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Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology
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Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology
Ara Kirakosyan · Peter B. Kaufman
Recent Advances in Plant
Biotechnology
123
Ara Kirakosyan
University of Michigan
1150 W. Medical Center Dr.
Ann Arbor MI 48109-0646
USA
Peter B. Kaufman
University of Michigan
1150 W. Medical Center Dr.
Ann Arbor MI 48109-0646
USA
ISBN 978-1-4419-0193-4 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-0194-1
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-0194-1
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009928135
c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written
permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York,
NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in
connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer
software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if
they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not
they are subject to proprietary rights.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
We dedicate this book to the memory of Ara
Kirakosyan’ parents, Anna and Benik
Kirakosyan, and to the memory of Peter B.
Kaufman’s wife, Hazel Kaufman.
Preface
Plant biotechnology applies to three major areas of plants and their uses: (1) control
of plant growth and development; (2) protection of plants against biotic and abiotic
stresses; and (3) expansion of ways by which specialty foods, biochemicals, and
pharmaceuticals are produced. The topic of recent advances in plant biotechnology
is ripe for consideration because of the rapid developments in this field that have
revolutionized our concepts of sustainable food production, cost-effective alternative energy strategies, environmental bioremediation, and production of plantderived medicines through plant cell biotechnology. Many of the more traditional
approaches to plant biotechnology are woefully out of date and even obsolete. Fresh
approaches are therefore required. To this end, we have brought together a group of
contributors who address the most recent advances in plant biotechnology and what
they mean for human progress, and hopefully, a more sustainable future.
Achievements today in plant biotechnology have already surpassed all previous
expectations. These are based on promising accomplishments in the last several
decades and the fact that plant biotechnology has emerged as an exciting area of
research by creating unprecedented opportunities for the manipulation of biological
systems. In connection with its recent advances, plant biotechnology now allows for
the transfer of a greater variety of genetic information in a more precise, controlled
manner. The potential for improving plant productivity and its proper use in agriculture relies largely on newly developed DNA biotechnology and molecular markers.
A number of methods have been developed and validated in association with the
use of genetically transferred cultures in order to understand the genetics of specific
plant traits. Such relevant methods can be used to determine the markers that are
retained in genetically manipulated organisms and to determine the elimination of
marker genes. As a result, a number of transgenic plants have been developed with
beneficial characteristics and significant long-term potential to contribute both to
biotechnology and to fundamental studies. These techniques enable the selection
of successful genotypes, better isolation and cloning of favorable traits, and the
creation of transgenic organisms of importance to agriculture and industry.
We start the book by tracing the roots of plant biotechnology from the basic
sciences to current applications in the biological and agricultural sciences, industry, and medicine. These widespread applications signal the fact that plant biotechnology is increasingly gaining in importance. This is because it impinges on so
vii
viii Preface
many facets of our lives, particularly in connection with global warming, alternative
energy initiatives, food production, and medicine. Our book would not be complete
unless we also addressed the fact that some aspects of plant biotechnology may have
some risks. These are covered in the last section.
The individual chapters of the book are organized according to the following
format: chapter title and contributors, abstract, introduction to the chapter, chapter
topics and text, and references cited for further reading. This format is designed in
order to help the reader to grasp and understand the inherent complexity of plant
biotechnology better.
The topics covered in this book will be of interest to plant biologists, biochemists,
molecular biologists, pharmacologists, and pharmacists; agronomists, plant breeders, and geneticists; ethnobotanists, ecologists, and conservationists; medical practitioners and nutritionists; and research investigators in industry, federal labs, and
universities.
