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Software Design for Six Sigma: A Roadmap for Excellence
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SOFTWARE DESIGN
FOR SIX SIGMA
A Roadmap for Excellence
BASEM EL-HAIK
ADNAN SHAOUT
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
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SOFTWARE DESIGN
FOR SIX SIGMA
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SOFTWARE DESIGN
FOR SIX SIGMA
A Roadmap for Excellence
BASEM EL-HAIK
ADNAN SHAOUT
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
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Copyright C 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
El-Haik, Basem.
Software design for six sigma : a roadmap for excellence / Basem S. El-Haik, Adnan Shaout.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-470-40546-8 (hardback)
1. Computer software–Quality control. 2. Six sigma (Quality control standard) I. Shaout,
Adnan, 1960– II. Title.
QA76.76.Q35E45 2010
005.1–dc22 2010025493
Printed in Singapore
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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To our parents, families, and friends for their continuous support.
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CONTENTS
PREFACE xv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix
1 SOFTWARE QUALITY CONCEPTS 1
1.1 What is Quality / 1
1.2 Quality, Customer Needs, and Functions / 3
1.3 Quality, Time to Market, and Productivity / 5
1.4 Quality Standards / 6
1.5 Software Quality Assurance and Strategies / 6
1.6 Software Quality Cost / 9
1.7 Software Quality Measurement / 13
1.8 Summary / 19
References / 20
2 TRADITIONAL SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES 21
2.1 Introduction / 21
2.2 Why Software Developmental Processes? / 22
2.3 Software Development Processes / 23
2.4 Software Development Processes Classification / 46
2.5 Summary / 53
References / 53
vii
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viii CONTENTS
3 DESIGN PROCESS OF REAL-TIME OPERATING
SYSTEMS (RTOS) 56
3.1 Introduction / 56
3.2 RTOS Hard versus Soft Real-Time Systems / 57
3.3 RTOS Design Features / 58
3.4 Task Scheduling: Scheduling Algorithms / 66
3.5 Intertask Communication and Resource Sharing / 72
3.6 Timers / 74
3.7 Conclusion / 74
References / 75
4 SOFTWARE DESIGN METHODS AND REPRESENTATIONS 77
4.1 Introduction / 77
4.2 History of Software Design Methods / 77
4.3 Software Design Methods / 79
4.4 Analysis / 85
4.5 System-Level Design Approaches / 88
4.6 Platform-Based Design / 96
4.7 Component-Based Design / 98
4.8 Conclusions / 99
References / 100
5 DESIGN FOR SIX SIGMA (DFSS) SOFTWARE
MEASUREMENT AND METRICS 103
5.1 Introduction / 103
5.2 Software Measurement Process / 105
5.3 Software Product Metrics / 106
5.4 GQM (Goal–Question–Metric) Approach / 113
5.5 Software Quality Metrics / 115
5.6 Software Development Process Metrics / 116
5.7 Software Resource Metrics / 117
5.8 Software Metric Plan / 119
References / 120
6 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES IN SOFTWARE SIX SIGMA
AND DESIGN FOR SIX SIGMA (DFSS) 122
6.1 Introduction / 122
6.2 Common Probability Distributions / 124
6.3 Software Statistical Methods / 124
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CONTENTS ix
6.4 Inferential Statistics / 134
6.5 A Note on Normal Distribution and Normality Assumption / 142
6.6 Summary / 144
References / 145
7 SIX SIGMA FUNDAMENTALS 146
7.1 Introduction / 146
7.2 Why Six Sigma? / 148
7.3 What is Six Sigma? / 149
7.4 Introduction to Six Sigma Process Modeling / 152
7.5 Introduction to Business Process Management / 154
7.6 Six Sigma Measurement Systems Analysis / 156
7.7 Process Capability and Six Sigma Process Performance / 157
7.8 Overview of Six Sigma Improvement (DMAIC) / 161
7.9 DMAIC Six Sigma Tools / 163
7.10 Software Six Sigma / 165
7.11 Six Sigma Goes Upstream—Design For Six Sigma / 168
7.12 Summary / 169
References / 170
8 INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE DESIGN FOR
SIX SIGMA (DFSS) 171
8.1 Introduction / 171
8.2 Why Software Design for Six Sigma? / 173
8.3 What is Software Design For Six Sigma? / 175
8.4 Software DFSS: The ICOV Process / 177
8.5 Software DFSS: The ICOV Process In Software Development / 179
8.6 DFSS versus DMAIC / 180
8.7 A Review of Sample DFSS Tools by ICOV Phase / 182
8.8 Other DFSS Approaches / 192
8.9 Summary / 193
8.A.1 Appendix 8.A (Shenvi, 2008) / 194
8.A.2 DIDOVM Phase: Define / 194
8.A.3 DIDOVM Phase: Identify / 196
8.A.4 DIDOVM Phase: Design / 199
