Representing, Modeling, and Visualizing the Natural Environment

Representing,

Modeling,

and Visualizing

the Natural

Environment

INNOVATIONS IN GIS

SERIES EDITORS

Jane Drummond

University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland

Bruce Gittings

University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland

Elsa João

University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland

Representing, Modeling, and Visualizing the Natural Environment

Edited by Nick Mount, Gemma Harvey, Paul Aplin, and Gary Priestnall

GIS for Environmental Decision-Making

Edited by Andrew Lovett and Katy Appleton

GIS and Evidence-Based Policy Making

Edited by Stephen Wise and Max Craglia

Dynamic and Mobile GIS: Investigating Changes in Space and Time

Edited by Jane Drummond, Roland Billen, Elsa João, and David Forrest

Representing,

Modeling,

and Visualizing

the Natural

Environment

Edited by

Nick Mount

Gemma Harvey

Paul Aplin

Gary Priestnall

INNOVATIONS IN GIS

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Contents

Preface.......................................................................................................................ix

The Editors ................................................................................................................xi

Contributors ........................................................................................................... xiii

Chapter 1

Introduction to Representing, Modeling, and Visualizing the Natural

Environment ...............................................................................................................1

Gemma Harvey, Nick Mount, Paul Aplin, and Gary Priestnall

SECTION Representing the Natural Environment 1

Chapter 2

Keynote Paper: Representation of the Natural Environment .................................. 11

Matt Duckham

Chapter 3

Keynote Paper: Representing Surfaces in the Natural Environment—

Implications for Research and Geographical Education ......................................... 21

Nigel Waters

Chapter 4

Developing Ontologies from a Domain Expert Perspective .................................... 41

Fiona Hemsley-Flint, Glen Hart, John Lee, and Stewart Thompson

Chapter 5

The Spatial Disaggregation of Great Britain and European Agricultural

Land Use Statistics ................................................................................................... 53

Colin J. McClean

Chapter 6

Comparing Different Land Cover Data Sets for Agricultural

Monitoring in Africa ................................................................................................ 67

Steffen Fritz, Linda See, Felix Rembold, Michel Massart, Thierry Nègre, and

Craig von Hagen

vi Contents

Chapter 7

Using GIS to Identify Wildland Areas in the North Pennines ................................87

Stuart Blair, Linda See, Steve Carver, and Peter Samson

Chapter 8

Representations of Environmental Data in Web-Based GIS ................................. 101

Peter Mooney and Adam C. Winstanley

Chapter 9

Developing and Applying a Participative Web-Based

GIS for Integration of Public Perceptions into Strategic

Environmental Assessment .................................................................................... 117

Ainhoa Gonzalez, Alan Gilmer, Ronan Foley, John Sweeney, and John Fry

SECTION Modeling the Natural Environment 2

Chapter 01

Keynote Paper: Challenges for Environmental Modeling ..................................... 137

Richard Aspinall

Chapter 11

Keynote Paper: Spatial Scale and Neighborhood Size in Spatial Data

Processing for Modeling the Natural Environment ............................................... 147

A-Xing Zhu

Chapter 21

Invited Paper: Toward an Algebra for Terrain-Based Flow Analysis .................... 167

David G. Tarboton and Matthew E. Baker

Chapter 31

Spatial Terrain Modeling: A Hierarchical Approach Toward 3-D

Geospatial Data Set Merging ................................................................................. 195

Sagi Dalyot and Yerach Doytsher

Chapter 41

Regions and Patterns of Forest Change in Brazil: A Geographically

Weighted Regression .............................................................................................. 221

Alejandro de las Heras and Iain R. Lake

Chapter 51

GM(1,1)-Kriging Prediction of Soil Dioxin Patterns .............................................243

Danni Guo, Renkuan Guo, Christien Thiart, and Tonny Oyana

Contents vii

SECTION Visualizing the Natural Environment 3

Chapter 61

Keynote Paper: Information Access, Depicting Geography, and

Geographical Visualization Tools .......................................................................... 257

William E. Cartwright

Chapter 71

Keynote Paper: Wiki Cartography and the Visualization

of the Natural Environment ...................................................................................269

Daniel Z. Sui

Chapter 81

Invited Paper: GIS-Based Landscape

Visualization—The State of the Art ......................................................................287

Andrew Lovett, Katy Appleton, and Andy Jones

Chapter 91

Visualizing Species Distributions .......................................................................... 311

David J. Lieske and Darren J. Bender

Chapter 02

Visualizing Risk for Hill Walkers ......................................................................... 335