Ann Arbor, MI Peter B. Kaufman
Ann Arbor, MI Ara Kirakosyan
Contents
Part I Plant Biotechnology from Inception to the Present
1 Overview of Plant Biotechnology from Its Early Roots
to the Present ............................. 3
Ara Kirakosyan, Peter B. Kaufman, and Leland J. Cseke
2 The Use of Plant Cell Biotechnology for the Production
of Phytochemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Ara Kirakosyan, Leland J. Cseke, and Peter B. Kaufman
3 Molecular Farming of Antibodies in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Rainer Fischer, Stefan Schillberg, and Richard M. Twyman
4 Use of Cyanobacterial Proteins to Engineer New Crops . . . . . . 65
Matias D. Zurbriggen, Néstor Carrillo, and Mohammad-Reza
Hajirezaei
5 Molecular Biology of Secondary Metabolism: Case Study
for Glycyrrhiza Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Hiroaki Hayashi
Part II Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Agriculture
and Industry
6 New Developments in Agricultural and Industrial Plant
Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Ara Kirakosyan, Peter B. Kaufman, and Leland J. Cseke
7 Phytoremediation: The Wave of the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Jerry S. Succuro, Steven S. McDonald, and Casey R. Lu
8 Biotechnology of the Rhizosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Beatriz Ramos Solano, Jorge Barriuso Maicas,
and Javier Gutierrez Mañero
ix
x Contents
9 Plants as Sources of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Leland J. Cseke, Gopi K. Podila, Ara Kirakosyan,
and Peter B. Kaufman
Part III Use of Plant Secondary Metabolites in Medicine
and Nutrition
10 Interactions of Bioactive Plant Metabolites: Synergism,
Antagonism, and Additivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
John Boik, Ara Kirakosyan, Peter B. Kaufman, E. Mitchell
Seymour, and Kevin Spelman
11 The Use of Selected Medicinal Herbs for Chemoprevention
and Treatment of Cancer, Parkinson’s Disease, Heart
Disease, and Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Maureen McKenzie, Carl Li, Peter B. Kaufman, E. Mitchell
Seymour, and Ara Kirakosyan
12 Regulating Phytonutrient Levels in Plants – Toward
Modification of Plant Metabolism for Human Health . . . . . . . 289
Ilan Levin
Part IV Risks and Benefits Associated with Plant Biotechnology
13 Risks and Benefits Associated with Genetically Modified
(GM) Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Peter B. Kaufman, Soo Chul Chang, and Ara Kirakosyan
14 Risks Involved in the Use of Herbal Products . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Peter B. Kaufman, Maureen McKenzie, and Ara Kirakosyan
15 Risks Associated with Overcollection of Medicinal Plants
in Natural Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Maureen McKenzie, Ara Kirakosyan, and Peter B. Kaufman
16 The Potential of Biofumigants as Alternatives to Methyl
Bromide for the Control of Pest Infestation in Grain and
Dry Food Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Eli Shaaya and Moshe Kostyukovsky
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
About the Authors
Ara Kirakosyan, Ph.D., D.Sc. is an associate professor of biology at Yerevan
State University, Armenia, and is currently a research investigator at the University of Michigan Medical School and University of Michigan Integrative Medicine
Program (MIM). He received a Ph.D. in molecular biology in 1993 and Doctor
of Science degree in biochemistry and biotechnology in 2007, both from Yerevan
State University, Armenia. Dr. Kirakosyan’s research on natural products of medicinal value in plants focuses on the molecular mechanism of secondary metabolite
biosynthesis in selected medicinal plant models. His primary research interests
focus on the uses of plant cell biotechnology to produce enhanced levels of medicinally important, value-added secondary metabolites in intact plants, and plant cell
cultures. These studies involve metabolic engineering coupled with integration of
functional genomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, and large-scale biochemistry.
He carried out postdoctoral research in the Department of Pharmacognosy at Gifu
Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan, under the supervision of Prof. Kenichiro
Inoue. The primary research topic was molecular biology of biosynthesis of several secondary metabolites in plants, particularly this was applied to the sweet
triterpene glycyrrhizin in cell cultures of Glycyrrhiza glabra and dianthrones in
Hypericum perforatum. In addition, he took part in several visiting research investigator positions in Germany. First, he was a visiting scientist under collaborative
grant project DLR in Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf (project leader Prof. ¨
Dr. W.A. Alfermann). The research here concerned a lignan anticancer project,
i.e., the production of cytotoxic lignans from Linum (flax). The second involved
a carbohydrate-engineering project as a DAAD Fellow in the Institute of Plant
Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, under supervision of Prof.
Dr. Uwe Sonnewald. His collaboration with US scientists started with the USDAfounded project on plant cell biotechnology for the production of dianthrones in
cell/shoot cultures of H. perforatum (St. John’s wort). This research has been carried
out with Dr. Donna Gibson at USDA Agricultural Research Service, Plant Protection Research Unit, US Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory, Ithaca, New York,
USA. In 2002, he was a Fulbright Visiting Research Fellow at the University of
Michigan, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology in the
Laboratory of Prof. Peter B. Kaufman. Dr. Kirakosyan is principal author of over
50 peer-reviewed research papers in professional journals and several chapters in
xi
xii About the Authors
books dealing with plant biotechnology and molecular biology. He is second author
of the best-selling book, Natural Products from Plants, 2nd edition (2006). Ara
Kirakosyan is a full member of the Phytochemical Society of Europe and European
Federation of Biotechnology. He serves as an editorial board member in the Open
Bioactive Compounds Journal, Bentham Science Publishers, and as an editor as
part of the editorial board of 19 scientific domains journals, Global Science Books
(GSB), Isleworth, UK. He has received several awards, fellowships, and research
grants from the United States, Japan, and the European Union.
