Ship Construction Fifth edition D. J. EyresM.Sc ppt

Ship Construction

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Shca01.fm Page ii Tuesday, March 27, 2001 12:10 PM

Ship Construction

Fifth edition

D. J. Eyres

M.Sc., F.R.I.N.A.

Formerly Lecturer in Naval Architecture

Department of Maritime Studies

Plymouth Polytechnic

(now University of Plymouth)

OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI

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Butterworth-Heinemann

Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP

225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041

A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd

A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group

First published 1972

Second edition 1978

Third edition 1988

Fourth edition 1994

Reprinted 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000

Fifth edition 2001

© D. J. Eyres 1972, 1978, 1988, 1994, 2001

All rights reserved. No part of this publication

may be reproduced in any material form (including

photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic

means and whether or not transiently or incidentally

to some other use of this publication) without the

written permission of the copyright holder except in

accordance with the provisions of the Copyright,

Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a

licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd,

90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 0LP.

Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission

to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed

to the publisher

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Eyres, D. J. (David John)

Ship construction – 5th ed.

1. Shipbuilding 2. Naval architecture

I. Title

623.8′2

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

Eyres, David J.

Ship construction/David J. Eyres. – 5th ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Shipbuilding. 2. Naval architecture. I. Title.

VM145.E94 2001

623.8′3–dc21

2001025515

ISBN 0 7506 4887 2

www.bh.com

Typeset in India at Integra Software Services Pvt Ltd, Pondicherry, India 605005, www.integra-india.com

Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall

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Contents......................................... vii

Preface............................................ ?

