Principles of Criminal Law

Preface

Publisher: Oxford University Press Print Publication Date: May 2013

Print ISBN-13: 9780199672684 Published online: Sep 2013

DOI: 10.1093/he/9780199672684.001.0001

Principles of Criminal Law (7th edn)

Andrew Ashworth and Jeremy Horder

Preface

For this seventh edition I am delighted to be joined by Professor Jeremy Horder. He has

undertaken most of the revisions for this edition, and I am grateful to him for bringing his deep

knowledge and understanding of the criminal law to bear on the text. There have been

considerable developments both in the law and in scholarship in the four years since the last

edition. Thus, for example, the homicide provisions of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 have

begun to be interpreted by the courts, and there have been substantial developments in the

law on complicity. These and other changes have been taken into account, and it is hoped

that statements of the law were correct at 1 December 2012.

The general layout and order of chapters remain unchanged for this edition. The context and

functions of the criminal law are outlined in Chapter 1, and Chapter 2 on criminalization

examines reasons for creating or for not creating criminal laws. Chapter 3 then discusses key

principles and policies relevant to the criminal law. In Chapters 4, 5, and 6, the ‘general part’

elements of culpability, justification, and excuse are analysed: Chapter 4 deals generally with

actus reus questions, Chapter 5 is devoted to criminal capacity (insanity, infancy, and

corporate liability) as well as to mens rea issues, and Chapter 6 deals with excusatory

defences. Three areas of the special part of the criminal law are then selected for

examination: Chapter 7 deals with homicide, Chapter 8 with non-fatal physical violations

Preface

(including sexual offences), and Chapter 9 with offences of dishonesty. The book concludes

with Chapter 10 on complicity and Chapter 11 on inchoate offences.

As in previous editions, the focus of the book is upon the identification and discussion of

issues of principle and policy raised by the statements of the courts, Parliament, the law reform

bodies, and academic commentators. The judgments of the courts provide much material for

discussion, and the resurgence of criminal law scholarship has continued, with the publication

of important new monographs, articles, and essays. The contention is not that English criminal

law is grounded in a stable set of established doctrines: on the contrary, there is ample

evidence that the arguments and assumptions that influence the development of the law form

a disparate group, sometimes conflicting and sometimes invoked selectively. Often there are

political factors influencing the shape of legislation or the activities of law enforcement officers,

and reference is made to these below. But the aim of the book is to focus on principles, some

of which are immanent in existing legal rules and practices, some of which are not recognized

(or not fully recognized) and which are commended here on normative grounds. To conduct a

full normative argument on many of these points would require greater detail, in discussing

elements of moral and political philosophy or of criminology, than is possible within the

confines of this book. The same applies to (p. vi) comparative legal material: some

references are made, particularly to the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code, but it is not

possible to go much further here.

The processes of Oxford University Press have been splendidly efficient, and we are grateful

to John Carroll and Natasha Flemming for their support. We have retained the gender specific

‘he’ in most parts of the book when referring to defendants and offenders, on the ground that

the vast majority of them are male.

A.J.A.

New to this Edition

Publisher: Oxford University Press Print Publication Date: May 2013

Print ISBN-13: 9780199672684 Published online: Sep 2013

DOI: 10.1093/he/9780199672684.001.0001

Principles of Criminal Law (7th edn)

Andrew Ashworth and Jeremy Horder

New to this Edition

• Increased coverage of key cases for undergraduates.

• Takes full account of the effect of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 on the law of

homicide.

• Provides discussion of key new cases including:

• R v Clinton, Parker and Evans [2012] EWCA Crim 2 (loss of self-control), and

• R v Dowds [2012] EWCA Crim 281 (diminished responsibility).

• The chapter on Complicity has also been substantially revised, in part to take account of

recent cases such as R v ABCD [2010] EWCA Crim 1622.

