Solar PV and Wind Energy Conversion Systems

Green Energy and Technology

S. Sumathi

L. Ashok Kumar

P. Surekha

Solar PV and Wind

Energy Conversion

Systems

An Introduction to Theory, Modeling

with MATLAB/SIMULINK, and the Role

of Soft Computing Techniques

Green Energy and Technology

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059

S. Sumathi • L. Ashok Kumar • P. Surekha

Solar PV and Wind Energy

Conversion Systems

An Introduction to Theory, Modeling

with MATLAB/SIMULINK, and the Role

of Soft Computing Techniques

S. Sumathi

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PSG College of Technology

Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

L. Ashok Kumar

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PSG College of Technology

Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

P. Surekha

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

PES University

Bangalore, Karnataka, India

ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic)

Green Energy and Technology

ISBN 978-3-319-14940-0 ISBN 978-3-319-14941-7 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14941-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015930263

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

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Preface

Solar PV and wind energy is an integral part of different renewable energy

resources, in general, and, in particular, it is the main and continuous input variable

from the practically inexhaustible sun. Solar energy is expected to play a very

significant role in the future especially in developing countries, but it also has

potential in developed countries. Over the past few years, wind energy has shown

the fastest rate of growth of any form of electricity generation with its development

stimulated by concerns of national policy makers over climate change, energy

diversity and security of supply. The material presented in this book has been

chosen to provide a comprehensive account of solar energy modeling methods

based on MATLAB/SIMULINK.

The book is intended for later year undergraduate, post-graduate and research

students interested in understanding the modeling and control of large wind turbine

generators based on MATLAB/SIMULINK. It starts with a review of the principles

of operation, modeling and control of the common solar energy and wind genera￾tion systems and then moves on to discuss grid compatibility, power quality

issues and hybrid models of solar PV and Wind Energy Conversion Systems.

MATLAB/SIMULINK models of fuel cell technology and their converters are

discussed in detail. The impact of soft computing techniques such as neural

networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms in the area of solar and wind energy

is explained with practical implementation using MATLAB/SIMULINK models.

Coimbatore, India S. Sumathi

v

Acknowledgement

The authors are always thankful to the Almighty for perseverance and

achievements.

The authors owe their gratitude to Mr. L. Gopalakrishnan, Managing Trustee,

PSG Institutions, and Dr. R. Rudramoorthy, Principal, PSG College of Technology,

Coimbatore, for their whole-hearted cooperation and great encouragement given in

this successful endeavour.

Dr. Sumathi owes much to her daughter, S. Priyanka, who has helped a lot in

monopolizing her time on book work and substantially realized the responsibility.

She feels happy and proud for the steel frame support rendered by her husband,

Mr. Sai Vadivel. Dr. Sumathi would like to extend whole-hearted thanks to her

parents who have reduced the family commitments and for their constant support.

She is greatly thankful to her brother Mr. M. S. Karthikeyan who has always been a

“Stimulator” for her progress. She is pertinent in thanking her parents-in-laws for

their great moral support.

Dr. L. Ashok Kumar would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge those

people who helped me in completing this book. This book would not have come to

its completion without the help of my students, my department staff and my

institute. My sincere gratitude and thanks are due to our Management and to our

Principal Dr. R. Rudramoorthy for providing me such a wonderful platform to

perform. I am thankful to all my students who are doing their project and research

work with me. But the writing of this book is greatly possible mainly because of the

support of my family members, parents and sisters.

Most importantly, I am very grateful to my wife, Y. Uma Maheswari, for her

constant support during writing, and without her all these things would not

be possible. I would like to express my special gratitude to my daughter,

A. K. Sangamithra, for her smiling face and support, this helped a lot in completing

this book work even there is any backlog and the writing of this book has taken a

significant amount of my play time with her.

vii

Dr. P. Surekha would like to thank her parents, husband, Mr. A. Srinivasan, and

daughter, Baby. S. Saisusritha, who shouldered a lot of extra responsibilities during

the months this was being written. They did this with the long-term vision, depth of

character, and positive outlook that are truly befitting of their name.

