Practical applications of phosphors

PRACTICAL

APPLICATIONS OF

PHOSPHORS

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PRACTICAL

APPLICATIONS OF

PHOSPHORS

Edited by

William M. Yen

Shigeo Shionoya (Deceased)

Hajime Yamamoto

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Boca Raton London New York

43692_FM Page iii Wednesday, November 15, 2006 7:09 PM

This material was previously published in Phosphor Handbook, Second Edition © 2007 by Taylor and Francis Group,

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Dedication

Dr. Shigeo Shionoya 1923–2001

This volume is a testament to the many contributions Dr. Shionoya made to

phosphor art and is dedicated to his memory.

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In Memoriam

Kenzo Awazu

Formerly of Mitsubishi Electric Corp.

Amagasaki, Japan

Kiyoshi Morimoto

Formerly of Futaba Corp.

Chiba, Japan

Shigeharu Nakajima

Formerly of Nichia Chemical

Industries, Ltd.

Tokashima, Japan

Shosaku Tanaka

Tottori University

Department of Electrical & Electronic

Engineering

Tottori, Japan

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The Editors

William M. Yen obtained his B.S. degree from the University of Redlands, Redlands, Cali￾fornia in 1956 and his Ph.D. (physics) from Washington University in St. Louis in 1962. He

served from 1962–65 as a Research Associate at Stanford University under the tutelage of

Professor A.L. Schawlow, following which he accepted an assistant professorship at the

University of Wisconsin-Madison. He was promoted to full professorship in 1972 and retired

from this position in 1990 to assume the Graham Perdue Chair in Physics at the University

of Georgia-Athens.

Dr. Yen has been the recipient of a J.S. Guggenheim Fellowship (1979–80), of an A. von

Humboldt Senior U.S. Scientist Award (1985, 1990), and of a Senior Fulbright to Australia

(1995). He was recently awarded the Lamar Dodd Creative Research Award by the Univer￾sity of Georgia Research Foundation. He is the recipient of the ICL Prize for Luminescence

Research awarded in Beijing in August 2005. He has been appointed to visiting professor￾ships at numerous institutions including the University of Tokyo, the University of Paris

(Orsay), and the Australian National University. He was named the first Edwin T. Jaynes

Visiting Professor by Washington University in 2004 and has been appointed to an affiliated

research professorship at the University of Hawaii (Manoa). He is also an honorary professor

at the University San Antonio de Abad in Cusco, Peru and of the Northern Jiatong University,

Beijing, China. He has been on the technical staff of Bell Labs (1966) and of the Livermore

Laser Fusion Effort (1974–76).

Dr. Yen has been elected to fellowship in the American Physical Society, the Optical

Society of America, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and by the

U.S. Electrochemical Society.

Professor Shionoya was born on April 30, 1923, in the Hongo area of Tokyo, Japan and

passed away in October 2001. He received his baccalaureate in applied chemistry from the

faculty of engineering, University of Tokyo, in 1945. He served as a research associate at

the University of Tokyo until he moved to the department of electrochemistry, Yokohama

National University as an associate professor in 1951. From 1957 to 1959, he was appointed

to a visiting position in Professor H.P. Kallman’s group in the physics department of New

York University. While there, he was awarded a doctorate in engineering from the University

of Tokyo in 1958 for work related to the industrial development of solid-state inorganic

phosphor materials. In 1959, he joined the Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP, Busseiken)

of the University of Tokyo as an associate professor; he was promoted to full professorship

in the Optical Properties Division of the ISSP in 1967. Following a reorganization of ISSP

in 1980, he was named head of the High Power Laser Group of the Division of Solid State

under Extreme Conditions. He retired from the post in 1984 with the title of emeritus

professor. He helped in the establishment of the Tokyo Engineering University in 1986 and

served in the administration and as a professor of Physics. On his retirement from the Tokyo

Engineering University in 1994, he was also named emeritus professor in that institution.

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During his career, he published more than two hundred scientific papers and authored

or edited a number of books—the Handbook on Optical Properties of Solids (in Japanese, 1984)

and the Phosphor Handbook (1998).

Professor Shionoya has been recognized for his many contributions to phosphor art. In

1977, he won the Nishina Award for his research on high-density excitation effects in

semiconductors using picosecond spectroscopy. He was recognized by the Electrochemical

Society in 1979 for his contributions to advances in phosphor research. Finally, in 1984 he

was the first recipient of the ICL Prize for Luminescence Research.

Hajime Yamamoto received his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in applied chemistry from the

University of Tokyo in 1962 and 1967. His Ph.D. work was performed at the Institute for

Solid State Physics under late Professors Shohji Makishima and Shigeo Shionoya on spec￾troscopy of rare earth ions in solids. Soon after graduation he joined Central Research

Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., where he worked mainly on phosphors and p-type ZnSe thin films.

From 1971 to 1972, he was a visiting fellow at Professor Donald S. McClure’s laboratory,

Department of Chemistry, Princeton University. In 1991, he retired from Hitachi Ltd. and

moved to Tokyo University of Technology as a professor of the faculty of engineering. Since

2003, he has been a professor at the School of Bionics of the same university.

Dr. Yamamoto serves as a chairperson of the Phosphor Research Society and is an

organizing committee member of the Workshop on EL Displays, LEDs and Phosphors,

International Display Workshops. He was one of the recipients of Tanahashi Memorial

Award of the Japanese Electrochemical Society in 1988, and the Phosphor Award of the

Phosphor Research Society in 2000 and 2005.