(p. viii)

Table of cases

Publisher: Oxford University Press Print Publication Date: May 2013

Print ISBN-13: 9780199672684 Published online: Sep 2013

DOI: 10.1093/he/9780199672684.001.0001

Principles of Criminal Law (7th edn)

Andrew Ashworth and Jeremy Horder

Table of cases

A (Conjoined Twins: Surgical Separation), Re [2000] 4 All ER 961 101, 107, 119, 133, 134,

239

A v Home Secretary [2004] UKHL 56 50, 51, 81

A v UK 118

ABCD [2010] EWCA Crim 1622 437

Abbott v R [1977] AC 755 212

Abdul-Hussain et al [1999] Crim LR 570 208

Acott [1997] 2 Cr App R 94 253, 255

Adams [1957] Crim LR 365 132, 281, 282

Adomako [1995] 1 AC 171 290, 293, 294, 299, 301

ADT v United Kingdom (2000) 31 EHRR 33 338, 340

Ahluwalia [1992] 4 All ER 889 (CA) 254, 255

Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789 100, 101, 133, 239, 282

Aitken (1992) 95 Cr App R 304 196, 324

Albert v Lavin (1981) 72 Cr App R 178 216

Aldo Bordessa (C–358/93 & C–416/93) [1995] ECR I–361 61

Allan [1965] 1 QB 130 426

Table of cases

Page 2 of 15

Allen [1988] Crim LR 698 200

Allen v Whitehead [1930] 1 KB 211 149

Alphacell Ltd v Woodward [1972] AC 824 105, 152, 164

Anderson [1986] AC 27 476

Anderton v Ryan [1985] AC 560 466

Andrews v DPP [1937] AC 576 176, 287, 289, 290

Andronicou and Constantinou v Cyprus (1998) 25 EHRR 491 121, 126–8

Arnold [1997] Crim LR 833 385

Arrowsmith [1975] QB 678 222

Associated Octel [1996] 1 WLR 1543 148, 164

Atakpu and Abrahams (1994) 98 Cr App R 254 376

Attorney-General v Able [1984] 1 QB 795 433

Attorney-General for Hong Kong v Reid [1994] 1 AC 324 385

Attorney-General for Jersey v Holley [2005] 2 AC 580 258, 266

Attorney-General for Northern Ireland v Gallagher [1963] AC 349 159, 194

Attorney-General for Northern Ireland's Reference [1977] AC 105 123, 129

Attorney-General's Reference (No. 1 of 1974) [1974] QB 744 403

Attorney-General's Reference (No. 1 of 1975) [1975] QB 773 422, 430, 433, 447, 448

Attorney-General's References (Nos 1 and 2 of 1979) [1980] QB 180 387

Attorney General's Reference (No. 1 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 322

Attorney-General's Reference (No. 4 of 1980) [1981] 1 WLR 705; (1981) 73 Cr App R 40

104, 159

Attorney-General's Reference (No. 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 323

Attorney-General's Reference (No. 2 of 1982) [1984] QB 624 383

Attorney-General's Reference (No. 1 of 1983) [1985] QB 182 385

Attorney-General's Reference (No. 2 of 1983) 123

Attorney-General's Reference (No. 1 of 1985) (1986) 83 Cr App R 70 385

Attorney-General's Reference (No. 1 of 1988) (1989) 89 Cr App R 60 68

Attorney-General's Reference (No. 1 of 1992) (1993) 96 Cr App R 298 463, 475

Attorney General's Reference (No. 2 of 1992) (1993) 97 Cr App R 429 89

Attorney-General's Reference (No. 3 of 1992) (1994) 98 Cr App R 383 460

Attorney-General's Reference (No. 3 of 1994) [1998] AC 245 190, 238, 246

Attorney-General's Reference (No. 1 of 1995) [1996] 2 Cr App R 320 222

Attorney-General's Reference (No. 2 of 1999) [2000] 2 Cr App R 207 60, 151

Attorney General's Reference (No. 4 of 2000) [2001] Crim LR 578 87

Attorney-General's Reference No. 4 of 2002 [2004] UKHL 43 72

Attorney-General's Reference No. 3 of 2003 [2004] EWCA Crim 868 332

Attorney General's Reference (No. 3 of 2004) [2005] EWCA Crim 1882 440

Attorney General's Reference (No. 79 of 2006) (Whitta) [2007] 1 Cr App R (S) 752 355

