Simulation and evaluation of odor pollution from Da Phuoc landfills in Ho Chi Minh city :Master's thesis - Major : Sciences and management of the environment

THE JOINT ACADEMIC PROGRAM OF EXECUTIVE MASTER IN

SCIENCES AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ENVIROMENT

BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY OF HOCHIMINH CITY

AND LIÈGE UNIVERSITY

TA QUANG

SIMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ODOR

POLLUTION FROM DA PHUOC LANDFILLS

IN HO CHI MINH CITY

Major: EXECUTIVE MASTER IN SCIENCES AND MANAGEMENT OF

THE ENVIRONMENT

MASTER’S THESIS

HO CHI MINH CITY, YEAR 2018

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To complete the master thesis topic, I would like to thank the school board, Graduate

School of Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry, teachers Institute of Environment,

together Teachers in various disciplines have enthusiastically taught and equipped me

with knowledge during my studies.

I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Luong Van Viet for his support and advice

throughout this thesis. I would also like to thank professor of university de liege for

taught and supported me during my studies.

Lastly but most importantly I would like to thank my parents for bringing me into this

world and supporting me in every way possible. Without them I would not be the man I

am today.

Although there are many attempts to complete the topic. But due to the early learning in

scientific research, access to reality as well as knowledge is limited and lack of

experience should not be avoided shortcomings. I look forward to the comments of

teachers and friends to complete the thesis.

Author

Ta Quang

2

ABSTRACT

Odor,which refers to unpleasant smells, is nowadays considered an inportant

enviroment pollution issue. Odor pollution abatement has involves a number of bodies.

In this thesis, odor pollution in the inviroment will be reviewed, including its sources

and dispersion, the plysical and chemical properties of odor, odor emission from Da

Phuoc landfill in Ho Chi Minh city. Determining the pollutant load from which the

intensity of the odor gas is calculated. Simulate the spread of odor pollution and

evaluate to give the measures of reduction.

Keyword: odor, odor pollution, olfactometry, pollution load (NH3, H2S,CH3SH), E￾Gauss,Arcgis.

3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... 5

LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ 10

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 11

1. The reason for choosing the topic ........................................................................... 11

2. Objectives of the study ............................................................................................ 12

3. Object and area of the study .................................................................................... 12

4. The methodology .................................................................................................... 13

5. The meaning of the topic ......................................................................................... 13

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF THE FIELD OF THE STUDY ................................... 14

1.1 Overview of Ho Chi Minh City ............................................................................ 14

1.1.1 Natural condition ........................................................................................... 14

1.1.1.1 Geography ............................................................................................. 14

1.1.1.2 Hydrogeology ........................................................................................ 14

1.1.1.3 Climate, weather .................................................................................... 15

1.1.2 Social and economic conditions ...................................................................... 15

1.1.2.1 Economic growth ................................................................................... 15

1.1.2.2 Characteristics of population, society .................................................... 15

1.2 Overview of domestic solid waste and solid waste management in HCM city .... 16

1.2.1 Situation of domestic solid waste generation .................................................. 16

1.2.2 Volume and composition of the domestic solid waste .................................... 16

1.2.3 Current status of collection and transportation of the domestic solid waste .. 20

1.2.3.1 Collection time ...................................................................................... 20

1.2.3.2 Means of collection ............................................................................... 20

1.2.3.3 Save at source ......................................................................................... 20

1.2.3.4 Collector at source .................................................................................. 21

1.2.3.5 Collected at intended destinations (on the street) .................................. 22

1.2.3.6 Commercial Transfer Station ................................................................. 22

1.2.3.7 Transportation network .......................................................................... 23

4

1.2.4 Purchasing and recycling of the solid waste ................................................... 24

1.2.4.1 Reusing and recycling ............................................................................ 24

1.2.4.2 Scrap collection facalities ...................................................................... 24

1.2.4.3 Purchasing activity ................................................................................. 25

1.2.5 Treating and landfilling of the domestic solid waste ...................................... 26

1.3 Overview of Da Phuoc Solid Waste Treatment Complex ..................................... 27

1.4 Components and process of forming foul odor gases from landfill sites .............. 33

1.4.1 Components of odor gases from landfill sites ................................................. 33

1.4.2 Process of forming gases from landfill site ..................................................... 34

1.4.3 Source causing foul odor from landfill sites .................................................. 38

1.5 Method of assessment and odor meter .................................................................. 38

1.5.1 The nature of the odor ..................................................................................... 39

1.5.2 Measurement of odor by the olfactory sensitivity method ............................. 43

1.5.3 Measurement of odor by Electronic nose (E-nose) ......................................... 45

1.5.4 Relationship between odor intensity and odor concentration ......................... 45

CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHOD AND CONTENTS ......................................... 49

