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Politics
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ARISTOTLE
POLITICS
Translated by
C.D.C. REEVE
ARISTOTLE
Politics
ARISTOTLE
Politics
Translated,
with Introduction and Notes,
by
C.D.C. Reeve
Hackett Publishing Company
Indianapolis I Cambridge
Aristotle: 384-322 B.C.
Copyright © 1998 by Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
09 08 07 06 45678 9
Cover and interior design by Dan Kirklin
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Aristotle
[Politics. English]
Politics/ Aristotle; translated, with introduction and notes, by
C.D.C. Reeve.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 0-87220-389-1 (cloth). ISBN 0-87220-388-3 (pbk.)
1. Political science-Early works to 1800. I. Reeve, C.D.C.,
1948-- . II. Title.
JC7l .A41R44 1998
320'.01'1-dc21
ISBN-13: 978-0-87220-389-1 (cloth)
ISBN-13: 978-0-87220-388-4 (pbk.)
97-46398
CIP
For
Jay and Deborah
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments Xlll
Note to the Reader XV
Introduction XVll
§1 Aristotle the Man XVll
§2 The Methods and Aims of Philosophy XVlll
§3 Perfectionism XXV
§4 Human Nature XXVll
§5 Practical Agents XXXV
§6 Theorizers xliii
§7 Political Animals xlviii
Map
POLITICS
BooK I
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
§8 Rulers and Subjects lix
§9 Constitutions lxv
§10 The Ideal Constitution lxxii
§1 1 Conclusion lxxviii
The City-State and Its Rule
The Emergence and Naturalness of the City-State
Parts of the City-State: Household; Master,
and Slave
The Nature of Slaves
Natural Slaves
Are There Natural Slaves?
Mastership and Slave-Craft
Property Acquisition and Household Management
Wealth Acquisition and the Nature of Wealth
Wealth Acquisition and Household Management;
Usury
VII
lxxx
1
2
5
6
7
9
12
12
15
18
Vlll Contents
Chapter 11 Practical Aspects of Wealth Acquisition
Monopolies 19
Chapter 12 The Branches of Household Management
Continued: Wife and Children 21
Chapter 13 The Different Virtues of Men, Women, Children,
and Slaves 22
BooK II
Chapter 1 Ideal Constitutions Proposed by Others 26
Chapter 2 Plato's Republic: Unity of the City-State 26
Chapter 3 Plato's Republic: Communal Possession of Women
and Children (1) 28
Chapter 4 Plato's Republic: Communal Possession of Women
and Children (2) 30
Chapter 5 Plato's Republic: Communal Ownership of
Property 32
Chapter 6 Plato's Laws 36
Chapter 7 The Constitution of Phaleas of Chalcedon 41
Chapter 8 The Constitution of Hippodamus of Miletus 45
Chapter 9 The Spartan Constitution 49
Chapter 10 The Cretan Constitution 55
Chapter 11 The Carthaginian Constitution 58
Chapter 12 The Constitutions Proposed by Solon and Other
Legislators 61
BOOK III
Chapter 1 City-States and Citizens 65
What Is a City-State?
What Is a Citizen?
Unconditional Citizens
Chapter 2 Pragmatic Definitions of Citizens 67
Chapter 3 The Identity of a City-State 68
Chapter 4 Virtues of Men and of Citizens 70
Virtues of Rulers and Subjects
Chapter 5 Should Craftsmen Be Citizens? 73
Chapter 6 Correct and Deviant Constitutions 75
Chapter 7 The Classification of Constitutions 77
Chapter 8 Difficulties in Defining Oligarchy and Democracy 78
Chapter 9 Justice and the Goal of a City-State 79
Democratic and Oligarchic Justice
Contents IX
Chapter 10 Who Should Have Authority in a City-State? 82
Chapter 11 The Authority of the Multitude 82
Chapter 12 Justice, Equality, and Authority 85
Chapter 13 The Just Basis for Authority 87
Chapter 14 Types of Kingship 91
Chapter 15 Kingship and the Law 93
Chapter 16 Absolute Kingship 96
Chapter 17 The Constitutions Appropriate for Different
Peoples 98
Chapter 18 The Ideal Constitution 100
BooK IV
Chapter 1 The Tasks of Statesmanship 101
Chapter 2 Ranking Deviant Constitutions 103
The Tasks of Book IV
Chapter 3 Constitutions Differ Because Their Parts Differ 104
Chapter 4 Precise Accounts of Democracy and Oligarchy 106
Why Constitutions Differ
Democracy and Its Parts
Plato on the Parts of a City-State
Kinds of Democracy
Chapter 5 Kinds of Oligarchy 111
Chapter 6 Kinds of Democracy and Oligarchy 1 12
Chapter 7 Kinds of Aristocracy 1 14
Chapter 8 Polities 1 14
Chapter 9 Kinds of Polities 1 16
Chapter 10 Kinds of Tyranny 1 18
Chapter 11 The Middle Class ( 1) 1 18
Chapter 12 The Middle Class (2) 121
Chapter 13 Devices Used in Constitutions 123
Chapter 14 The Deliberative Part of a Political System 1 24
Chapter 15 Offices 1 27
Chapter 16 Judiciary 1 32
BooKV
Chapter 1 Changing and Preserving Constitutions 1 34