B (Refusal of treatment), Re [2002] 2 All ER 449 277, 278

B v DPP [2000] 2 AC 428 99, 166, 167, 218, 231, 357, 366

B v K [2002] 1 AC 462 99

(p. xx) Badza [2010] EWCA Crim 1363 444

Bagshaw [1988] Crim LR 321 388

Bailey (1983) 77 Cr App R 76 93, 199, 201

Baillie [1995] Crim LR 739 254, 255

Bainbridge [1960] 1 QB 219 435

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Page 3 of 15

Baker [1994] Crim LR 444 449

Baker and Ward [1999] 2 Cr App R 335 211

Ball [1989] Crim LR 579 121, 289

Barnes [2005] 1 WLR 910 323

Basherdost [2008] EWCA Crim 2883 346

Bateman (1925) 94 LJKB 791 289

Battams (1979) 1 Cr App R (S) 15 402

Baugh v Crago [1976] Crim LR 72 186

Beasley et al (1987) 9 Cr App R (S) 504 329

Beatty v Gillbanks (1882) 9 QBD 308 125

Becerra and Cooper (1975) 62 Cr App R 212 449

Beckford v R [1988] 1 AC 130 116, 125, 216, 217

Bedder v DPP [1954] 2 All ER 201 259, 260

Benham v United Kingdom (1996) 22 EHRR 293 3

Billam (1986) 82 Cr App R 347 336

Bilton, Daily Telegraph, 20 July 2005 91, 143

Bingham [1991] Crim LR 433 91

Bird [1985] 1 WLR 816 124

Birmingham and Gloucester Railway Co (1842) 3 QB 223 147, 149, 152

Black-Clawson International v Papierwerke Waldhof-Aschaffenber AG [1975] AC 591 68

Blakely and Sutton v Chief Constable of West Mercia [1991] Crim LR 763 201, 432, 434

Bland [1988] Crim LR 41 425

Blaue (1975) 61 Cr App R 271 113

Bloxham [1983] 1 AC 109 403

Bollom [2004] 2 Cr App R 6 245, 311

Bonner (1970) 54 Cr App R 257 383

Bonollo [1981] VR 633 393

Booth v CPS (2006) 170 JP 305 178

Bourne (1952) 36 Cr App R 125 109, 132, 133, 430, 445, 446

Bowen [1996] 2 Cr App R 157 206, 212, 229

Bradbury [1996] Crim LR 808 425

Bratty v Attorney-General for Northern Ireland [1963] AC 386 90

Breaks and Huggan [1998] Crim LR 349 385

Bree [2007] EWCA Crim 804 351

Briggs [2004] 1 Cr App R 34 377

British Steel plc [1995] 1 WLR 1356 148, 164

Broad [1997] Crim LR 666 472

Brook [1993] Crim LR 455 403

Broome v Perkins (1987) 85 Cr App R 321 88, 89

Brown [1985] Crim LR 611 364, 399

Brown [1994] 1 AC 212 318, 320, 322, 324, 326, 327

Brown v United States (1921) 256 US 335 129, 132

Bryce [2004] 2 Cr App R 35 431, 433, 436, 451

Bubbins v UK (2005) 41 EHRR 458 127, 128

Burgess [1991] 2 QB 92 91, 143

Byrne [1960] 2 QB 396 269

C The Times, 9 June 2008 363

Table of cases

Page 4 of 15

C v DPP 60

C v Eisenhower [1984] QB 331 311

CR and SW v United Kingdom (1996) 21 EHRR 363 81

Caldwell [1982] AC 341 176, 179–83, 195, 232, 290

Calhaem [1985] QB 808 115, 430, 431

Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely CC v Rust [1972] 1 QB 426 222