The authors wish to thank all their friends and colleagues who have been with

them in all their endeavours with their excellent, unforgettable help and assistance

in the successful execution of the work.

viii Acknowledgement

About This Book

Solar and wind energy are expected to play a very significant role in the future

especially in developing countries, but it also has potential in developed countries.

The material presented in this book has been chosen to provide a comprehensive

account of solar and wind energy modeling methods. For this purpose, explanatory

background material has been introduced with MATLAB based simulation models

with the intention that engineers and scientists can benefit on the subject both from

application and research points of view. In practical implementation, the efficiency

of solar PV and wind energy conversion systems is less, hence converters are used

to improve the efficiency. Converters are designed using MATLAB/SIMULINK

models thus increasing the efficiency and providing several applications in the

research perspective. Recent trends in solar and wind energy based on soft com￾puting techniques are also provided with practical examples and Simulink models.

Salient Features

The salient features of this book include:

• Detailed description of solar PV and their components.

• Theory and practical applications of wind energy conversion systems.

• MATLAB/SIMULINK based models of solar and wind energy conversion

systems.

• Hybrid energy systems, power quality issues and grid integration techniques.

• Applications of solar and wind energy conversion systems based on soft

computing.

• Implementation of soft computing based solar PV and wind energy conversion

systems using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

• Principle of fuel cell, converters used in fuel cell and architecture models for

high power and high voltage applications.

ix

Organization of the book

Chapter 1 describes the basic concepts of renewable energy systems, i-implications

of renewable energy and their availability in India and the World, basic terminol￾ogies used in the renewable energy systems, grid integration issues while integrat￾ing renewable energy systems, schemes, policies and funds available for renewable

energy systems, and the role of MATLAB/SIMULINK and soft computing tech￾niques in renewable energy systems.

Chapter 2 provides an understanding of basic components of solar PV system

and its merits and demerits, involvement of power electronic devices in solar PV

components, MATLAB/SIMULINK model of different control strategies of power

conditioning unit, importance of MATLAB/SIMULINK model in improving the

efficiency of the overall solar PV system, characteristics of solar PV panel and its

MATLAB/SIMULINK model, and characteristics and MATLAB/SIMULINK

model of solar PV power conditioning unit.

Chapter 3 discusses the importance of soft computing techniques such as neural

networks, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms in solar PV system. Soft computing

techniques used in MPPT of solar PV system and its MATLAB/SIMULINK model,

prediction of solar irradiance using soft computing techniques and parameter estima￾tion of solar PV module using genetic algorithms are delineated in this chapter.

Chapter 4 focuses on the characteristics of wind energy and components of wind

energy conversion systems. The types of wind turbine generators based on their

electrical configuration are described. The power converter topologies used for

wind turbine generators are elaborated in detail. The MATLAB/SIMULINK

models for wind turbine and types of wind turbine generators are developed and

the simulation results are analyzed. The concept of grid connection with

SIMULINK model is presented in this chapter.

In Chap. 5, importance of soft computing techniques in WECS, prediction of

power factor using soft computing techniques, fuzzy based pitch angle control, soft

computing based MPPT in WECS, and economic dispatch of WECS using soft

computing algorithms are discussed.

In Chap. 6, a detailed description of hybridizing solar PV module with wind

energy system and diesel system is provided. Further, the MATLAB/SIMULINK

model of hybrid solar PV and wind energy conversion system, converters used for

hybrid solar PV and wind energy conversion system, and fuzzy logic controller for

hybrid power systems are also elaborated.

Chapter 7 explains the grid issues in integrating renewable energy systems,

converters used for grid integration techniques and their control strategy.

MATLAB/SIMULINK models of Synchronous Reference Frame PLL (dq PLL),

Stationary Reference Frame PLL (αβ PLL), Decoupled Synchronous Reference

Frame PLL (DSRF PLL), Decoupled Stationary Reference Frame PLL (Dαβ PLL)

and Hybrid Dαβ PLL, and Filters used for grid integration techniques and its control

strategy are provided.

x About This Book

Chapter 8 gives the basic concepts of harmonics and power quality issues,

reactive power compensation using custom power devices such as DSTATCOM,

DVR and UPQC, power quality problems and standards associated with power

quality issues. The procedure for measurement of power quality in PV system and

harmonic reduction in wind energy conversion systems with power quality issues

are explained in detail.