8.A.5 DIDOVM Phase: Optimize / 203
8.A.6 DIDOVM Phase: Verify / 204
8.A.7 DIDOVM Phase: Monitor / 204
References / 205
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x CONTENTS
9 SOFTWARE DESIGN FOR SIX SIGMA (DFSS):
A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR SUCCESSFUL DEPLOYMENT 207
9.1 Introduction / 207
9.2 Software Six Sigma Deployment / 208
9.3 Software DFSS Deployment Phases / 208
9.4 Black Belt and DFSS Team: Cultural Change / 234
References / 238
10 DESIGN FOR SIX SIGMA (DFSS) TEAM AND TEAM
SOFTWARE PROCESS (TSP) 239
10.1 Introduction / 239
10.2 The Personal Software Process (PSP) / 240
10.3 The Team Software Process (TSP) / 243
10.4 PSP and TSP Deployment Example / 245
10.5 The Relation of Six Sigma to CMMI/PSP/TSP
for Software / 269
References / 294
11 SOFTWARE DESIGN FOR SIX SIGMA (DFSS) PROJECT
ROAD MAP 295
11.1 Introduction / 295
11.2 Software Design For Six Sigma Team / 297
11.3 Software Design For Six Sigma Road Map / 300
11.4 Summary / 310
12 SOFTWARE QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT 311
12.1 Introduction / 311
12.2 History of QFD / 313
12.3 QFD Overview / 314
12.4 QFD Methodology / 314
12.5 HOQ Evaluation / 318
12.6 HOQ 1: The Customer’s House / 318
12.7 Kano Model / 319
12.8 QFD HOQ 2: Translation House / 321
12.9 QFD HOQ3—Design House / 324
12.10 QFD HOQ4—Process House / 324
12.11 Summary / 325
References / 325
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CONTENTS xi
13 AXIOMATIC DESIGN IN SOFTWARE DESIGN FOR
SIX SIGMA (DFSS) 327
13.1 Introduction / 327
13.2 Axiomatic Design in Product DFSS:
An Introduction / 328
13.3 Axiom 1 in Software DFSS / 338
13.4 Coupling Measures / 349
13.5 Axiom 2 in Software DFSS / 352
References / 354
Bibliography / 355
14 SOFTWARE DESIGN FOR X 356
14.1 Introduction / 356
14.2 Software Reliability and Design For Reliability / 357
14.3 Software Availability / 379
14.4 Software Design for Testability / 380
14.5 Design for Reusability / 381
14.6 Design for Maintainability / 382
References / 386
Appendix References / 387
Bibliography / 387
15 SOFTWARE DESIGN FOR SIX SIGMA (DFSS) RISK
MANAGEMENT PROCESS 388
15.1 Introduction / 388
15.2 Planning for Risk Management Activities in Design and
Development / 393
15.3 Software Risk Assessment Techniques / 394
15.4 Risk Evaluation / 400
15.5 Risk Control / 403
15.6 Postrelease Control / 404
15.7 Software Risk Management Roles and
Responsibilities / 404
15.8 Conclusion / 404
References / 407
16 SOFTWARE FAILURE MODE AND EFFECT
ANALYSIS (SFMEA) 409
16.1 Introduction / 409
16.2 FMEA: A Historical Sketch / 412
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xii CONTENTS
16.3 SFMEA Fundamentals / 420
16.4 Software Quality Control and Quality Assurance / 431
16.5 Summary / 434
References / 434
17 SOFTWARE OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES 436
17.1 Introduction / 436
17.2 Optimization Metrics / 437
17.3 Comparing Software Optimization Metrics / 442
17.4 Performance Analysis / 453
17.5 Synchronization and Deadlock Handling / 455
17.6 Performance Optimization / 457
17.7 Compiler Optimization Tools / 458
17.8 Conclusion / 464
References / 464
18 ROBUST DESIGN FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 466
18.1 Introduction / 466
18.2 Robust Design Overview / 468
18.3 Robust Design Concept #1: Output Classification / 471
18.4 Robust Design Concept #2: Quality Loss Function / 472
18.5 Robust Design Concept #3: Signal, Noise, and
Control Factors / 475
18.6 Robustness Concept #4: Signal–to-Noise Ratios / 479
18.7 Robustness Concept #5: Orthogonal Arrays / 480
18.8 Robustness Concept #6: Parameter Design Analysis / 483
18.9 Robust Design Case Study No. 1: Streamlining of Debugging
Software Using an Orthogonal Array / 485
18.10 Summary / 491
18.A.1 ANOVA Steps For Two Factors Completely Randomized
Experiment / 492
References / 496
19 SOFTWARE DESIGN VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION 498
19.1 Introduction / 498
19.2 The State of V&V Tools for Software DFSS Process / 500
19.3 Integrating Design Process with Validation/Verification
Process / 502
19.4 Validation and Verification Methods / 504
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CONTENTS xiii
19.5 Basic Functional Verification Strategy / 515
19.6 Comparison of Commercially Available Verification and
Validation Tools / 517
19.7 Software Testing Strategies / 520
19.8 Software Design Standards / 523
19.9 Conclusion / 525
References / 525
INDEX 527
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