Campbell (1991) 93 Cr App R 350 463, 464

Cantoni v France (1997) VIII HRCD 130 220

Carey [2006] Crim LR 842 289

Carter v Richardson [1974] RTR 314 432

Cartledge v Allen [1973] Crim LR 530 312

Cato [1976] 1 WLR 110; (1976) 62 Cr App R 41 105–107, 296

Celaire and Poulton [2003] 1 Cr App R (S) 610 333

Chambers [2008] EWCA Crim 2467 219

Chan Chi-hung v R [1996] AC 442 61

Chan Man-Sin v Attorney-General for Hong Kong (1988) 86 Cr App R 303 377

Chan Wing-Siu [1985] AC 168 438

Chandler v DPP [1964] AC 763 174, 175

Chan-Fook (1994) 99 Cr App R 147 311

Charles (1976) 63 Cr App R 252 70

Charlson [1955] 1 WLR 317 89

Chase Manhattan Bank NA v Israel-British Bank [1981] Ch 105 385

Cheshire [1991] 1 WLR 844 106, 111

Chisam (1963) 47 Cr App R 130 123, 216

Chiu-cheung [1995] 1 AC 111 476

Christian v R [2006] 2 AC 400 219

Church [1966] 1 QB 59 158, 159, 288

Churchill v Walton [1967] 2 AC 224 473

Clarence (1888) 22 QBD 23 311, 312, 317, 321

Clark [2003] 2 Cr App R 363 64

Clarke (1972) 56 Cr App R 225 142

Clarke (1982) 75 Cr App R 119 70

Clarke (1984) 80 Cr App R 344 434, 450

Clarkson [1971] 1 WLR 1402 425, 426

Clegg [1996] 1 AC 482 (HL) 265

Clingham v Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea [2003] 1 AC 787 43, 53