Peter B. Kaufman, Ph.D., is a professor of biology emeritus in the Department
of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (MCDB) at the University
of Michigan and is currently senior scientist, University of Michigan Integrative
Medicine Program (UMIM). He received his B.Sc. in plant science from Cornell
University in Ithaca, New York, in 1949 and his Ph.D. in plant biology from the University of California, Davis, in 1954 under the direction of Prof. Katherine Esau. He
did post-doctoral research as a Muelhaupt Fellow at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. He has been a visiting research scholar at University of Calgary, Alberta,
Canada; University of Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada; University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; USDA Plant Hormone
Laboratory, BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland; Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan;
Lund University, Lund, Sweden; International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) at Los
Banos, Philippines; and Hawaiian Sugar Cane Planters’ Association, Aiea Heights,
Hawaii. Dr. Kaufman is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and received the Distinguished Service Award from the American
Society for Gravitational and Space Biology (ASGSB) in 1995. He served on the
editorial board of Plant Physiology for 10 years and is the author of more than
220 research papers. He has published eight professional books to date and taught
popular courses on plants, people, and the environment, plant biotechnology, and
practical botany at the University of Michigan. He has received research grants
from the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) BARD Program with Israel, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Xylomed Research, Inc, and
Pfizer Pharmaceutical Research. He produced with help of Alfred Slote and Marcia
Jablonski a 20-part TV series entitled, “House Botanist.” He was past chairman
of the Michigan Natural Areas Council (MNAC), past president of the Michigan
Botanical Club (MBC), and former secretary-treasurer of the American Society for
Gravitational and Space Biology (ASGSB). He is currently doing research on natural products of medicinal value in plants in the University of Michigan Medical
School in the laboratory of Steven F. Bolling, M.D. and serves on the research staff
of UMIM.
Contributors
John Boik Department of Statistics Clark, Room S.264, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, USA, [email protected]
Nestor Carrillo ´ Instituto de Biolog´ıa Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR,
UNR/CONICET), Division Biolog ´ ´ıa Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Bioqu´ımicas
y Farmaceuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK ´
Rosario, Argentina, [email protected]
Soo Chul Chang University College, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea,
Leland J. Cseke Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama
in Huntsville. Huntsville, AL 35899, USA, [email protected]
Rainer Fischer Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and
Applied Ecology (IME), Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany,
Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and
Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany,
Hiroaki Hayashi School of Pharmacy. Iwate Medical University. 2-1-1
Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3603, Japan, [email protected]
Peter B. Kaufman University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109-0646, USA,
Ara Kirakosyan University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0646, USA,
Moshe Kostyukovsky ARO, the Volcani Center, Department of Food Science, Bet
Dagan, 50250, Israel, [email protected]
Ilan Levin Department of Vegetable Research, Institute of Plant Sciences, The
Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel 50250, [email protected]
xiii
xiv Contributors
Carl Li Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of
New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA, [email protected]
Casey R. Lu Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University,
Arcata, CA 95521, USA, [email protected]
Jorge Barriuso Maicas Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural
Resources, Faculty of Pharmacy, University San Pablo CEU, Boadilla del Monte,
Madrid 28668, Spain, [email protected]
Javier Gutierrez Manero ˜ Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural
Resources, Faculty of Pharmacy, University San Pablo CEU, Boadilla del Monte,
Madrid 28668, Spain, [email protected]
Steven S. McDonald Winzler & Kelly Consulting Engineers, Eureka, CA 95501,
USA, [email protected]
Maureen McKenzie Denali BioTechnologies, L.L.C., 35555 Spur Highway, PMB
321, Soldotna, Alaska 99669, USA, [email protected]
Gopi K. Podila Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in
Huntsville. Huntsville, AL 35899, USA, [email protected]
Stefan Schillberg Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and
Applied Ecology (IME), Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany,
E. Mitchell Seymour Department of Cardiac Surgery, , B560 MSRB II, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0686, USA, [email protected]
Eli Shaaya ARO, the Volcani Center, Department of Food Science, Bet Dagan
50250, Israel, [email protected]
Beatriz Ramos Solano Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural
Resources, Faculty of Pharmacy, University San Pablo CEU, Boadilla del Monte,
Madrid 28668, Spain, [email protected]
Kevin Spelman Botanical Healing Department, Tai Sophia Institute, 7750
Montpelier Rd, Laurel, MD 20723, USA, [email protected]
Jerry S. Succuro Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University,
Arcata, CA 95521, USA, [email protected]
Richard M. Twyman Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington,
York, YO10 5DD, UK, [email protected]
Matias D. Zurbriggen Instituto de Biolog´ıa Molecular y Celular de Rosario
(IBR, UNR/CONICET), Division Biolog ´ ´ıa Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias
Bioqu´ımicas y Farmaceuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, ´
S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina, [email protected]
Chapter 1
Overview of Plant Biotechnology from Its Early
Roots to the Present
Ara Kirakosyan, Peter B. Kaufman, and Leland J. Cseke
Abstract In this chapter, we first define what is meant by plant biotechnology.