Acknowledgments......................... I

Part 1 Introduction to

Shipbuilding................................... 1

1 Basic Design of the Ship............................ 1

Preparation of the Design..................................... 1

Information Provided by Design............................ 4

Purchase of a New Vessel.................................... 6

Ship Contracts ...................................................... 7

2 Ship Dimensions and Form........................ 2

3 Development of Ship Types ....................... 3

Dry Cargo Ships.................................................... 3

Bulk Carriers......................................................... 19

Oil Tankers............................................................ 21

Passenger Ships................................................... 26

Part 2 Materials and Strength of

Ships............................................... 2

4 Classification Societies .............................. 4

Lloyds Register Classification Symbols ............... 34

Structural Design Programs.................................. 35

Periodical Surveys................................................ 36

Damage Repairs................................................... 38

5 Steels ......................................................... 5

Manufacture of Steels........................................... 5

Heat Treatment of Steels...................................... 41

Steel Sections....................................................... 42

Shipbuilding Steels ............................................... 42

High Tensile Steels............................................... 43

Steel Castings....................................................... 44

Steel Forgings....................................................... 44

6 Aluminium Alloy.......................................... 6

Production of Aluminium....................................... 47

Fire Protection....................................................... 50

7 Testing of Materials.................................... 7

Classification Society Tests for Hull Materials ...... 53

8 Stresses to which a Ship is Subject ........... 8

Vertical Shear and Longitudinal Bending in Still

Water.................................................................... 8

Bending Moments in a Seaway ............................ 8

Longitudinal Shear Forces.................................... 58

Bending Stresses.................................................. 58

Transverse Stresses............................................. 62

Local Stresses ...................................................... 62

Brittle Fracture...................................................... 63

Fatigue Failures .................................................... 66

Part 3 Welding and Cutting........... 3

9 Welding and Cutting Processes used in

Shipbuilding................................................... 9

Gas Welding......................................................... 70

Electric Arc Welding.............................................. 72

Other Welding Processes ..................................... 81

Cutting Processes................................................. 84

10 Welding Practice and Testing Welds ....... 10

Welding Practice................................................... 10

Welding Sequences.............................................. 93

Testing Welds ....................................................... 96

Non-destructive Testing........................................ 98

Classification Society Weld Tests......................... 102

Part 4 Shipyard Practice ............... 4

11 Shipyard Layout....................................... 11

12 Ship Drawing Offices and Loftwork.......... 12

Loftwork Following Drawing Office........................ 114

13 Plate and Section Preparation and

Machining...................................................... 13

Plate and Section Preparation.............................. 13

Plate and Section Machining ................................ 120

Frame Bending..................................................... 126

14 Prefabrication........................................... 14

Sub-assemblies .................................................... 133

Unit Fabrication..................................................... 133

Outfit Modules....................................................... 135

Unit Erection......................................................... 136

Joining Ship Sections Afloat................................. 138

15 Launching................................................. 15

End Launches....................................................... 15

Side Launches...................................................... 151

Building Docks...................................................... 151

Ship Lifts............................................................... 152

Part 5 Ship Structure..................... 5

16 Bottom Structure ...................................... 16

Keels..................................................................... 16

Single Bottom Structure........................................ 157

Double Bottom Structure....................................... 157

Machinery Seats ................................................... 167

17 Shell Plating and Framing........................ 17

Shell Plating.......................................................... 17

Framing................................................................. 170

Tank Side Brackets............................................... 172

Local Strengthening of Shell Plating..................... 172

Bilge Keel.............................................................. 178

18 Bulkheads and Pillars............................... 18

Bulkheads ............................................................. 18

Watertight Doors................................................... 190

Deep Tanks........................................................... 192

Topside Tanks ...................................................... 194

Shaft Tunnel.......................................................... 194

Pillars.................................................................... 195

19 Decks, Hatches, and Superstructures...... 19

Decks.................................................................... 19

Hatches................................................................. 207

Bulwarks ............................................................... 210

Superstructures and Deckhouses......................... 213

20 Fore End Structure................................... 20

Stem...................................................................... 20

Bulbous Bows ....................................................... 219

Chain Locker......................................................... 221

Hawse Pipes......................................................... 222

Bow Steering Arrangements................................. 224

Bow Thrust Units................................................... 224

21 Aft End Structure...................................... 21

Stern Construction................................................ 21

Stern Frame.......................................................... 228

Rudders ................................................................ 228

Steering Gear........................................................ 232

Sterntube.............................................................. 234

Shaft Bossing and A Brackets ............................ 234

Propellers.............................................................. 236

22 Tanker Construction................................. 22

Oil Tankers............................................................ 22

Materials for Tanker Construction......................... 244

Construction in Tank Spaces................................ 245

Double Hull Construction...................................... 249

Bulkheads ............................................................. 249

Hatchways ............................................................ 250

Testing Tanks ....................................................... 251

Fore End Structure................................................ 251

After End Structure............................................... 252

Superstructures..................................................... 253

Floating Production, Storage and Offloading

Vessels ................................................................. 253

Chemical Tankers................................................. 254

23 Liquefied Gas Carriers ............................. 23

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)............................ 23

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) ................................ 23