The General Causes of Faction
The Changes Due to Faction
Chapter 2 Three Principal Sources of Political Change 136
Chapter 3 Particular Sources of Political Change (1) 137
X Contents
Chapter 4 Particular Sources of Political Change (2) 141
Chapter 5 Political Change In Democracies 144
Chapter 6 Political Change In Oligarchies 146
Chapter 7 Political Change In Aristocracies and Polities 1 49
Chapter 8 How to Preserve Constitutions (1) 1 52
Chapter 9 How to Preserve Constitutions (2) 1 56
Chapter 10 Changing and Preserving Monarchies 159
Chapter 11 Preserving Kingships and Tyrannies 1 66
Chapter 12 Long-Lasting Tyrannies 171
Plato on Political Change
BooK VI
Chapter 1 Mixed Constitutions 1 75
Kinds of Democracies
Chapter 2 Principles and Features of Democracies 176
Chapter 3 Democratic Equality 1 78
Chapter 4 Ranking Democracies 1 79
Chapter 5 Preserving Democracies 1 82
Chapter 6 Preserving Oligarchies (1) 1 84
Chapter 7 Preserving Oligarchies (2) 185
Chapter 8 Kinds of Political Offices 1 87
BooK VII
Chapter 1 The Most Choiceworthy Life 191
Chapter 2 The Political Life and the Philosophical Life
Compared 193
Chapter 3 The Political and Philosophical Lives Continued 196
Chapter 4 The Size of the Ideal City-State 197
Chapter 5 The Territory of the Ideal City-State 200
Chapter 6 Access to the Sea and Naval Power 200
Chapter 7 Influences of Climate 202
Chapter 8 Necessary Parts of a City-State 203
Chapter 9 Offices and Who Should Hold Them 205
Chapter 10 The Division of the Territory 206
Chapter 11 The Location of the City-State and Its
Fortifications 209
Chapter 12 The Location of Markets, Temples, and Messes 211
Chapter 13 Happiness as the Goal of the Ideal City-State 212
The Importance ofVirtue
Contents XI
Chapter 14 Rulers and Ruled 214
The Goals of Education
Chapter 15 Education and Leisure 218
Chapter 16 Regulation of Marriage and Procreation 220
Chapter 17 The Education of Children 223
BooK VIII
Chapter 1 Education Should Be Communal 227
Chapter 2 The Aims of Education 227
Chapter 3 Education and Leisure 228
Music (1)
Chapter 4 Gymnastic Training 23 1
Chapter 5 Music (2) 232
Chapter 6 Music (3): Its Place in the Civilized Life 236
Chapter 7 Music (4): Harmonies and Rhythms 239
Glossary 243
Bibliography 263
Literary References 275
Index of Names 276
General Index 281
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Traduttori traditori, translators are traitors. They are also thieves. I have
shamelessly plundered other translations of the Politics, borrowing
where I could not improve. I hope others will find my own translation
worthy of similar treatment.
Anyone who has worked with John Cooper knows what a rare privilege it is to benefit from his vast knowledge, extraordinary editorial
skills, and sound judgment. I am greatly in his debt for guiding the crucial early stages of this translation, and for characteristically trenchant
and detailed comments on parts of Books I and III. His ideals of translation, "correct as humanly possible" and "ordinary English-where necessary, ordinary philosophical English," I have tried to make my own.
Anyone who has translated Aristotle (or any other Greek writer, for that
matter) will know that, though easy to state, they are enormously difficult to achieve.
I owe an even larger debt, truly unrepayable, to Trevor Saunders
(Books I and II) and Christopher Rowe (III and IV), who late in the
game, and by dint of their wonderfully thorough comments, inspired me
to a complete revision of the entire translation. It is now much closer to
Aristotle than I, who learned Greek regrettably late in life, could ever
have made it unaided.
I am also very grateful to David Keyt (Books V and VI) and Richard
Kraut (VII and VIII) for allowing me to see their own forthcoming editions of these books, and for allowing me to benefit from their enviable
knowledge of them. Keyt also commented perceptively on the Introduction.
Paul Bullen not only arranged to have his Internet discussion list discuss parts of my work, but he himself sent me hundreds of suggestions
for improvement, many of which I accepted gladly.
What is of value here belongs to all these generous Aristotelians. The
mistakes alone, of which there must surely still be many, are wholly
mme.
xiii
XIV Acknowledgments
Finally and wholeheartedly, I thank Hackett Publishing Company for
its extraordinary support, and Jay Hullett and Deborah Wilkes, in particular, for their friendship, encouragement, and faith.