We then trace the history from its earliest beginnings rooted in traditional plant
biotechnology, followed by classical plant biotechnology, and, currently, modern
plant biotechnology. Plant biotechnology is now center stage in the fields of alternative energy involving biogas production, bioremediation that cleans up polluted
land sites, integrative medicine that involves the use of natural products for treatment
of human diseases, sustainable agriculture that involves practices of organic farming, and genetic engineering of crop plants that are more productive and effective
in dealing with biotic and abiotic stresses. The primary toolbox of biotechnology
utilizes the latest methods of molecular biology, including genomics, proteomics,
metabolomics, and systems biology. It aims to develop economically feasible production of specifically designed plants that are grown in a safe environment and
brought forth for agricultural, medical, and industrial applications.
1.1 What Is Plant Biotechnology All About?
Today, when science and technology are progressing at ever increasing speeds and
humankind is experiencing both positive and negative feedback from this progress,
the presentation of an overview of modern plant biotechnology concepts is highly
germane. Inherently, plant biotechnology, along with animal biotechnology, pharmaceutical biotechnology, and nanotechnology, constitutes a part of what we term
biotechnology. An unprecedented series of successes in plant science, chemistry,
and molecular biology has occurred and shifted plant biotechnology to new directions. This means that the newer aspects of plant biotechnology seen today are
vastly different from our understanding of what constitutes the earlier, more traditional aspects of this field. The earlier ventures in biotechnology (traditional
biotechnology) were concerned with all types of cell cultures, as they were sources
of important products used by humans. These ventures included the making of beer
A. Kirakosyan (B)
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0646, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Kirakosyan, P.B. Kaufman, Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology, 3
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-0194-1_1, C Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009
4 A. Kirakosyan et al.
and wine, the making of bread, cheese, yogurt, and other milk products, as well as
the production of antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines.
What has radically changed since these earlier discoveries in plant biotechnology? With the advent of recombinant DNA technology and new approaches that
utilize genomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and systems biology strategies (Cseke
et al., 2006), it may now be possible to re-examine plant cell cultures as a reasonable
candidate for commercial production of high-value plant metabolites. This is especially true if natural resources are limited, de novo chemical synthesis is too complex or unfeasible, or agricultural production of the plant is not possible to carry out
year-round. Indeed, a study of the biochemistry of plant natural products has many
practical applications. Thus, specific processes have now been designed to meet the
requirements of plant cell cultures in bioreactors. In addition, plant cells constitute
an effective system for the biotransformation involving the addition of various substrates to the culture media in order to induce the formation of new products. The
specific enzymes participating in such biotransformation processes can furthermore
be isolated and characterized from cells immobilized on various solid support matrices, such as fiber-reinforced biocers (e.g., aqueous silica nanosols and commercial
alumina fibers) that are now used in bioreactors.
Modern plant biotechnology research uses a number of different approaches that
include high-throughput methodologies for functional analyses at the level of genes,
proteins, and metabolites. Other methods are designed for genome modification
through homologous and site-specific recombination. The potential for including
plant productivity or agricultural trials is directly dependent upon the use of the new
molecular markers or DNA construct technology. Therefore, plant biotechnology
now allows for the transfer of an incredible amount of useful genetic information
in a much more highly controlled and targeted manner. This is especially important
for the use of GM (genetically modified) organisms, in spite of risks and limitations that have been voiced by individuals and organizations not in favor of this
technology. It is noteworthy that a number of transgenic plants are being developed
for long-term potential use in fundamental plant science studies (Sonnewald, 2003).
Some of these transgenic plants also have significant and beneficial characteristics
that allow for their safe use in industry and agriculture. Biotechnological approaches
can selectively increase the amounts of naturally produced pesticides and defense
compounds in crop plants and thus reduce the need for costly and highly toxic pesticides. This applies also to nutritionally important constituents in crops. The new
techniques from the gene and metabolic engineering toolbox will bring forth many
viable strategies to produce phytochemicals of medicinal and industrial uses.
Plant biotechnology research is, by nature, multidisciplinary. Systematic botany
and organic chemistry, for example, aim to elucidate the systematic position and
the evolutionary differentiation of many plant families. For instance, accurate and
simple determination of chemotaxonomy can be attributed to the science of describing plants by their chemical nature. This interdisciplinary scientific field combines
molecular phylogenetic analysis with metabolic profiling. Furthermore, it helps to
investigate the molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of plants and to investigate the
structural diversity of unique secondary metabolites found only in endemic species.