(p. xxi) Clinton, Parker and Evans [2012] EWCA Crim 2 262

Clouden [1987] Crim LR 56 396, 397

Cockburn (1968) 52 Cr App R 134 386

Cocker [1989] Crim LR 740 (CA) 270, 281

Cogan and Leak [1976] 1 QB 217 109, 346, 354, 445, 447

Collins [1973] QB 100 399, 400

Collins v Willcock (1984) 79 Cr App R 229 317, 318

Conally v General Construction Co (1926) 269 US 385 65

Concannon [2002] Crim LR 215 421

Coney (1882) 8 QBD 534 424, 425

Constanza [1997] 2 Cr App R 492 318, 319

Table of cases

Page 5 of 15

Conway [1989] 3 All ER 1025; (1988) 88 Cr App R 159 205, 206

Cook v Atchison [1968] Crim LR 266 87

Cooper v Simmons (1862) 7 H and N 707 222

Coppen v Moore (No. 2) [1898] 2 QB 306 149

Corbett [1996] Crim LR 594 112

Corcoran v Whent [1977] Crim LR 52 376

Cotter [2002] Crim LR 824 64

Court [1989] AC 28 344

Courtie [1984] AC 463 398

Cousins [1982] QB 526 123

Craig [2007] EWCA Crim 2913 404

Crossman (1986) 82 Cr App R 333 301

Cumming [2007] 2 Cr App R (S) 20 277

Cunningham [1957] 2 QB 396 176, 186

Cunningham [1982] AC 566 245, 246

Dadson (1850) 4 Cox CC 358 122

Dagnall [2003] EWCA Crim 2441 350

Davies [2004] 1 Cr App R (S) 209 398

Dawson (1985) 81 Cr App R 150 289

Dawson and James (1976) 64 Cr App R 150 396

Dear [1996] Crim LR 595 113

Densu [1998] 1 Cr App R 400 333

Devonald [2008] EWCA Crim 527 346, 347

Deyemi and Edwards [2008] 1 Cr App R 25 99, 167, 168

Dhaliwal [2006] 2 Cr App R 348 287, 311, 314

Dica [2004] QB 1257 321

Dietschmann [2003] 1 AC 1209 271, 321

Donnelly v Jackman (1969) 54 Cr App R 229 318

Donovan [1934] 2 KB 498 322

Doughty (1986) 83 Cr App R 319 256, 257

Dowds [2012] EWCA Crim 281 271, 272

DPP v Camplin [1978] AC 705 (HL) 259, 260

DPP v Collins [2007] 1 Cr App R 5 32

DPP v Dunn [2001] 1 Cr App R 352 328

DPP v H [1997] 1 WLR 1406 143, 161

DPP v Hammond [2004] Crim LR 851 32

DPP v K (1990) 91 Cr App R 23 317

DPP v K and B [1997] 1 Cr App R 36 445, 446

DPP v Kent and Sussex Contractors Ltd [1944] KB 146 150

DPP v Lavender [1994] Crim LR 297 388

DPP v Little (1992) 95 Cr App R 28 316

DPP v Lynch [1977] AC 653 212

DPP v Majewski [1977] AC 443 92, 195, 197, 198

DPP v Morgan [1976] 1 AC 182 195, 215, 342, 354

DPP v Newbury and Jones [1977] AC 500 288

DPP v Redmond-Bate [1999] Crim LR 998 32

DPP v Rogers [1998] Crim LR 202 208

Table of cases

Page 6 of 15

DPP v Santana-Bermudez [2004] Crim LR 471 317

DPP v Smith [1961] AC 290 311

DPP v Withers [1975] AC 842 468

DPP for Northern Ireland v Lynch [1975] AC 653 206

DPP for Northern Ireland v Maxwell [1978] 3 All ER 1140 471

Du Cros v Lambourne [1907] 1 KB 40 427

Dudgeon v United Kingdom (1982) 4 EHRR 149 326, 338

Dudley and Stephens (1884) 14 QBD 273 131–3, 212, 213

Duffy [1949] 1 All ER 932 253

Durante [1972] 3 All ER 962 195

Dyke and Munro [2002] 1 Cr App R 30; [2002] Crim LR 153 382, 384

Dytham [1979] QB 722, 332

E.B. [2006] EWCA Crim 2945 351

Easom [1971] 2 QB 315 387

Edwards v Ddin (1976) 63 Cr App R 218 376

Edwards v R [1973] AC 648 159

Elbekkay [1995] Crim LR 163 61, 348

El-Kurd [2001] Crim LR 234 473

Elliott v C (1983) 77 Cr App R 103 180

Emery (1993) 14 Cr App R (S) 394 102, 422

Emmett (1999) The Times 15 October. 326

Engel v Netherlands (1976) 1 EHRR 647 3

English [1999] AC 1 440, 443, 444

Environment Agency v Empress Car Co (Abertillery) [1999] 2 AC 22 110, 149

Evans [2009] EWCA Crim 650 292, 293

Evans v Hughes [1972] 3 All ER 412 123, 333

F, Re [1990] 2 AC 1 133

Fagan v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1969] 1 QB 439 157, 158

