Quick puntuation guide 3 ppsx

Writing Test Hints

c) Complex Sentences

Complex sentences consist of an independent clause and one (or more) dependent clauses. A

dependent clause is a group of words including a verb which do not form a complete sentence by

themselves, and so depend on the existence of an independent clause. There are 3 basic types of

complex sentences:

• with a dependent clause functioning as an adverb: (beginning with an adverb)

Although computers can save time, they take a long time to understand.

(A dependent adverb clause can come before or after the independent clause. The dependent

adverb clause is followed by a comma only if it comes before the independent clause.)

• with a dependent clause functioning as an adjective: (beginning with a relative pronoun

or relative adverb)

Database software is essential for companies which need to maintain records.

(A dependent adjective (relative) clause can begin with who, which, whose etc. (relative

pronouns) or when, where and why (relative adverbs). The dependent clause adds information

to a noun. A comma is required only if the information is not essential to the noun.)

• with a dependent clause functioning as a noun: (beginning with that, whether, or

lwK question words etc.)

Most experts insist that computers are essential in schools.

(A dependent noun clause~can function either as the subject or the object (as above) of the

independent clause. A comma is, therefore, unnecessary.)

b) Combination Sentences

Combination sentences consist of a combination of compound and complex sentences. They

therefore consist of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses:

When computers first appeared, they were huge, but now they are extremely compact.

Writing informative, varying and accurate sentences takes a great deal of skill and practice. You are

advised to spend some time analysing the dependent and independent clauses in the sentences

contained in the model answers for both writing tasks on pages 166-169. Also, we refer you to the

publications under the heading 'Writing & Punctuation' in the Further Reading List on page 171,

and our companion practice book '202 Useful Exercises for IELTS'.

6.1