2.1 Situation of research on the spread of odor pollution ........................................... 49

2.1.1 Abroad research situation. ............................................................................... 49

2.1.2 Domestic research situation ............................................................................ 50

2.2 Research contents .................................................................................................. 51

2.3 Research methods .................................................................................................. 53

2.3.1 Statistical methods .......................................................................................... 53

2.3.2 GIS-RS method ............................................................................................... 53

2.3.3 Method of determining the intensity of odor .................................................. 54

2.2.4 Method of determining the amount of odor pollutant load ............................. 55

2.3.5 Process of simulating odor pollution .............................................................. 62

CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLIMATE AND CIRCULATION IN HO

CHI MINH CITY ........................................................................................................... 65

3.1 Characteristics of climate in studied area ............................................................. 65

3.1.1 Rainfall ........................................................................................................... 65

5

3.1.2 Temperature .................................................................................................... 68

3.1.3 Relative humidity ............................................................................................ 70

3.2 Wind speed and direction ...................................................................................... 72

CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...................................... 76

4.1 Analysis of opinion survey .................................................................................... 76

4.2 Garbage formula in Da Phuoc landfill site ............................................................ 80

4.3 The results determine the amount of odor gas ...................................................... 82

4.3.1 Loading of NH3 ............................................................................................... 83

4.3.2 Loading of H2S and MER ............................................................................... 87

4.4 Results of the odor intensity equation ................................................................... 92

4.5 The level of odor pollution around the landfill site through simulation results ... 93

4.3.1 The level of odor pollution through the dry season ........................................ 93

4.3.2 The level of odor pollution through the rainy season ..................................... 96

4.3.3 The level of odor pollution during the transition from dry to rainy season. ... 99

4.4.4 The level of odor pollution during the transition from rainy to dry season .. 102

4.5 Proposing a plan to reduce odor pollution from the landfill site ....................... 105

4.5.1 Proposed scenarios ........................................................................................ 105

4.5.2 Analysis of pollution mitigation through scenarios ...................................... 108

4.5.2.1 Scenarios 1 (Reduce 50% of the pollutant load) .................................. 108

4.5.2.2 Scenarios 2 (Reduce 50% of the pollutant load) .................................. 110

4.5.2.3 Scenarios 3 (Reduce 70% of the pollutant load) .................................. 111

4.5.3 Suggestions for reduction of pollution load .................................................. 113

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION ................................................................ 117

REFERENCES.............................................................................................................. 118

APPENDIX................................................................................................................... 120

6

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Composition of solid wastefrom households, schools, restaurants and hotels in

Ho Chi Minh City ........................................................................................................... 17

Table 1.2 Compsition of solid waste at Đa Phuoc and Phuoc Hiep landfill site ........... 19

Table 1.3 Composition and volume of solid waste at purchasing and recycling facilities

........................................................................................................................................ 25

Table 1.4 Domestic solid waste disposal and treatment plants are in operation ............ 26

Table 1.5 Volume of solid waste collected at Da Phuoc landfill ................................... 31

Table 1.6 Componentsof gases from landfill sites by percentage by dry volume ......... 33

Table 1.7 The effect of hydro sulfua gas on humans ..................................................... 39

Table 1.8 The effect of SO2 gas on humans ................................................................... 40

Table 1.9 The effect of NH3 gas on humans .................................................................. 41

Table 1.10 Scale of 4 on assessment of odor intensity .................................................. 43

Table 1.11 Scale of 6 on assessment of odor intensity .................................................. 43

Table 1.12 Odor threshold of H2S .................................................................................. 46

Table 2.1 The value of k for tropical regions ................................................................. 59

Table 3.1 Average monthly rainfall in Tan Son Hoa station (mm) ............................... 65

Table 3.2 Monthly statistics of Tan Son Hoa station (0C) ............................................. 68

Table 3.3 Monthly humidityof Tan Son Hoa station (%) .............................................. 71

