Professional apache Tomcat 6

Wiley Publishing, Inc.

Professional

Apache Tomcat 6

Vivek Chopra

Sing Li

Jeff Genender

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Professional

Apache Tomcat 6

Introduction xxiii

Chapter 1: Apache Tomcat 1

Chapter 2: Web Applications: Servlets, JSPs, and More 13

Chapter 3: Tomcat Installation 29

Chapter 4: Tomcat Architecture 51

Chapter 5: Basic Tomcat Configuration 69

Chapter 6: Advanced Tomcat Features 103

Chapter 7: Web Application Configuration 135

Chapter 8: Web Application Administration 173

Chapter 9: Class Loaders 205

Chapter 10: HTTP Connectors 221

Chapter 11: Tomcat and Apache HTTP Server 243

Chapter 12: Tomcat and IIS 285

Chapter 13: JDBC Connectivity 309

Chapter 14: Tomcat Security 335

Chapter 15: Shared Tomcat Hosting 387

Chapter 16: Monitoring and Managing Tomcat with JMX 419

Chapter 17: Clustering 455

Chapter 18: Embedded Tomcat 493

Chapter 19: Logging 505

Chapter 20: Performance Testing 533

Chapter 21: Performance Tuning 561

Appendix A: Tomcat and IDEs 585

Appendix B: Apache Ant 597

Index 621

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Wiley Publishing, Inc.

Professional

Apache Tomcat 6

Vivek Chopra

Sing Li

Jeff Genender

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Professional Apache Tomcat 6

Published by

Wiley Publishing, Inc.

10475 Crosspoint Boulevard

Indianapolis, IN 46256

www.wiley.com

Copyright © 2007 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

ISBN: 978-0-471-75361-2

Manufactured in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Chopra, Vivek.

Professional Apache Tomcat 6 / Vivek Chopra, Sing Li, and Jeff Genender.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-471-75361-2 (paper/website)

1. Apache Tomcat. 2. Web servers. 3. Web site development. 4. Internet programming. I. Li, Sing. II.

Genender, Jeff M. III. Title.

TK5105.8885.A63C47 2007

005.7'1376—dc22

2007020134

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To Rebecca and Rohan, thanks for all your patience and support.

—Vivek

To my guiding light and spiritual support for the last two decades, Kim.

—Sing

To my wonderful wife, Nazarena, and my children, Madisyn, Weston, and Coleton.

I could not have done this without you.

—Jeff

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About the Authors

Vivek Chopra has more than 13 years of experience as a software architect, developer, and team lead and

has worked in a number of Silicon Valley companies and startups. He writes actively on technology and is

the author of more than half a dozen books on Java, open source software, XML, and Web services. Vivek

has pending patents on Web service technologies, and has been a Java Community Process (JCP) member

for the past three years. He also serves on the expert group for JSR 280 (XML API for Java ME).

Sing Li (who was bitten by the microcomputer bug in the late 1970s) has grown up with the Micropro￾cessor Age. His first personal computer was a $99 do-it-yourself Netronics COSMIC ELF with 256 bytes

of memory, mail-ordered from the back pages of Popular Electronics magazine. A 20-year industry vet￾eran, Sing is a system developer, open source software contributor, and freelance writer specializing in

Java technology, and embedded and distributed systems architecture. He regularly writes for several

popular technical journals and e-zines, and is the creator of the “Internet Global Phone,” one of the very

first Internet phones available. He has authored and co-authored a number of books across diverse tech￾nical disciplines including Geronimo, Tomcat, JSP, servlets, XML, Jini, media streaming, device drivers,

and JXTA.

Jeff Genender has over 18 years of software architecture, team lead, and development experience in

multiple industries. Jeff is an active committer and Project Management Committee (PMC) member for

Apache Geronimo, and a committer on OpenTerracotta, OpenEJB, ServiceMix, and Mojo (Maven plug￾ins). Jeff also serves as a member of the Java Community Process (JCP) expert group for JSR-313 (Java

Platform, Enterprise Edition 6 [Java EE 6] Specification) as a representative of the Apache Software

Foundation. Jeff is an open source evangelist and has successfully brought open source development

efforts, initiatives, and success stories into a number of Global 2000 companies, saving these organiza￾tions millions in licensing costs.

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Credits

Executive Editor

Bob Elliott

Development Editor

Sydney Jones

Technical Editors

Rupert Jones

Anne Horton

Copy Editor

Nancy Rapoport

Editorial Manager

Mary Beth Wakefield

Production Manager

Tim Tate

Vice President and Executive Group Publisher

Richard Swadley

Vice President and Executive Publisher

Joseph B. Wikert

Project Coordinator, Cover

Adrienne Martinez

Proofreader

Kathryn Duggan

Indexer

Johnna VanHoose Dinse

Anniversary Logo Design

Richard Pacifico

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Contents

Introduction xxiii

Chapter 1: Apache Tomcat 1

Humble Beginnings: The Apache Project 2

The Apache Software Foundation 3

Tomcat 3

Distributing Tomcat: The Apache License 4

Comparison with Other Licenses 5

The Big Picture: Java EE 6

Java APIs 6

The Java EE APIs 7

Java EE Application Servers 8

“Agree on Standards, Compete on Implementation” 8

Tomcat and Application Servers 9

Tomcat and Web Servers 9

Summary 10

Chapter 2: Web Applications: Servlets, JSPs, and More 13

A Brief History of Web Applications 13

CGI Scripts: The First Mechanism for Dynamic Content 13

Server Side Java: Servlets 14

JavaServer Pages 19

JSP Tag Libraries 22

JSP EL 23

MVC Architecture 24

Using Appropriate Web Technologies 25

Building and Distributing Web Applications 26

Summary 27

Chapter 3: Tomcat Installation 29

Installing the Java Virtual Machine 29

Installing the JVM on Windows 30

Installing the JVM on Linux 32

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xii

Installing Tomcat 34

Deciding Which Distribution to Install 34

Verifying the Downloaded File 35

Tomcat Windows Installer 36

Installing Tomcat on Windows Using the ZIP File 41

Installing Tomcat on Linux 42

Building Tomcat from Source 44

Do You Need to Build Tomcat from the Source Code? 44

Downloading the Source Release 44

Subversion Repository 45

Building a Source Release 45

The Tomcat Installation Directory 46

Installing APR 47

Troubleshooting and Tips 48

Class Version Error 49

The Port Number Is in Use 49

Running Multiple Instances 49

A Proxy Is Blocking Access 49

Summary 50

Chapter 4: Tomcat Architecture 51

Tomcat Directory Overview 51

bin Directory 52

conf Directory 52

lib Directory 53

logs Directory 53

temp Directory 53

webapps Directory 53

work Directory 54

An Overview of Tomcat Architecture 54

The Server 55

The Service 56

The Remaining Classes in the Tomcat Architecture 59

Connector Architecture 59

Communication Paths 60

Connector Protocols 61

Choosing a Connector 63

Lifecycle 64

Lifecycle Interface 65

LifecycleListener Interface 65

Configuration by Architecture 66

Summary 67

Contents

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