Solar cells : Materials, manufacture and operation

Solar Cells: Materials,

Manufacture and Operation

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Solar Cells: Materials,

Manufacture and Operation

Edited by"

Tom Markvart

University of Southampton, UK and

Luis Castafier

Universidad Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain

ELSEVIER

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First edition 2005

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Solar cells: materials, manufacture and operation

1. Solar cells- Design and construction 2. Solar cells- Materials

I. Markvart, Thomas II. Castafier, Luis

621.3'1244

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN-13:978-1-85617-457-1

ISBN-10:1-85617-457-3

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Publisher's Note

In response to a perceived demand for a concise account of solar cell

technology, this volume 'Solar Cells: Materials, Manufacture and Operation'

has been abstracted virtually without change from the 'Practical Handbook of

Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications', also edited by Dr Markvart

and Professor Castafier and published in 2003. (ISBN 185617 3909)

A new chapter on 'Low Cost Industrial Manufacture of Crystalline Silicon Solar

Cells' by Szlufcik et al has been provided as the original chapter was taken from a

proceedings volume and was in need of updating.

To save time and costs, the original Section and Chapter numbering has been

retained, although a new index has been provided.

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Contents

List of Contributors

PART ii SOLAR CELLS

ila Introduction

1 Principles of solar cell operation T. Markvart and L. Castafier

2 Semiconductor materials and modelling T. Markvart andL. Castafier

3 Ideal efficiencies ET. Landsberg and T. Markvart

lib Crystalline silicon solar cells

1 Silicon: manufacture and properties F. Ferrazza

2 Low cost industrial technologies of crystalline silicon solar cells

J. Szlufcik, G, Agostinelli, F. Duerinckx, E. Van Kerschaver and

G. Beaucarne

3 Thin silicon solar cells M. Mauk, P. Sims, J. Rand, and A. Barnett

4 Characterisation and diagnosis of silicon wafers and devices

A. Cuevas and R. Sinton

5 High-efficiency silicon solar cell concepts M.A. Green

iic Thin film technologies

1 Amorphous silicon solar cells D.E. Carlson and C.R. Wronski

2 Microcrystalline silicon solar cells K. Yamamoto

3 Cadmium telluride thin-film PV modules D. Bonnet

4 Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin-film solar cells U. Rau and H.W. Shock

lid Space and concentrator cells

1 GaAs and high-efficiency space cells V.M. Andreev

2 High-efficiency concentrator silicon solar cells P.J. Verlinden

lie Organic and dye sensitised cells

1 Photoelectrochemical solar cells A.J. McEvoy

2 Organic and plastic solar cells J. Nelson

ilf Testing, Monitoring and Calibration

1 Standards, calibration, and testing of PV modules and solar cells

C. Osterwald

2 Calibration, testing and monitoring of space solar cells

E. Fernandez Lisbona

viii Solar Cells: Materials, Manufacture and Operation

APPENDICES

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

Appendix D

Appendix E

Appendix F

Constants, physical quantities and conversion factors

List of principal symbols

Abbreviations and acronyms

Bibliography

International and US standards with relevance to

photovoltaics

Useful web sites, journals and newsheets

EDITORIAL INDEX

List of Contributors

Vyacheslav M. Andreev, Ioffe Physico-Technical

Polytekhnicheskaya str., St. Petersburg 194021, Russia

email: [email protected]

Institute, 26

Allen Barnett, 19 Nivin Lane, Landenberg, PA 19350, USA

email: [email protected]

Dieter Bonnet, Breslauer Ring 9a, D-61381 Friedrichsdorf, Germany

email: [email protected]

David E.Carlson,BP Solar, 989 Corporate Boulevard, Linthicum, MD 21090,

USA

email: [email protected]

Luis Castafier, GDS, Modulo C4 Campus Nord, Universidad Politecnica de

Catalunya, Calle ]ordi Girona 1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain

email: [email protected]

Andres Cuevas, Department of Engineering, Australian National University,

Canberra, Australia 02 O0

email: Andres. Cuevas@faceng. anu.edu, au

Emilio Fernandez Lisbona, Solar Array Section, ESA-Estec, Keplerlaan 1, 2200

AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands

email: [email protected]

Francesca Ferrazza, Eurosolare S.p.A. Via Augusto D'Andrea 6, 00048

Nettuno, Italy

email: francesca.ferrazza@eurosolare, agip.it

Martin A. Green, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Silicon Photovoltaics and

Photonics, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia

email: [email protected]

Peter T. Landsberg, Faculty of Mathematical

Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK

email: ptl@maths, soton.ac.uk

Studies, University of

x Solar Cells: Materials, Manufacture and Operation

Tom Markvart, School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton,

Southampton SO 17 1B], UK

email: [email protected]

Michael Mauk, AstroPower, Inc., 300 Executive Drive, Newark, DE 19702-

3 316, USA

email: [email protected]

Augustin McEvoy, Institute for Molecular and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of

Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique F6d6rale de Lausanne, CH-IO15

Lausanne, Switzerland.

email: [email protected]

Robert P. Mertens, Interuniversity Microelectronic Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef

75,3001 Leuven, Belgium

email: [email protected]

Jenny Nelson, Centre for Electronic Materials and Devices, Department of

Physics, Imperial College, London SW72BW, UK

email: [email protected]

Johan E Nijs, Photovoltech, rue de l'Industrie 52 Nijverheidsstraat, 1040

Brussels, Belgium

email" j ohan.nij [email protected]

Carl R. Osterwald, NREL, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-

3393, USA

email: [email protected]

Roger van Overstraeten (deceased), formerly of Interuniversity

Microelectronic Center (IMEC), Kapeldreef 75, Leuven B-3001, Belgium

]ames Rand, AstroPower, Inc., 300 Executive Drive, Newark, DE 19 702-3316,

USA

email: [email protected]

Uwe Rau, Institute of Physical Electronics, University of Stuttgart,

Pfaffenwaldring 47, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany

email: [email protected]

Hans Werner Schock, Institute of Physical Electronics, University of Stuttgart,

Pfaffenwaldring 47, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany

email: [email protected]

Contributors xi

Paul Sims, AstroPower, Inc., 300 Executive Drive, Newark, DE 19702-3316,

USA

email: [email protected]

Ronald A. Sinton, Sinton Consulting, Inc., 1132 Green Circle, Boulder, CO

80305, USA

email: [email protected]

Siva Sivoththaman, University of Waterloo, Faculty of Electrical and Computer

Engineering, 200 University Ave, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1

email: [email protected]

Jozef Szlufcik, Photovoltech, rue de l'Industrie 52 Nijverrheidsstraat, 1040

Brussels, Belgium

email: [email protected]

Pierre J. Verlinden, Origin Energy, GPO Box 1097, Adelaide, SA 5001,

Australia

email: [email protected]

Christopher R. Wronski, 215 Electrical Engineering West, The Pennsylvania

State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

email: [email protected]

Kenji Yamamoto, Kaneka Corporation, 2-1-1, Hieitsuji, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0104,

Japan

email: [email protected]

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Solar Cells

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