927), 1219

Sjahrir, Sutan (1909–1966), 1219

Sjarifuddin,Amir (1907–1948), 1221

Slavery, 1222

Snouck Hurgronje, Professor Christiaan,

(1857–1936), 1224

Société des Missions Étrangères (MEP), 1225

Soekarno (Sukarno) (1901–1970), 1225

Soetardjo Petition (1936), 1229

Son Ngoc Thanh (1907–1976?), 1229

Sook Ching, 1230

Souphanouvong (Red Prince) (1911–1995),

1230

“Southeast Asia,” 1232

South-East Asia Command (SEAC), 1232

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

(1954), 1233

Souvanna Phouma (1901–1984), 1234

Spanish Expansion in Southeast Asia, 1235

Spanish Philippines, 1237

Spanish-American Treaty of Paris (1898), 1237

Spanish-American War (1898), 1238

Spices and the Spice Trade, 1239

Spratly and Paracel Archipelagos Disputes, 1240

Sri Lanka (Ceylon), 1243

˝rivijaya (˝riwijaya), 1245

State Law and Order Restoration Council

(SLORC), 1249

Straits of Melaka, 1250

Straits Settlements (1826–1946), 1251

Straits/Malayan/Malaysian Branch of the Royal

Asiatic Society (MBRAS), 1253

Strategic Hamlet Program (Vietnam), 1253

Student Revolt (October 1973) (Thailand),

1255

Suez Canal (1869), 1256

Sugar, 1257

Suharto (1921–), 1259

Sukhotai (Sukhodava), 1263

Sulawesi (Celebes), 1265

Sultan Idris Training College (SITC), 1268

Sulu and the Sulu Archipelago, 1269

Sumatra, 1272

Sun Yat-sen, Dr. (1866–1925), 1275

Surabaya, 1277

Surakarta, 1278

S￾uryavarman I (r. ca. 1002–1049), 1279

S￾uryavarman II (r. 1113–1145?), 1281

Suu Kyi, Daw Aung San (1945–), 1282

Suvarnabhumi (Land of Gold), 1283

Swettenham, Sir Frank (1850–1946), 1283

Swidden Agriculture, 1284

Syahbandar (Shahbandar), 1286

Syed Shaykh al-Hady (1867?–1934), 1287

Syonan-to, 1288

T

Tabinshweihti (r. 1531–1550), 1291

Tabon Cave (Palawan), 1292

Taft,William Howard (1857–1930), 1293

T’ais, 1294

Tam Cuong, 1296

Tam Giao, 1296

xiv Contents

Taman Siswa (1922), 1297

Tambralinga (Tan-liu-mei), 1298

Tan Cheng Lock (1883–1960), 1299

Tan Malaka, Ibrahim Datuk (1897?–1949),

1299

Taruc, Luis (1913–), 1301

Tausug and the Sulu Sultanate, 1302

Taxation, 1306

Tây-s≈n Rebellion (1771–1802), 1309

Temasik (Tumasik), 1311

Temple Political Economy, 1312

Templer, General Sir Gerald (1898–1979),

1315

Tenasserim, 1317

Terauchi Hisaichi, Field Marshal Count

(1879–1946), 1320

Tet Offensive (1968), 1321

Textiles of Southeast Asia, 1324

Thakin, 1325

Thammasat University, 1325

Thanom Kittikachorn, Field Marshal (1911–),

1326

“The Jews of the Orient,” 1328

Thirty Comrades, 1329

Timor, 1330

Tin, 1332

Tjokroaminoto, Haji Oemar Said (1882–1934),

1334

To’ Janggut (1853–1915), 1335

Tobacco, 1335

Tonkin (Tongking), 1337

Torajas, 1339

Tordesillas,Treaty of (1494), 1340

Toungoo Dynasty (1531–1752), 1340

Towkay, 1342

Trade and Commerce of Southeast Asia (ca.

Nineteenth Century to the 1990s), 1343

Trailok (r. 1448–1488), 1350

Travelers and Sojourners, European, 1350

Tri.nh Family (1597–1786), 1352

Truong Chinh (1907–1988), 1354

Tuhfat al-Nafis (The Precious Gift), 1355

Tun Perak (d. ca. 1498), 1356

Tun-sun, 1357

U

U Saw and the Assassination of Aung San,

1359

Undang-Undang Laut (Melaka Maritime

Laws/Code), 1360

Underwater/Maritime Archaeology in

Southeast Asia, 1361

Unified Buddhist Church (1963), 1364

United Malays National Organization

(UMNO) (1946), 1365

United Nations and Conflict Resolution in

Southeast Asia, 1366

United Nations Transitional Authority in

Cambodia (UNTAC) (1992–1993), 1369

University of Malaya, 1371

University of Rangoon, 1371

U.S. Involvement in Southeast Asia (post-1945),

1372

U.S. Military Bases in Southeast Asia, 1375

V

Vajiravudh (Rama VI) (r. 1910–1925), 1379

Van den Bosch, Count Johannes (1780–1844),

1381

Van der Capellen, Baron Godert Alexander

Philip (1778–1848), 1381

Van Diemen,Anthony (1593–1645), 1383

Van Heutsz, General Joannes Benedictus

(1851–1924), 1384

Van Mook, Dr. Hubertus Johannes

(1894–1965), 1385

Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC)

([Dutch] United East India Company)

(1602), 1387

Vientiane, 1388

Viªt Cong, 1391

Viªt Minh (Viªt Nam µ¡c L¥p µ∆ng Minh

H¡i, League for the Independence of

Vietnam), 1393

Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang (VNQDD)

(Vietnamese Nationalist Party) (1927), 1395

Vietnam, North (post-1945), 1396

Vietnam, South (post-1945), 1399

Vietnam under French Colonial Rule, 1402

Vietnamese Communist Party (VCP) (Dang

Cong San Viet Nam), 1406

Viets, 1408

Visayan Islands (Bisayan Islands, the Bisayas, the

Visayas), 1409

Vo Nguy∑n Giap (1911–), 1411

Volksraad (People’s Council) (1918–1942), 1413

W

Wali Songo, 1415

Wallace Line, 1416

Wan Ahmad (1836–1914), 1417

Wataniah, 1418

Wayang Kulit, 1419

Western Malay States (Perak, Selangor, Negri

Sembilan, and Pahang), 1420

“White Man’s Burden,” 1423