Table 3.4 Frequency of wind direction of Tan Son Hoa station (%) ............................. 73

Table 3.5 Average wind speed of Tan Son Hoa station (m/s) ....................................... 74

Table 3.6 Average wind speed and standard deviation of Tan Son Nhat station .......... 75

Table 4.1 Odor sign in the questionnaire ....................................................................... 76

Table 4.2 Frequency of occurrence of odors over time in Nhon Duc commune (%) .... 79

Table 4.3 Frequency of occurrence of odors over time in Đa Phuoc commune (%) ..... 79

Table 4.4 Composition of solid waste is capable of decomposing at Da Phuoc

landfillsites..................................................................................................................... 80

Table 4.5 The composition of domestic solid waste ...................................................... 81

Table 4.6 The composition of domestic solid waste in Da Phuoc landfill sites ............ 81

Table 4.7 Data on NH3, H2S and MER emissions of Da Phuoc landfill site on average

dry season and rainy season (tons/month) ..................................................................... 83

Table 4.8 Coefficient k in calculated emissions of NH3 ................................................ 85

Table 4.9 The result of monthly and seasonal NH3 emission in Da Phuoc landfill site

(ton/month) ..................................................................................................................... 87

Table 4.10 Coefficient k in calculated emissions H2S and CH3SH .............................. 88

Table 4.11 The results of average monthly and seasonal H2S emission at Da Phuoc

landfill site (tons /month) .............................................................................................. 90

7

Table 4.12 The results of average monthly and seasonal CH3SH emission at Da Phuoc

landfill site (tons /month) .............................................................................................. 91

Table 4.13 The results of H2S and CH3SH emission at Da Phuoc landfill in 2016

(mg/m2

.h) ........................................................................................................................ 92

Table 4.14 Data on the concentration of odors and odor levels ..................................... 92

Table 4.15 Frequency of occurrence of odors at the ward level during the dry season(%)

......................................................................................................................................... 96

Table 4.16 Frequency of occurrence of odors at the ward level during the rainseason(%)

......................................................................................................................................... 99

Table 4.17 Frequency of odors occurring at commune and ward levels during

transitionfrom dry to rainy season (%) ........................................................................ 102

Table 4.18 Frequency of odors occurring at commune and ward levels during transition

from rainy to dry season (%). ...................................................................................... 105

Table 4.19 Frequency ofl odor in communes with Scenario 0 (%) ............................. 108

Table 4.20 Frequency of level odor with KB 1 and the decrease compared to KB 0 (%) .

....................................................................................................................................... 109

Table 4.21 Frequency of level odor with KB 2 and the decrease compared to KB 0 (%) .

....................................................................................................................................... 111

Table 4.22 Frequency of level odor with KB3 and the decrease compared to KB 0 (%) ..

....................................................................................................................................... 112

8

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Da Phuoc Solid Waste Treatment Complex ................................................. 27

Figure 1.2 The system of reservoirs and leachate treatment .......................................... 30

Figure 1.3 Olfactometry ................................................................................................. 42

Figure 1.4 Relationship between odor concentration and odor intensity of Butanol and

Hydrogen Sulphide ........................................................................................................ 47

Figure 3.1 Average surface temperature of Tan Son Hoa station (oC) .......................... 69

Figure 3.2 High temperature on Tan Son Hoa station (oC) ............................................ 70

Figure 3.3 Average humidity of Tan Son Hoa station, 2 m height (%) ......................... 71

Figure 3.4 Wind at 10m in Tan Son Hoa station ........................................................... 72

Figure 3.5 The prevailing wind speed and average wind speed of Tan Son Nhat station..

......................................................................................................................................... 74

Figure 3.6 Wind direction and average wind speed on the elevation of Tan Son Hoa

station ............................................................................................................................. 75

Figure 4.1 Percentage of time people live in their current place of residence ............... 76

Figure 4.2 Odor sensitivity level .................................................................................... 77

Figure 4.3 Feel about the characteristic odors ............................................................... 79

Figure 4.4 Relationship between monitoring data and NH3 emission calculation ........ 86

Figure 4.5 Relationship between monitoring data and calculation of H2S emission ..... 89

Figure 4.6 Relationship between monitoring data and calculation of CH3SH emission.....