Chapter 9 enlightens the need for fuel cells and types of fuel cells, comparative

analysis and characteristic behavior of fuel cells, MATLAB/SIMULINK imple￾mentation of fuel cell model, types of converters and their implementation using

MATLAB/SIMULINK, series architecture, DC bus distribution architecture, high

frequency AC (HFAC) distribution architecture, multilevel architecture models for

high power and high voltage applications.

About This Book xi

Contents

1 Introduction ........................................... 1

1.1 What Is Energy? . . . . ............................... 1

1.1.1 The Energy Scenario . . . ....................... 2

1.1.2 Energy Crisis: Global and Indian ................. 4

1.2 Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2.1 Efficient Energy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 7

1.3 Classification of Energy Sources . . . .................... 7

1.4 Solar Photovoltaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.4.1 Solar Radiation .............................. 11

1.4.2 Measurement of Solar Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.5 Wind Energy ...................................... 13

1.5.1 Renewable Energy in the 12th Five-Year

Plan (2012–2017) ............................ 14

1.5.2 Barriers to Achieving Higher Growth . . ............ 15

1.6 Benefits of Renewable Energy Sources ................... 18

1.7 Trends in Energy Consumption . . . ..................... 19

1.7.1 Annual Energy Consumption .................... 24

1.7.2 RES in INDIA .............................. 25

1.7.3 National Policy Measures Supporting Renewables . . . . 26

1.7.4 Renewable Energy Law . . . .................... 27

1.7.5 Generation Based Incentive (2009–2012) . . . ........ 28

1.7.6 Renewable Energy Certificate Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

1.7.7 National Clean Energy Fund .................... 30

1.7.8 Other Initiatives: Renewable Regulatory

Fund Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

1.7.9 Land Allocation Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

1.7.10 Grid Integration Issues . . ...................... 31

1.7.11 Grid Transmission Planning Process . . ............ 32

1.7.12 Interconnection Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

xiii

1.7.13 Green Energy Corridor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

1.7.14 India Smart Grid Task Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

1.8 Worldwide Potentials of Renewable Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . 34

1.9 Need for New Energy Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

1.10 Introduction to Matlab and Simulink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

1.11 Introduction to Soft Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

1.11.1 Soft Computing Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

1.11.2 Applications of Soft Computing Techniques

in Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

1.11.3 Applications of Soft Computing (AI) Techniques

in Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

1.12 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

2 Application of MATLAB/SIMULINK in Solar PV Systems . . . . . . . 59

2.1 Basics of Solar PV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

2.2 PV Module Performance Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

2.2.1 Balance of System and Applicable Standards . . . . . . . . 62

2.2.2 Photovoltaic Systems Total Costs Overview . . . . . . . . . 65

2.3 Types of PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

2.3.1 Grid-Connected Solar PV System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

2.3.2 Stand-Alone Solar PV System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

2.3.3 PV-Hybrid Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

2.3.4 Stand-Alone Hybrid AC Solar Power System

with Generator and Battery Backup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

2.4 MATLAB Model of Solar PV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

2.4.1 SIMULINK Model of PV Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

2.4.2 SIMULINK Model for PV Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

2.4.3 SIMULINK Model to Find Shading Effect . . . . . . . . . . 82

2.5 Charge Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

2.5.1 Batteries in PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

2.5.2 Battery Types and Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

2.5.3 Battery Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

2.5.4 Battery Discharging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

2.5.5 Battery Gassing and Overcharge Reaction . . . . . . . . . . 88

2.5.6 Charge Controller Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

2.5.7 Charge Controller Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

2.5.8 Operating Without a Charge Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

2.5.9 Using Low-Voltage “Self-Regulating” Modules . . . . . . 95

2.5.10 Using a Large Battery or Small Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

2.6 MATLAB Model of SOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

2.6.1 SIMULINK Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

2.7 MATLAB Model of Charge Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

2.8 Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

2.8.1 Centralized Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

2.8.2 String Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

xiv Contents