Principles of Air Quality Management

Air Quality Management

SECOND EDITION

PRINCIPLES OF

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Air Quality Management

Roger D. Griffin

SECOND EDITION

PRINCIPLES OF

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Griffin, Roger D.

Principles of air quality management / Roger D. Griffin. -- 2nd ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8493-7099-X (alk. paper)

1. Air quality management. I. Title.

TD883.G78 2006

363.739’2--dc22 2006045606

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Dedication

Still dedicated to those who seek the Truth in all things,

and to Him Who is

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Preface to the Second Edition

In the years since the first edition, we have seen new trends that this author did not

think possible when he began his environmental career in 1969. Today there are far

fewer “smog alerts,” far fewer acute-health impacts, a far greater acceptance of clean

fuels and clean technologies, new engine systems, and a far greater understanding

of the sources of air emissions — both natural and man-made. (Air quality improve￾ments are detailed in Chapter 10.)

On an international scale, air quality issues being addressed include the concern

for indoor air quality in developing nations, the push for clean fuels worldwide, and

the search for newer, less polluting technologies for industry and control systems.

It is worth noting that the stratospheric ozone layer over Antarctica — once predicted

as taking decades to improve — is increasing.

If the estimated methane reserves of 400 million tcf (trillion cubic feet) discov￾ered in gas hydrates offshore can be accessed, the entire energy paradigm will shift

dramatically to clean fuels.

While our goal is the same as in our first edition — “giving the reader a firm

grasp of the principles that make up the broad field of air quality, its pollution and

its management” — we are also celebrating the successes we have seen over the

past 40 years of a concerted effort directed toward clean air. I would like to pay

tribute to the thousands who have spent myriad hours studying the atmosphere,

devising technologies for clean fuels, clean engines and new control systems, inves￾tigating health effects, reviewing historical information on climate, monitoring the

air, preparing new management strategies, evaluating rules and regulations, and

guiding the energies and industries of a modern society in new directions. To you

we say thank you.

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Preface to the First Edition

In order to understand and manage our air quality resources, it is necessary to gain

a fundamental understanding of the principles that govern our ability to do so.

From a local perspective, it may be considered desirable to install huge fans in

order to “blow the smog away,” but from a technological and scientific perspective

it is not feasible. Likewise, from a regional or continental perspective, it is not

acceptable to merely transfer air contaminants from one location to another one by

dilution or “blowing it away.”

It is therefore the purpose of this book to give the reader a firm grasp of the

principles that make up the broad field of air quality, its pollution, and its manage￾ment. Starting from the basic definitions of air and types of air pollution, we will

follow some of its history through the present century. From that perspective, we

will look at the terms used: air quality, emissions, standards and classifications of

pollutants, and the production of secondary air pollution or photochemical smog.

We next look at the health effects of the criteria air pollutants and those that are

considered toxic or hazardous, and the effects of those contaminants on the human

body. Air pollutant damages to materials and vegetation are also reviewed. The

standards of acceptable air quality from the perspective of health impacts (chronic

through emergency episode concentrations) and the techniques for measuring air

quality are also reviewed.

We approach the sources of air contaminants from an anthropogenic as well as

geogenic and biogenic perspective. Between sources and receptors we look at how

contaminants are dispersed into the atmosphere from a local, regional, and global

perspective. From these studies come an evaluation of the different models used to

calculate dispersion and the models used to predict ambient air quality.

Federal laws and regulations as well as regional perspectives are summarized

and evaluated. Control technologies that are available for both stationary sources

and mobile sources are reviewed. From these, we are able to evaluate the possible

management options for limiting emissions and optimizing air pollutant strategies.

Global air quality concerns, relative global emissions, and the alternative views

are evaluated from the perspective of management options that may be available to

society at large. Of particular concern are those that may influence long-term air

quality and health. Finally, we will be looking at indoor air quality and the future

trends in air quality management approaches, with their limitations.