Fallon [1994] Crim LR 519 310, 312

Feely [1973] QB 530 390, 393

(p. xxii) Fennell [1971] 1 QB 428 121

Ferguson v Weaving [1951] 1 KB 814 423

Fernandes [1996] 1 Cr App R 175 387

Field [1972] Crim LR 435 124

Finau v Department of Labour [1984] 2 NZLR 396 96

Finney (1874) 12 Cox CC 625 289

Flattery (1877) 2 QBD 410 347

Floyd v DPP [2000] Crim LR 411 385

Forbes and Webb (1865) 10 Cox CC 362 315

Forrester [1992] Crim LR 792 396

Fotheringham (1989) 88 Cr App R 206 196

Fowler v Padget (1798) 7 Term Rep 509 157

G [2004] 1 AC 1034 176, 179–81, 188

G [2008] UKHL 37 73, 167, 357

Gallasso (1994) 98 Cr App R 284 375

Gammon v Attorney-General for Hong Kong [1985] AC 1 166

Gateway Foodmarkets Ltd [1997] Crim LR 512 148, 164

Table of cases

Page 7 of 15

Geddes [1996] Crim LR 894 463, 464

George [1956] Crim LR 52 345

Ghosh [1982] QB 1053 391, 393, 394, 407

Giannetto [1997] 1 Cr App R 1 421, 423, 451

Gibbins and Proctor (1918) 13 Cr App R 134 332

Gibson [1990] 2 QB 619 469

Gilks (1972) 56 Cr App R 734 385

Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112 133, 174–6, 428,

434

Gilmartin (1983) 76 Cr App R 238 406

Gilmour [2000] 2 Cr App R 407 440

Giorgianni v R (1985) 156 CLR 473 432

Gladstone Williams (1984) 78 Cr App R 276 216

Gnango [2011] 1 All ER 153 443

Gnosil (1824) 1 C & P 304 397

Gold and Schifreen [1988] AC 1063 70, 381

Goldstein and Rimmington [2005] UKHL 63 51, 81

Gomez [1993] AC 442 64, 68, 374–9, 383, 384, 393, 413

Goodyear [2005] 3 All ER 117 14

Gotts [1992] 2 AC 412 212

Graham (1982) 74 Cr App R 235 206, 208, 214, 218

Grant v Borg [1982] 1 WLR 638 219, 222

Great North of England Railway Co (1846) 9 QB 315 147

Grenwal [2010] EWCA Crim 2448 356

Gül v Turkey (2002) 34 EHRR 719 121

Gullefer [1987] Crim LR 195 463

H [2005] Crim LR 734 316, 344, 345

Hale (1978) 68 Cr App R 415 158, 376, 396

Hall [1973] QB 126 385

Hancock and Shankland [1986] AC 455 172, 244

Hardie (1985) 80 Cr App R 157 200, 201

Harman's Case (1620) 2 Roll Rep 154 397

Harrow LBC v Shah [2000] 1 WLR 83 166

Hasan [2005] 2 AC 467; [2005] UKHL 22 61, 160, 208, 209, 213, 218, 229, 230, 355

Hashman and Harrup v UK (2000) 30 EHRR 241 63–5, 393

Hatton [2006] 1 Cr App R 16 196

Heard [2007] EWCA Crim 125; [2008] QB 43 195, 204, 356

Hennessy (1989) 89 Cr App R 10 91, 143, 161

Hill (1986) 83 Cr App R 386 331

Hill [1997] Crim LR 459 163

Hilton [1997] 2 Cr App R 445 383

Hinks [2000] 4 All ER 833; [2001] 2 AC 241 64, 68, 321, 375, 380, 393, 413

Hobson [1998] 1 Cr App R 31 270

Horncastle [2006] EWCA Crim 1736 399

Howe [1987] AC 417 61, 130, 212, 226, 233, 423, 444

Hudson and Taylor [1971] 2 QB 202 205, 207, 208, 210

Hughes v Holley (1988) 86 Cr App R 130 64

Table of cases

Page 8 of 15

Hyam v DPP [1975] AC 55 175, 247

Hysa [2007] EWCA Crim 2056 352

ICR Haulage Ltd [1944] KB 551 150

Ibrams (1981) 74 Cr App R 154 255

Idress [2011] EWHC 624 (Admin) 406

Impress (Worcester) Ltd v Rees [1971] 2 All ER 357 110

Ireland and Burstow [1998] AC 147 311, 312, 317–19, 328, 335

Isaveya v Russia (2005) 41 EHRR 791 127

Isitt (1978) 67 Cr App R 44 88

Ismail [2005] EWCA Crim 397 342

JF Alford (Transport) Ltd [1997] 2 Cr App R 326 151, 427, 432

Janjua [1999] 1 Cr App R 91 311

Jackson [1985] Crim LR 442 474

Jacobson v US (1992) 112 S Ct 1535 224

James [2006] QB 588 258

James & Son v Smee [1955] 1 QB 78 150, 186

Janjua [1999] 1 Cr App R 91 245, 311

Jefferson et al (1994) 99 Cr App R 13 330, 420, 421, 425

Jheeta [2007] EWCA Crim 1699 347, 348

Jobidon [1991] 2 SCR 714 323

Johnson (1989) 89 Cr App 148 159

Johnson [2008] Crim LR 132 143

Johnson v Youden [1950] 1 KB 544 432, 435

(p. xxiii) Jones (1986) 83 Cr App R 375 324

Jones (1990) 91 Cr App R 351 463, 464

Jones, The Times, 19 August 1994 219

Jones et al. (1974) 59 Cr App R 120 470

Jones v Bedford and Mid-Befordshire Magistrates’ Court [2010] EWHC 523 315

Jones, Milling et al [2007] 1 AC 136 60, 120, 123, 125, 131, 134

Jordan (1956) 40 Cr App R 152 111

Julien [1969] 1 WLR 839 124

Juozaitiene v Lithuania (2008) 47 EHRR 1194 127

K [2002] 2 AC 462; [2002] 1 Cr App R 121 167, 218, 231, 357, 366

K.A. and A.D. v Belgium (judgment of 17 February 2005, App No. 42758/98) 327

Kaitamaki v R [1985] 1 AC 147 158

Kamara v DPP [1973] 2 All ER 1242 468, 469

Kamipeli [1975] 2 NZLR 610 198

Kaur v Chief Constable of Hampshire [1981] 1 WLR 578 378

Kay v Butterworth (1945) 173 LT 191 93

Kelly (1992) 97 Cr App R 245 401

Kelly v UK (1993) 74 DR 139 124

Kelly and Donnelly [2001] 1 Cr App R (S) 341 315, 328

Kemp and Else [1964] 2 QB 341 447

Kendrick and Hopkins [1997] 2 Cr App R 524 375

Kennedy [1999] Crim LR 65 110

Kennedy (No 2) [2005] 2 Cr App R 23; [2007] UKHL 38; [2008] 1 AC 269 103, 104, 110,

