Sexual Abuse of Young Children in Southern Africa ppt

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Edited by Linda Richter,

Andrew Dawes and

Craig Higson-Smith

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Compiled by the Child, Youth and Family Development Research Programme,

Human Sciences Research Council

Published by HSRC Press

Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa

www.hsrcpublishers.ac.za

© 2004 Human Sciences Research Council

Funded by the Ford Foundation

First published 2004

Second impression 2005

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or

utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, including

photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,

without permission in writing from the publishers.

ISBN 0 7969 2053 2

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Contents

Foreword ix

Graça Machel

Note from the Ford Foundation xi

Dr Gerry Salole

Acknowledgements xiii

Abbreviations xiv

1. Confronting the problem 1

Andrew Dawes, Linda Richter and Craig Higson-Smith

Section I: Talking about child sexual abuse 19

2. The many kinds of sexual abuse of young children 21

Linda Richter and Craig Higson-Smith

3. Media representations of baby rape: the case of ‘Baby Tshepang’ 36

William Bird and Nicola Spurr

Section II: Understanding child sexual abuse 53

4. Individual and contextual factors associated with the sexual abuse

of children under 12: a review of recent literature 55

Loraine Townsend and Andrew Dawes

5. The socio-cultural context of child abuse: a betrayal of trust 95

Mthobeli Guma and Nomvo Henda

6. Responses to gender-based violence in schools 110

Heather Brookes and Craig Higson-Smith

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7. Child sexual abuse and HIV infection 130

Rachel Jewkes

8. Commercial sexual exploitation and trafficking of children 143

Craig Higson-Smith and Linda Richter

9. Measurement and monitoring 176

Andrew Dawes, Jacqueline Borel-Saladin and Zareena Parker

Section III: Legal and policy responses 207

10. Legal definitions and practices in child sexual abuse 209

Jacqui Gallinetti

11. Challenges of service evaluation in the Wynberg and Cape Town

Sexual Offences Courts and their related services 227

Mastoera Sadan

12. Policy responses to child sexual abuse in South Africa 250

Jackie Loffell

13. At the coalface: the Childline experience 263

Joan van Niekerk

14. Advocacy on behalf of sexually abused children: research and

policy issues arising from a case study 276

Deborah Ewing

15. The Report of the Parliamentary Task Group on the sexual abuse

of children 2002: a commentary 304

Rose September

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Section IV: Clinical and therapeutic responses 333

16. Access to specialist services and the criminal justice system:

data from the Teddy Bear Clinic 335

Craig Higson-Smith, Luke Lamprecht and Lorna Jacklin

17. Doing something: the initiation of sexual abuse services in Soweto 356

Chrissie Mkhasibe with René Brandt

18. Therapeutic approaches to sexually abused children 367

Beverley Killian and Jonathan Brakarsh

19. Case studies of child sexual abuse in Zimbabwe 395

Clare Rudd

20. Armed conflict and the sexual abuse of children in Mozambique 411

Boia Efraime Junior

Section V: Reflections 427

21. Research on child sexual abuse: some problems and comments

(Nog ’n klip in die bos) 429

Ann Levett

22. Are we any closer to solutions? 452

Linda Richter, Andrew Dawes and Craig Higson-Smith

Contributors 467

Index 473

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Foreword

Recently the horror of child sexual abuse in southern Africa has been pushed

to the forefront of public consciousness.

It is impossible to describe the physical and emotional wounds that children

who have been violated are left to deal with. Sexual abuse causes terrible pain

at the time of the assault and can leave scars that linger on in children’s lives

in a multitude of ways, threatening their physical and emotional well-being

and development, their sense of self, their right to health and happiness.

Some say that the incidence of this horrendous crime is increasing; others say

that there is a higher rate of reporting of such abuse; yet others say that such

crimes have been exploited by sensationalists. Whatever the strengths or

weaknesses of such arguments, surely it must be clear to us as adults, as par￾ents, as human beings – that while even one child suffers from this horror, that

is one child too many. And we all know that we are not dealing with only one

child or one isolated case. Our estimates may not always be accurate, but those

working in communities know the enormity of the problem. The incidence of

child sexual abuse in southern Africa is high enough to be seen as an assault,

a war upon our children. And in the African tradition that I have been a part

of, any assault on our children is an assault on ourselves – our integrity, our

families, our communities, indeed the very essence of our humanity.

The ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

marked an important step toward developing and implementing policies that

would protect children’s rights. Sexual abuse clearly constitutes a violation of

such rights, resulting in an obligation on the part of the state to ensure that

effective and appropriate steps are taken to address the problem. Yet this

responsibility of the state for action must encompass and be supported by our

individual responsibility and actions as well.

As adults, I believe we have a responsibility towards children. This respon￾sibility should motivate and mobilise us all – individuals, civil society, and

ix

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THE SEXUAL ABUSE OF YOUNG CHILDREN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

x

government – to obliterate the scourge of child sexual abuse from our region

and beyond. Let us act together to show our love for our children – and let us

do it now.