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The Author

Roger D. Griffin has more than 35 years of technical and management expertise

as a result of working on numerous environmental problems. He has in-depth

experience in the design, evaluation, and testing of existing and planned combustion,

air pollution, waste-to-energy, and hazardous waste sources and control technologies,

combined with several years of advanced study of pollutant formation and dispersion

from point and area sources.

He has served as an expert witness in cases involving air toxics, contaminated

properties, and remediation. His master’s thesis was a field validation of the Gaussian

plume dispersion model; the antecedent of EPA’s ISC and AERMOD dispersion

models. He has conducted remedial investigations at Superfund sites.

Mr. Griffin has worked with local government agencies throughout his career,

including the County of Orange (California), and the South Coast Air Quality

Management District and its predecessor agencies. He has held positions with the

Ecology Auto companies (director of Environmental Compliance), Converse Con￾sultants (president and managing officer), CH2M-Hill, US Ecology, and KVB Engi￾neering. He has served in various capacities in his career: analyzing air samples for

trace pollutants; and as a field inspector, source testing specialist, permit processing

engineer, project manager, and principal-in-charge.

His projects have included working on secondary aluminum foundries; perform￾ing dispersion modeling and health risk assessments for permits to operate combined

cycle power systems; providing expert witness testimony for cases involving haz￾ardous air pollutant emissions from a railroad tank car derailment and spill; per￾forming extensive NOx testing and control programs on standard and alternative

fuels; and providing on-site reviews and evaluations of operating European and

United States incineration facilities, determining hazardous and toxic emission lev￾els, emissions test methods, and best control technologies for toxic air contaminants.

Mr. Griffin has worked on biomass fuel systems (rice hull burner and cow manure

combustion systems); performed alternative control technologies and process change

evaluations for effectiveness and costs to control odors.

His other activities have included preparing hearing board cases, testifying as

an expert witness, supervising special studies, preparing emission inventories, and

evaluating technological and economic impacts of New Source Review regulation.

In addition, he has worked for industrial clients in the food preparation, metallurgical,

chemical, petroleum, and power generation industries.

In his earlier years, Mr. Griffin supervised a source test team, was responsible

for ambient air monitoring instrument calibrations, and advised on methods of air

sampling analysis.

He taught for 10 years at UCLA and UC–Irvine in their Environmental Engi￾neering Extension program, teaching air quality and hazardous materials

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management. He has a master’s degree in engineering, a bachelor’s degree in chem￾istry, and is a registered chemical engineer in California.

CONTRIBUTOR

Benjamin K. Griffin practices law as an associate for Bois & Macdonald, an

environmental law firm in Irvine, California. In his practice, he has worked with the

South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), the California Depart￾ment of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC), regional water quality control boards,

the Los Angeles County Health and Hazardous Materials Division, and the County

of San Diego Department of Environmental Health. He works on matters regarding

CERCLA, RCRA, USTCF, and NPL listed sites. He also has worked on claims

involving construction delay and inverse condemnation.

He earned his J.D. degree from Pepperdine University School of Law. While in

law school, Mr. Griffin distinguished himself as a member of the Law School Honor

Board, serving as prosecutor. During his second year of law school he was selected

as a Blackstone Fellow.

Mr. Griffin earned his B.A. degree from The Citadel, with department honors,

in political science, international politics, and military affairs.

Mr. Griffin is a member of the State Bar of California, the U.S. District Court,

Central District of California, the American Bar Association, and the Environmental

Law Section of the Orange County Bar Association.

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Acknowledgments

The following individuals are acknowledged for their contributions to this book and

to a greater understanding of the field of air quality management:

Dr. Kathryn Kelly of Delta Toxicology, Inc.

Michael Oard, Retired Meteorologist

Dr. James Pitts of the University of California, Riverside

Dr. Scott Samuelson of the University of California, Irvine

Dr. Larry Vardiman of the Institute of Creation Research

A special acknowledgment is given to my wife, Dr. Avice Marie Griffin, without

whose encouragement this book would not have been possible.

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