288, 293, 296, 331

Table of cases

Page 9 of 15

Keys and Sween (1986) 8 Cr App R (S) 444 329

Khaliq v H M Advocate 1983 SCCR 483 58

Khan (1990) 91 Cr App R 29 459, 475

Khan and Khan [1998] Crim LR 830 288, 289

Kimber [1983] 1 WLR 1118; (1983) 77 Cr App R 225 176, 216

Kingston [1995] 2 AC 355 97, 201, 223, 234

Klineberg and Marsden [1999] 1 Cr App R 427 385

Knuller v DPP [1973] AC 435 58, 59, 62, 468, 469

Kohn [1997] 2 Cr App R 445 381

Kokkinakis v Greece (1994) 17 EHRR 397 61, 63, 68

Kolender v Lawson (1983) 103 S Ct 1855 62

Kong Cheuk Kwan (1986) 82 Cr App R 18 290

Konzani [2005] 2 Cr App R 13 321

Korbeley v Hungary (2010) 50 EHRR 1192 62

Lamb [1967] 2 QB 981 286, 290, 319

Lambert [2001] 3 WLR 206; [2002] 2 AC 545 50, 71

Lambert v California (1957) 355 US 225 221

Lane and Lane (1986) 82 Cr App R 5 422

Lankford [1959] Crim LR 209, 484

Larsonneur (1933) 149 LT 542 96

Laskey v UK (1997) 24 EHRR 39 327, 364

Latimer (1886) 17 QBD 359 190

Lawrence [1972] AC 626 373, 374, 379

Lawrence [1982] AC 510 176

Le Brun [1992] QB 61 158, 159

Le Compte, Van Leuven and De Meyere v Belgium (1981) 4 EHRR 1 4

Lester (1976) 63 Cr App R 144 163

Letenock (1917) 12 Cr App R 221 216, 257

Lewis (1988) 87 Cr App R 270 98

Lidar [2000] 4 Archbold News 3 294

Liggins et al. [1995] Crim LR 45 469, 470

Lim Chin Aik v R [1963] AC 160 166, 219

Linekar [1995] 2 Cr App R 49; [1995] QB 250 347, 353

Lipman [1970] 1 QB 152 92, 196, 287

Lloyd [1985] QB 928 388

Logdon v DPP [1976] Crim LR 121 319

Lomas (1913) 9 Cr App R 220 429

Looseley; Attorney-General's Reference No. 3 of 1999 [2002] 1 Cr App R 29 224, 228

Lowe [1973] QB 702 287

Luc Thiet-Thuan v R [1997] AC 131 266

Lynch v DPP [2002] Crim LR 320 488

MC v Bulgaria (2005) 40 EHRR 459 338

McCann and others v UK (1996) 21 EHRR 97 126, 127, 217, 231

McCoy [1953] 2 SA 4 354

McDermott [2007] 1 Cr App R (S) 145 200

M'Naghten's Case (1843) 10 Cl & Fin 200 142, 143

McNamara (1988) 87 Cr App R 246 98

Table of cases

Page 10 of 15

McShane (1978) 66 Cr App R 97 277

Milberry [2003] 2 Cr App R (S) 142 336

Miller [1983] 2 AC 161 290, 291

Morrison (1989) 89 Cr App R 17 312

Moses [1991] Crim LR 617 411

Mahroof [1989] Crim LR 72 329

Majewski See DPP v Majewski

Malcherek and Steel (1981) 73 Cr App R 173 111, 239

Mandair [1995] 1 AC 208 312

Marcus (1981) 73 Cr App R 49 331

Marshall [1998] 2 Cr App R 282 384, 388

Marshall [2009] EWCA Crim 2076 408

Martin (1881) 8 QBD 54 312

Martin (1989) 88 Cr App R 343 205

(p. xxiv) Martin [2002] 1 Cr App R 27 127

Matthews and Alleyne [2003] 2 Cr App R 30 172, 245

Matudi [2003] EWCA Crim 697 167

Mavji (1987) 84 Cr App R 34 405

Mawgridge (1707) 1 Kel 119 258

Maxwell v DPP for Northern Ireland [1978] 3 All ER 1140; [1979] 1 WLR 1350 421, 435, 436,