Alastair Jardine and William Mackaness

Chapter 12

Using Web-Based 3-D Visualization for Planning Hikes Virtually ...................... 353

Susanne Bleisch and Jason Dykes

Chapter 22

PastureSim: A Visualization Tool for Pasture Management ................................. 367

Conrad E. S. Rider and Femke E. Reitsma

Index ...................................................................................................................... 383

Preface

The natural environment, including the ways in which humans interact with it, represents a complex and dynamic forum for scientifi c inquiry, and studies seeking to

explore and predict characteristics and processes within this fi eld are necessarily

associated with a strong geospatial element. This volume identifi es particular analytical challenges associated with the application of geographical information science

(GIScience) in environmental contexts, and also serves to illustrate broader opportunities and themes relating to the use of geographic information systems (GIS) in

other areas of science and social science.

This is the thirteenth volume in a series based on the Geographical Information

Science Research UK (GISRUK) Conference Series. The GISRUK Conference

Series, established in 1993, provides an interdisciplinary forum for the discussion and

publication of GIS research and the promotion of research collaborations. Although

GISRUK is a UK-based initiative, it attracts delegates from many countries and covers a diverse range of disciplines. This volume has been developed from research

presented at the GISRUK 2006 Conference held at the University of Nottingham, and

the GISRUK 2007 Conference held at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth,

plus several invited keynote papers and research papers.

The contributions relate to the key themes of representing, modeling, and visualizing the natural environment in the context of GIS. The opening chapter provides an

introduction to these themes and introduces each article included in the volume. The

articles cover a range of theoretical, methodological, and empirical issues based on a

diverse range of environmental applications of GIS, and provide innovative examples

of the current state of the art. The editors wish to thank the contributors for their time

and effort in preparing manuscripts for this volume, the reviewers for their invaluable comments on the manuscripts, and the GISRUK Steering Committee for its

assistance with the selection of papers from GISRUK 2006 and 2007. We hope that

the volume will provide researchers, students, and practitioners in both GIS and the

environmental sciences with an overview of the opportunities for utilizing GIS for

environmental applications and of some of the ongoing research challenges in this

fi eld.

The Editors

Nick Mount (BS, Bristol; PhD, Liverpool John Moores) is a lecturer in geographical

information science at the University of Nottingham. His research interests extend

across a broad range of GIS applications in sensitive natural environments, with a

particular focus on the application of GIS in dynamic rivers, proglacial environments, and the estimation of spatial error in environmental, spatiotemporal data

sets. His current focus is on the spatiotemporal representation and analysis of large

dynamic rivers, including the Brahmaputra in India and Bangladesh. Prior to joining Nottingham in 2006, Mount was director of the applied GIS program at the

University of London and a lecturer in geographic information systems at Charles

Sturt University, New South Wales, Australia.

Gemma Harvey (BS, Liverpool; PhD, Nottingham) is a research associate in river

management and restoration at the University of Nottingham. Her main research

interests are in river restoration and the underlying science base, and fl ood risk management in the United Kingdom and China. She is interested in the application of

multivariate- and geo-statistics, and GIS technologies in river science and management contexts to address complexity and dynamics across a range of spatiotemporal

scales. Her current work includes the development of novel fi eld techniques, as well

as applications of geostatistical and multivariate techniques to the characterization

of river habitat for management and restoration purposes, assessing the impacts of

fl ood defense works on river habitat structure, and exploring changing fl ood risk in

the United Kingdom and east China.

Paul Aplin (MA, Edinburgh; MS, Aberdeen; PhD, Southampton) is an associate

professor in geographical information science at the University of Nottingham. His

main research interests are in environmental remote sensing, specializing in land

cover analysis, spatial scale investigation, and ecological applications. He is currently

the chairman of the Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Society, and the book

series editor for the International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.

Gary Priestnall (BS, Durham; PhD, Nottingham) is an associate professor in geographical information science at the University of Nottingham. His main research

interests are in digital geographic representation, visualization, and location-aware

computing. He is director of the master’s program in GIScience at the University of

Nottingham, was chair of the GIS Research UK 2006 conference at Nottingham in

April 2006, and is Nottingham site manager for the collaborative Higher Education

Funding Council for England (HEFCE)-funded Centre for Excellence in Teaching

and Learning SPLINT (SPatial Literacy IN Teaching). He has edited a research volume titled Chat Moss, an art–geography collaboration focusing on landscape visualization, with artist Derek Hampson. He is focusing on landscape visualization in

both teaching and research contexts and reviewing the state of the art in augmented

and virtual reality in landscape portrayal.

xiii

Paul Aplin

School of Geography

University of Nottingham

Nottingham, United Kingdom

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