Quy trình dạy học phát hiện trong dạy học tiểu học

NGHIEN ciiu &Ul^G DUNG III

QUY TRiNH DAY HOC PHIIT HIC N TR0N6 DAY HOC TIED HOC

Li thuyet ve day hpc ki8n

tao (Constructivism

Teoria) Iuon dua tren

quan diem nguoi hoc o vi.tri

trung tam, nghia la nguoi hpc

tu tim kiem, kham pha ra tri

thiic moi dua tren nen tang tri

thiic cu da hpc va von kinh

nghiem song cua ban than.

Day hpc kham pha, lay nguoi

hpc lam trung tam, huong vao

nguoi hpc (Learner Centred

Inquiry) da dupe rat nhieu tac

gia de cap toi nhu la "mot xu

the de xay dimg chien luge

giao due ngay nay"

1. Day hoc phat hien- mot

hirdng day hoc kham pha

J.Richard Suchman, cha

de cua chuong trinh day hpc

kham pha dupe sir dung rpng

rai khap nuoc MT da timg noi

"kham pha la each mpi nguoi

hpc khi hp don doc" Voi

Dewey, kham pha la "su tim

hieu mot each chu dpng, kien

tri va kl luomg ve mot niem tin

hoac mot dang kien thiic nao

do tu nhiing nen tang ho trg

cho no va nhCtng ket luan gan

hom vol y kien do"

Thuat ngir "day hpc kham

pha" (Inquiry Teaching) hay

con gpi la day hpc dua tren

sir kham pha (Inquiry- Based

Teaching) dupe xuat hien va

sii dimg voi tu each la mot

phucmg phap day hpc tich cue,

nang dpng va sang tao. Dual

goc dp li luan day hpc hien

dai, day hpc kham pha dupe

hilu theo nghia rpng bao ham

trong do cac PPDHTC khac

Ngay nhqn bai 25/6/2012: Ngay duyet dang 25/8/2012

Khoa Gido due Tieu hoc

nhau nhu: Day hpc tu phat

hien (con gpi la hpc tap kham

pha) (Discover Learning),

Giai quyet van de (Problem

Solving), Kham pha quy nap

(Inductive Inquiry), Kham

pha dien dich (Deductive

Inquiry), Day hpc kham pha

du an (Project Based Inquiry).

"Day hpc kham pha la mot

qua trinh, trong do duoi vai

tro dinh huong ctia nguoi day,

nguoi hpc ehu dpng viec hpc

tap ciia ban than, hinh thanh

cac cau hoi dat ra trong tu duy,

mo rpng cong viec nghien

ciiu, tim kiem; tir do xay dimg

nen nhirng hieu biet va tri

thiic mai. Nhiing kien thiic

nay giiip eho nguoi hpc tra loi

cac cau hoi, tim kiem cac giai

phap khacrihau de giai quyet

cac van de, ehimg minh mot

dinh li hay mot quan diem"

Kham pha trong day hpc

CO nam kieu: day hpc du an,

kham pha quy nap, kham pha

dien dich, giai quyet van de va

day hpc tu phat hien. Day hpc

tu phat hien (con gpi la day

hpc phat hien, hpc tap kham

pha), mot khai niem dupe chu

truong boi Jerome Bruner, co

vai tro cot loi trong viec HS

hpc cac khai niem va y tuon^

nhu the nao. Bruner noi ve

"hanh dpng phat hien" nhu the

no la mot phan cong viec ciia

nguoi hpc. Doi voi Bruner,

"phat hien, ve ban chat la viec

tai sap xep hoac chuyen dich

cac bang chiing theo each lam

cho mot nguoi nao do co the

Le Thi Lan Anh

Tnfong DHSP Hd Noi 2

tir nhiing bang chiing dupe

sap xep lai do hinh thanh

nhung hieu biet moi". Bruner

tin tuong rang da>^ hpc tu

phat hien chi co the dien ra

neu nguoi day va nguoi hpc

cung nhau lam viee mot each

hpp tac. Ong gpi loai hinh

nay la "day hpc mang tinh gia

thuyet" va day hpc voi y nghia

la "thu hiit HS tham gia" chii

khong phai la "truyen dat kien

thiic" Day hpc tu phat hien

la each tiep can cao nhat cua

day hpc giai quyet van de:

Tiep can 1: GV neu ra tinh

huong- GV giai quyet tinh

hu6n§ do.

Tiep can 2: GV xay dung

tinh huong c6 van de- GV va

HS giai quygt THCVD

Tiep can 3: GV xay dung

THCVD- HS doc lap giai

quyet THCVD.

Tiep can 4: HS tu phat hien

ra THCVD- HS tu giai quySt

THCVD.

2. Quy tiinh "FIVE E'S"

5E

* Khai niem quy trinh: Theo

Tir di&i Ti&ig Viet (1997) do

Hoang Phe chii bien, trang 785:

"Quy trinh la trinh tu phai tuan

theo de tien hanh mot cong

viec nao do". Quy trinh "FIVE

E'S" 5E la mot mau huong

dan day hpc theo thuylt kien tao;

5E la nhirng chii cai dSu tien cua

cac tir tieng Anh: Engage (tao

sir chu y), Explore (Khao sat,

kham pha). Explain (giai thich).

Elaborate (phat bieu), Evaluation

(danh gia).

TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC - SO 85 - 9/2012