439, 451, 483

Mazo [1997] 2 Cr App R 518 375

Meachen [2006] EWCA Crim 2414 322

Meade and Belt (1823) 1 Lew CC 184 318

Melliti [2001] EWCA Crim 1563 348

Mendez [2010] EWCA Crim 516 444

Mercer [2001] All ER (D) 187 421

Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v Securities Commission [1995] 2 AC 500 151

Metropolitan Police Commissioner v Charles [1977] AC 177 353

Michael (1840) 9 C and P 356 109, 447

Miller [1954] 2 QB 282 314

Miller [1983] 2 AC 161 100, 158, 317

Millward [1994] Crim LR 527 446

Misra [2005] 1 Cr App R 21 293

Mitchell [2008] EWCA Crim 850 386, 387, 395

Mohan [1976] 1 QB 1 169, 170, 458

Moloney [1985] AC 905 172, 180, 244, 252

Moore v I Bresler Ltd [1944] 2 All ER 515 150

Morgan See DPP v Morgan

Morhall (1994) 98 Cr App R 108; [1996] 1 AC 90 260

Morris [1984] AC 320 374, 377, 379, 412

Morris [1998] 1 Cr App R 386 328

Mousell Bros v London and North-Western Railway Co [1917] 2 KB 836 147

Mowatt [1968] 1 QB 421 312, 313

Muhamad [2003] QB 1031 166, 167

Mulcahy (1868) LR 3 HL 306 472

NW et al. [2008] 3 All ER 533 404

Table of cases

Page 11 of 15

Nachova v Bulgaria (2006) 42 EHRR 933 56, 120–2

Nash [1999] Crim LR 308 463

National Coal Board v Gamble [1959] 1 QB 11 428, 429, 433, 434

National Rivers Authority v Yorkshire Water Services [1995] 1 AC 444 105

Naylor (1987) 84 Crim App R 302 256

Nedrick (1986) 83 Cr App R 267 172, 244

Newbury and Jones [1977] AC 500 286

Newington [1990] Crim LR 593 332

Nicol and Selvanayagam v DPP [1996] Crim LR 318 125

Norris v United States of America [2008] UKHL 16 66, 411

Nunn [1996] 2 Cr App R (S) 136 3

O'Connor (1980) 146 CLR 64 198

O'Connor [1991] Crim LR 135 196

O'Driscoll (1977) 65 Cr App R 50 287

O'Grady (1987) 85 Cr App R 315 196

Osborne [2010] EWCA 547 269

Owino [1996] 2 Cr App R 128 120

Oxford v Moss (1979) 68 Cr App R 183 70, 381

Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279 109

Palmer [1971] AC 814, 128, 129

Parker [1977] 1 WLR 600 178

Pattni et al [2001] Crim LR 570 64

Pearman (1985) 80 Cr App R 259 458

Pembliton (1874) 12 Cox CC 607 190

People v Goetz (1986) 68 NY 2d 96 120

Pepper v Hart [1993] AC 593 68

Percy v DPP [2002] Crim LR 835 51

Perka v R (1984) 13 DLR (4th) 1 210

Philippou (1989) 89 Cr App R 290 383

Piper [2007] EWCA Crim 2131 347, 348

Pitham and Hehl (1977) 65 Cr App R 45 377

Postermobile v Brent LBC [1998] Crim LR 435 223, 228

Powell and Daniels [1999] AC 1 439, 451, 452

Powell v Texas 392 US 514 (1968) 97

Practice Direction [1977] 2 All ER 540 470

Practice Direction (Crime: Mandatory Life Sentences) (No. 2) [2004] 1 WLR 2551 241

Practice Direction: Crown Court (Trial of Children and Young Persons) [2000] 1 Cr App R

483 140

Preddy [1996] AC 815 70, 385

Prentice [1994] QB 302 290, 293

Price (1990) 90 Cr App R 409 391

Quick [1973] QB 910 89, 91–4

R [2008] EWCA Crim 619 489

RJ and M-J D v France [2005] Crim LR 307 118

R v ABCD [2010] EWCA Crim 1622 437

R v DPP, ex parte Jones [2000] Crim LR 858 291

R v R [1992] 1 AC 599 58