The IMO International Gas Carrier Code.............. 257

Liquefied Petroleum Gas Ships ............................ 259

Liquefied Natural Gas Ships ................................. 262

General Arrangement of Gas Carriers.................. 264

Lloyds Classification............................................ 264

Part 6 Outfit.................................... 6

24 Derricks, Masts, and Rigging ................... 24

Masts and Sampson Posts................................... 24

Derrick Rigs .......................................................... 270

Deck Cranes......................................................... 279

25 Cargo Access, Handling and Restraint .... 25

Stern and Bow Doors............................................ 25

Ramps................................................................... 282

Side Doors and Loaders....................................... 283

Portable Decks...................................................... 285

Scissors Lift........................................................... 286

Cargo Restraint..................................................... 286

26 Pumping and Piping Arrangements ......... 26

Bilge and Ballast Pumping and Piping.................. 26

General Service Pipes and Pumping.................... 292

Air and Sounding Pipes ........................................ 293

Sea Inlets.............................................................. 293

Cargo Pumping and Piping Arrangements in

Tankers................................................................. 294

27 Corrosion Control and Paint Systems...... 27

Nature and Forms of Corrosion ............................ 27

Corrosion Control.................................................. 304

Paints.................................................................... 307

Protection by Means of Paints.............................. 310

28 Ventilation, Refrigeration, and

Insulation....................................................... 28

Ventilation............................................................. 28

Refrigeration......................................................... 319

Insulation............................................................... 319

Refrigerated Container Ships................................ 322

Part 7 International Regulations .. 7

29 International Maritime Organization......... 29

Organization of IMO.............................................. 29

Work of IMO.......................................................... 29

Relationship with National Authorities................... 328

Relationship with Classification Societies............. 329

30 Tonnage................................................... 30

International Convention on Tonnage

Measurement of Ships 1969................................. 30

Tonnages.............................................................. 30

Measurement........................................................ 331

Compensated Tonnage........................................ 332

31 Load Line Rules ....................................... 31

Freeboard Computation........................................ 31

Conditions of Assignment of Freeboard................ 338

32 Structural Fire Protection ......................... 32

Requirements........................................................ 32

A, B and C Class Divisions ............................. 344

Openings in Fire Protection Divisions................... 346

Protection of Special Category Spaces ................ 347

Fire Protection Arrangements in High Speed

Craft...................................................................... 347

Index............................................... 534

Preface

This text is primarily aimed at students of marine sciences and technology,

in particular those following BTEC National and Higher National pro￾grammes in preparation for careers at sea and in marine related industries.

The subject matter is presented in sufficient depth to be of help to more

advanced students on undergraduate programmes in Marine Technology

and Naval Architecture, as well as those preparing for the Extra Master

examination. Students following professional courses in shipbuilding will

also find the book useful as background reading.

Considerable changes have occurred in shipbuilding practice with the

introduction of new technology and this book attempts to present modern

shipyard techniques without neglecting basic principles. Shipbuilding covers

a wide field of crafts and, with new developments occurring regularly, it

would be difficult to cover every facet fully within the scope of the average

textbook. For this reason further reading references are given at the end of

most chapters, these being selected from books, transactions, and period￾icals which are likely to be found in the libraries of universities and other

technical institutions.

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Acknowledgments

I am grateful to the following firms and organizations who were kind

enough to provide me with information and drawings from which material

for the book was extracted:

Appledore Shipbuilders Ltd

Blohm and Voss, A.G.

British Maritime Technology

British Oxygen Co. Ltd

E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co. Ltd

ESAB AB

Irish Shipping Ltd

MacGregor-Navire International A.B.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd

Ocean Steamship Co. Ltd

Shell Tankers (UK) Ltd

Shipping Research Services A/S

Hugh Smith (Glasgow) Ltd

Stone Manganese Marine Ltd

Wavemaster International

I would also like to thank Lloyd’s Register of Shipping for permission

to indicate various requirements of their ‘Rules and Regulations for the

Classification of Ships’.

D. J. E.

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Part 1

Introduction to Shipbuilding

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1

Basic Design of the Ship

The economic factor is of prime importance in designing a merchant

ship. An owner requires a ship which will give him the best possible

returns for his initial investment and running costs. This means that the

final design should be arrived at taking into account not only present

economic considerations, but also those likely to develop within the life

of the ship.

With the aid of computers it is possible to make a study of a large number

of varying design parameters and to arrive at a ship design which is not

only technically feasible but, more importantly, is the most economically

efficient.

Preparation of the Design

The initial design of a ship generally proceeds through three stages: con￾cept; preliminary; and contract design. The process of initial design is often

illustrated by the design spiral (Figure 1.1) which indicates that given the

objectives of the design, the designer works towards the best solution

adjusting and balancing the interrelated parameters as he goes.

A concept design should, from the objectives, provide sufficient informa￾tion for a basic techno-economic assessment of the alternatives to be made.

Economic criteria that may be derived for commercial ship designs and

used to measure their profitability are net present value, discounted cash

flow or required freight rate. Preliminary design refines and analyses the

agreed concept design, fills out the arrangements and structure and aims

at optimizing service performance. At this stage the builder should have

sufficient information to tender. Contract design details the final arrange￾ments and systems agreed with the owner and satisfies the building

contract conditions.

Total design is not complete at this stage, it has only just started, post￾contract design entails in particular design for production where the

structure, outfit and systems are planned in detail to achieve a cost and

time effective building cycle. Production of the ship must also be given

consideration in the earlier design stages, particularly where it places

constraints on the design or can affect costs.

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