........................................................................................................................................ 90

Figure 4.7 Frequency of first class odor in dry months ................................................. 94

Figure 4.8 Frequency of third level odor in dry months ................................................ 94

Figure 4.9 Frequency of secondary level odor in dry months ....................................... 95

Figure 4.10 Frequency of fourth level odor in dry months ............................................ 95

Figure 4.11 Frequency of first class odor in the rainy season (%) ................................ 97

Figure 4.12 Frequency of third class odor in the rainy season (%) ............................... 97

Figure 4.13 Frequency of secondary class odor in rainy season (%) ............................. 98

Figure 4.14 Frequency of fourth class odor in the rainy season (%) ............................. 98

Figure 4.15 Frequency of first level odor in the transition months from dry to rainy

season (%) .................................................................................................................... 100

Figure 4.16 Frequency of first level odor in the transition months from dry to rainy

season (%) .................................................................................................................... 100

Figure 4.17 Frequency of third level odor in the transition months from dry to rainy

season (%) .................................................................................................................... 101

Figure 4.18 Frequency of fourth level odor in the transition months from dry to rainy

season (%) .................................................................................................................... 101

9

Figure 4.19 Frequency of first level odor in the transition months from rain to dry

season (%) .................................................................................................................... 103

Figure 4.20 Frequency of second level odor in the transition months from rain to dry

season ........................................................................................................................... 103

Figure 4.21 Frequency of third level odor in the transition months from rain to dry

season (%) .................................................................................................................... 104

Figure 4.22 Frequency of foutth level odor in the transition months from rain to dry

season (%) .................................................................................................................... 104

Figure 4.23 Frequency of second level odor with Scenario 0 (%) ............................... 107

Figure 4.24 Frequency of third level odor with Scenario 0 (%) .................................. 107

Figure 4.25 Frequency of second level odor with Scenario 1 (%) ............................... 108

Figure 4.26 Frequency of third level odor with Scenario 1 (%) .................................. 109

Figure 4.27 Frequency of second level odor with Scenario 2 (%) ............................... 110

Figure 4.28 Frequency of third level odor with Scenario 2 (%) .................................. 110

Figure 4.29 Frequency of third level odor with Scenario 3 (%) .................................. 111

Figure 4.30 Frequency of third level odor with Scenario 3 (%) .................................. 112

Figure 4.31 Vertical wells ............................................................................................ 116

Figure 4.32 Horizontal wells ........................................................................................ 116

10

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CAPE Convective Available Potential Energy

EPA US Environmental Protection Agency

GIS-RS Geographic information system

I Odour Intensity

ITCZ The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone

MER Methyl Mercaptan

OSHA The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S.

Department of Labor

Ou Odor unit

Pt Perception Threshold

TNHH MTV One-member limited liability

UBND People's Committee

WVS Waste Vietnam Solution

11

INTRODUCTION

1. The reason for choosing the topic

In the strategy of industrialization and modernization of the country by the Party and the

Government set out and by the National Assembly through in the strategy for socio￾economic development, 10-year period from 2011 to 2020, important goal is to develop

faster and stronger to increase the contribution of the industry, construction and services

in the economy structure [1]. The manufacturing business service in urban areas;

industry zones (IZ) have increasingly expansion and development has spurred the

growth of the economy - society. Economic growth - social contribute positively to the

development of the country, on the other hand gave increase to solid waste (SW) and

more (include municipal solid waste, industrial solid waste, medical solid waste,...). The

disposal indiscriminate and the lack management of uniformity of the authorities,... is

one of the causes of environmental pollution, spread of diseases, affecting the health

and human life.

Our country is one of the countries with the highest population density in the world with

a population ranks 3rd in Southeast Asia, 14th in the world. The process of rapid

population growth led to demands for housing, healthcare, transportation,... increasing

pressure on the natural environment and social environment. Load capacity of the

natural environment is limited, when the amount of waste not been disposal increase

being discharged into the environment would exceed the self-cleaning ability of the

natural environment, cause environmental pollution. Municipal solid waste mainly

domestic solid waste accounting for about 60-70% of the solid waste generated,

followed by the construction of solid waste, industrial solid waste, medical solid waste,..

The collection rate of domestic solid waste, services and industries today has increased

significantly in urban areas is 83-84%, however not meet the actual needs. Beside, the

majority of domestic solid waste had unclassified and transported to landfills. It is this

that the disposal of solid waste in Vietnam living complex than advanced countries.

Therefore, the solid waste is one of the main reasons, pollute surface water, air, soil,