Graça Machel

Foundation for Community Development

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Note from the Ford Foundation

The high prevalence of sexual abuse among young children in southern Africa

is well established. In part due to the recent high profile publicity given to hor￾rific cases of infant rape, sexual abuse has become a major focus of public con￾cern. Given the scale of the problem, we face nothing less than a crisis. Clearly,

the phenomenon poses significant challenges to our commitment to advanc￾ing the rights of children, and to ensuring their well-being.

Child sexual abuse touches on many critical issues. However, the questions

that are perhaps foremost in people’s minds when they confront the problem

are: how on earth do we explain what is going on and what do we do about

it? The Ford Foundation is concerned about household viability and regards

the problem of child sexual abuse as a feature of this systemic threat. To this

end, the Foundation has provided financial support for the publication of the

present volume. We endorse the view of the editors that the problem requires

a coordinated, considered and integrated response that is informed by sound

research and policy formulation.

We believe that The sexual abuse of young children in southern Africa makes an

important and much needed contribution to the field. The book will serve as

a resource for researchers, advocates and service providers to better under￾stand the phenomenon of child sexual abuse in the region and to translate this

understanding into an integrated response.

The Ford Foundation is proud to have been part of the process that led to the

conceptualisation of this book. The idea for this volume was born out of a

meeting of researchers, practitioners, child rights activists and policy analysts

that was hosted by the Foundation in August 2002. Given the excellent

discussions at the meeting, it was a natural step to take the debate into the

wider public domain through the production of this volume. It was clear from

deliberations at the meeting that our understanding of child sexual abuse in

southern Africa is very limited. We trust that the publication will be of

xi

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THE SEXUAL ABUSE OF YOUNG CHILDREN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

xii

assistance to those working in the field of child sexual abuse, that it will act as

a stimulus to research, and that it will lead to improved policies and services

to affected children.

Dr Gerry Salole

Ford Foundation Representative, Johannesburg

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Acknowledgements

The Ford Foundation

The editors are most grateful to the Ford Foundation for their generous

support for this project. The Foundation, through the Program Officer for

Sexuality and Reproductive Health, Dr William Okedi, funded the research

meeting convened by the Child, Youth and Family Development Research

Programme of the Human Sciences Research Council at which the idea of a

book of this nature was first raised. The Foundation has gone on to fund the

major portion of the publication costs for this volume. It should be noted that

the views expressed in this volume are those of the individual contributors

and do not reflect the official views of the Ford Foundation.

Editorial assistance

The editors of this volume are all very busy people, and René Brandt was

requested to act as our editorial assistant and copy editor. René did an out￾standing job. She went the extra mile to make sure the project and all the

authors stayed on track. We are most grateful for her contribution.

HSRC Publishers

To Garry Rosenberg, Fiona Wilson, Mary Ralphs and the HSRC Publishing

team, many thanks for your advice and patience along the road.

xiii

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Abbreviations

ACDP African Christian Democratic Party

ACESS Alliance for Children’s Entitlement to Social Security

ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

AHCP Accredited Health Care Person

ANC African National Congress

CADRE Centre for AIDS Development, Research and Evaluation

CAP Churches’ Agricultural Project

CAPFSA Child Accident Prevention Foundation of South Africa

CERPIJ Centro Reabilitacao Psicologica Infantil e Juvenil

(Psychological Rehabilitation Centre for Children and

Teenagers)

CFP Community Focal Persons

CIET Community Information and Epidemiological Technologies

CPU Child Protection Unit

CRC (United Nations) Convention on the Rights of the Child

CSA Child sexual abuse

DoC Department of Communication

DoCS Department of Correctional Services

DoE Department of Education

DoH Department of Health

DoHA Department of Home Affairs

DoJ Department of Justice and Constitutional Development

DoSD Department of Social Development

DoSS Department of Safety and Security

DoW Department of Welfare

xiv

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xv

DP Democratic Party

FCS Family Violence, Child Protection and Sexual Offences Unit

FST Family Support Trust

GIS Geographical Information Systems

GP General practitioner

HPCSA Health Professions Council of South Africa

HSRC Human Sciences Research Council

ICFD Institute for Child and Family Development

IDASA The Institute for Democracy in South Africa

IFP Inkatha Freedom Party

ILO International Labor Organization

IOM International Organization for Migration

ISP Internet service providers

MEC Member of the Executive Committee

MMP Media Monitoring Project

MOGP Memorandum of Good Practice

MRC Medical Research Council

NCCAN National Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect

NDPP National Directorate of Public Prosecutions

NGO Non-governmental organisation

NNP New National Party

NPASA National Prosecuting Authority of South Africa

NPO Non-profit organisation

PEP Post-exposure prophylaxis

POWA People Opposed to Women Abuse

PTSD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

RAPCAN Resources aimed at the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect

RPTG Report of the Parliamentary Task Group

SABC South African Broadcasting Commission

SACSSP South African Council for Social Service Professions

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