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Preface

This volume originated from the Phosphor Handbook which has enjoyed a moderate amount

of sale success as part of the CRC Laser and Optical Science and Technology Series and which

recently went into its second edition. The original Handbook was published in Japanese in 1987

through an effort of the Phosphor Research Society of Japan. The late professor Shionoya was

largely instrumental in getting us involved in the translation and publication of the English

version. Since the English publication in 1998, the Handbook has gained wide acceptance by

the technical community as a central reference on the basic properties as well as the applied

and practical aspects of phosphor materials.

As we had expected, advances in the display and information technologies continue

to consume and demand phosphor materials which are more efficient and more targeted

to specific uses. These continuing changes in the demand necessitated an update and

revision of the Handbook and resulted in the publication of the second edition which

incorporates almost all additional topics, especially those of current interest such as quan￾tum cutting and LED white lighting phosphor materials.

At the same time, it has also become apparent to some of us that the evolution of

recent technologies will continue to place demands on the phosphor art and that research

activity in the understanding and development of new phosphor materials will continue

to experience increases. For this reason, it has been decided by CRC Press that a series of

titles dedicated to Phosphor Properties be inaugurated through the publication of corre￾lated sections of the Phosphor Handbook into three separate volumes. Volume I deals with

the fundamental properties of luminescence as applied to solid state phosphor materials;

the second volume includes the description of the synthesis and optical properties of

phosphors used in different applications while the third addresses experimental methods

for phosphor evaluation. The division of the Handbook into these sections, will allow us

as editors to maintain the currency and timeliness of the volumes by updating only the

section(s) which necessitate it.

We hope that this new organization of a technical series continues to serve the purpose

of serving as a general reference to all aspects of phosphor properties and applications

and as a starting point for further advances and developments in the phosphor art.

William M. Yen

Athens, GA, USA

October, 2006

Hajime Yamamoto

Tokyo, Japan

October, 2006

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Contributors

Chihaya Adachi

Kyushu University

Fukuoka, Japan

Takashi Hase

Formerly of Kasei Optonix, Ltd.

Odawara, Japan

Noritsuna Hashimoto

Mitsubishi Electric Corp.

Kyoto, Japan

Takayuki Hisamune

Kasei Optonix, Ltd.

Odawara, Japan

Shuji Inaho

Formerly of Kasei Optonix, Ltd.

Kanagawa, Japan

Toshio Inoguchi

Formerly of Sharp Corp.

Nara, Japan

Mitsuru Ishii

Formerly of Shonan Institute of

Technology

Kanagawa, Japan

Shigeo Itoh

Futaba Corporation

Chiba, Japan

Yuji Itsuki

Nichia Chemical Industries, Ltd.

Tokushima, Japan

Dongdong Jia

Lock Haven University

Lock Haven, Pennsylvania

Weiyi Jia

University of Puerto Rico

Mayaguez, Puerto Rico

Shigeru Kamiya

Formerly of Matsushita

Electronics Corp.

Osaka, Japan

Hiroshi Kobayashi

Tokushima Bunri University

Kagawa, Japan

Masaaki Kobayashi

KEK

High Energy Accelerator Research Org.

Ibaraki, Japan

Kohtaro Kohmoto

Formerly of Toshiba Lighting

& Technology Corp.

Kanagawa, Japan

Takehiro Kojima

Formerly of Dai Nippon

Printing Co., Ltd.

Tokyo, Japan

Richard S. Meltzer

University of Georgia

Athens, Georgia

Akiyoshi Mikami

Kanazawa Institute of Technology

Ishikawa, Japan

Yoh Mita

Formerly of Tokyo University of

Technology

Tokyo, Japan

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Noboru Miura

Meiji University

Kawasaki, Japan

Norio Miura

Kasei Optonix, Ltd.

Kanagawa, Japan

Sadayasu Miyahara

Sinloihi Co., Ltd.

Kanagawa, Japan

Hideo Mizuno

Formerly of Matsushita Electronics Corp.

Osaka, Japan

Katsuo Murakami

Osram-Melco Co., Ltd.

Shizuoka, Japan

Yoshihiko Murayama

Nemoto & Co., Ltd.

Tokyo, Japan

Yoshinori Murazaki

Nichia Chemical Industries, Ltd.

Tokushima, Japan

Kazuo Narita

Formerly of Toshiba Research Consulting

Corp.

Kawasaki, Japan

Masataka Ogawa

Sony Electronics Inc.

San Jose, California

Katsutoshi Ohno

Formerly of Sony Corp.

Display Co.

Kanagawa, Japan

R. P. Rao

Authentix, Inc

Douglassville, Pennsylvania

Hiroshi Sasakura

Formerly of Tottori University

Tottori, Japan

Atsushi Suzuki

Formerly of Hitachi, Ltd.

Tokyo, Japan

Takeshi Takahara

Nemato & Co., Ltd.

Kanagawa, Japan

Kenji Takahashi

Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.

Kanagawa, Japan

Hiroto Tamaki

Nichia Chemical Industries, Ltd.

Tokushima, Japan

Masaaki Tamatani

Toshiba Research Consulting

Corporation

Kawasaki, Japan

Brian M. Tissue

Virginia Institute of Technology

Blacksburg, Virginia

Yoshifumi Tomita

Formerly of Hitachi, Ltd.

Chiba, Japan

Tetsuo Tsutsui

Kyushu University

Fukuoka, Japan

Xiaojun Wang

Georgia Southern University

Statesboro, Georgia

William M. Yen

University of Georgia

Athens, Georgia

Masaru Yoshida

Sharp Corp.

Nara, Japan

Taisuke Yoshioka

Formerly of Aiwa Co., Ltd.

Tokyo, Japan

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