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1019763_FM_VOL-I.qxp 9/17/07 4:22 PM Page viii

Prefixes for Powers of 10*

Multiple Prefix Abbreviation

1024 yotta Y

1021 zetta Z

1018 exa E

1015 peta P

1012 tera T

109 giga G

106 mega M

103 kilo k

102 hecto h

101 deka da

10
1 deci d

10
2 centi c

10
3 milli m

10
6 micro m

10
9 nano n

10
12 pico p

10
15 femto f

10
18 atto a

10
21 zepto z

10
24 yocto y

* Commonly used prefixes are in bold. All prefixes are pronounced with the

accent on the first syllable.

Alpha a

Beta b

Gamma  g

Delta  d

Epsilon  e, e

Zeta  z

Eta  h

Theta u

Iota

i

Kappa  k

Lambda  l

Mu m

Nu  n

Xi  j

Omicron  o

Pi  p

Rho  r

Sigma  s

Tau  t

Upsilon  y

Phi  f

Chi  x

Psi  c

Omega  v

The Greek Alphabet

Terrestrial and Astronomical Data*

Acceleration of gravity g 9.81 m/s2  32.2 ft/s2

at Earth’s surface

Radius of Earth RE RE 6371 km  3959 mi

Mass of Earth ME 5.97  1024 kg

Mass of the Sun 1.99  1030 kg

Mass of the moon 7.35  1022 kg

Escape speed 11.2 km/s  6.95 mi/s

at Earth’s surface

Standard temperature and 0°C  273.15 K

pressure (STP) 1 atm  101.3 kPa

Earth–moon distance† 3.84  108 m  2.39  105 mi

Earth–Sun distance (mean)† 1.50  1011 m  9.30  107 mi

Speed of sound in dry air (at STP) 331 m/s

Speed of sound in dry air 343 m/s

(20°C, 1 atm)

Density of dry air (STP) 1.29 kg/m3

Density of dry air (20°C, 1 atm) 1.20 kg/m3

Density of water (4°C, 1 atm) 1000 kg/m3

Heat of fusion of water (0°C, 1 atm) Lf 333.5 kJ/kg

Heat of vaporization of water Lv 2.257 MJ/kg

(100°C, 1 atm)

* Additional data on the solar system can be found in Appendix B and at

http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planetfact.html.

† Center to center.

Mathematical Symbols

 is equal to

is defined by

 is not equal to

is approximately equal to

is of the order of

 is proportional to

 is greater than

 is greater than or equal to

 is much greater than

! is less than

" is less than or equal to

!! is much less than

x change in x

dx differential change in x

x absolute value of x

  magnitude of

n! n(n
1)(n
2)…1

 sum

lim limit

t → 0 t approaches zero

derivative of x with

respect to t

partial derivative of x

with respect to t

f(x)dx definite integral

 F(x)  F(x2)
F(x1 ` )

x2

x1



x2

x1

#x

#t

dx

dt

v

S v

S

Abbreviations for Units

A ampere

Å angstrom (10
10 m)

atm atmosphere

Btu British thermal unit

Bq becquerel

C coulomb

°C degree Celsius

cal calorie

Ci curie

cm centimeter

dyn dyne

eV electron volt

°F degree Fahrenheit

fm femtometer, fermi (10
15 m)

ft foot

Gm gigameter (109 m)

G gauss

Gy gray

g gram

H henry

h hour

Hz hertz

in inch

J joule

K kelvin

kg kilogram

km kilometer

keV kilo-electron volt

lb pound

L liter

m meter

MeV mega-electron volt

Mm megameter (106 m)

mi mile

min minute

mm millimeter

ms millisecond

N newton

nm nanometer (10
9 m)

pt pint

qt quart

rev revolution

R roentgen

Sv seivert

s second

T tesla

u unified mass unit

V volt

W watt

Wb weber

y year

yd yard

mm micrometer (10
6 m)

ms microsecond

mC microcoulomb

 ohm

Some Conversion Factors

Length

1 m  39.37 in  3.281 ft  1.094 yd

1 m  1015 fm  1010 Å  109 nm

1 km  0.6214 mi

1 mi  5280 ft  1.609 km

1 lightyear  1 c y  9.461  1015 m

1 in  2.540 cm

Volume

1 L  103 cm3  10
3 m3  1.057 qt

Time

1 h  3600 s  3.6 ks

1 y  365.24 d  3.156  107 s

Speed

1 km/h  0.278 m/s  0.6214 mi/h

1 ft/s  0.3048 m/s  0.6818 mi/h

Angle–angular speed

1 rev  2p rad  360°

1 rad  57.30°

1 rev/min  0.1047 rad/s

Force–pressure

1 N  105 dyn  0.2248 lb

1 lb  4.448 N

1 atm  101.3 kPa  1.013 bar  76.00 cmHg  14.70 lb/in2

Mass

1 u  [(10
3 mol
1

)/NA] kg  1.661  10
27 kg

1 tonne  103 kg  1 Mg

1 slug  14.59 kg

1 kg weighs about 2.205 lb

Energy–power

1 J  107 erg  0.7376 ft lb  9.869  10
3 L atm

1 kW h  3.6 MJ

1 cal  4.184 J  4.129  10
2 L atm

1 L atm  101.325 J  24.22 cal

1 eV  1.602  10
19 J

1 Btu  778 ft lb  252 cal  1054 J

1 horsepower  550 ft lb/s  746 W

Thermal conductivity

1 W/(m K)  6.938 Btu in/(h ft2 °F)

Magnetic field

1 T  104 G

Viscosity

1 Pa s  10 poise #

####

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SIXTH EDITION

WITH MODERN PHYSICS

W. H. Freeman and Company • New York

Paul A. Tipler

Gene Mosca

PHYSICS FOR

SCIENTISTS

AND ENGINEERS

Publisher: Susan Finnemore Brennan

Executive Editor: Clancy Marshall

Marketing Manager: Anthony Palmiotto

Senior Developmental Editor: Kharissia Pettus

Media Editor: Jeanette Picerno

Editorial Assistants: Janie Chan, Kathryn Treadway

Photo Editor: Ted Szczepanski

Photo Researcher: Dena Digilio Betz

Cover Designer: Blake Logan

Text Designer: Marsha Cohen/Parallelogram Graphics

Senior Project Editor: Georgia Lee Hadler

Copy Editors: Connie Parks, Trumbull Rogers

Illustrations: Network Graphics

Illustration Coordinator: Bill Page

Production Coordinator: Susan Wein

Composition: Preparé Inc.

Printing and Binding: RR Donnelly

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007010418

ISBN-10: 0-7167-8964-7 (Extended, Chapters 1–41, R)

ISBN-13: 978-0-7167-8964-2

ISBN-10: 1-4292-0132-0 (Volume 1, Chapters 1–20, R)

ISBN-10: 1-4292-0133-9 (Volume 2, Chapters 21–33)

ISBN-10: 1-4292-0134-7 (Volume 3, Chapters 34–41)

ISBN-10: 1-4292-0124-X (Standard, Chapters 1–33, R)

© 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company

All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Second printing

W. H. Freeman and Company

41 Madison Avenue

New York, NY 10010

Houndmills, Basingstoke

RG21 6XS, England

www.whfreeman.com

PT: For Claudia

GM: For Vivian

1 Measurement and Vectors / 1

PART I MECHANICS

2 Motion in One Dimension / 27

3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions / 63

4 Newton’s Laws / 93

5 Additional Applications of Newton’s Laws / 127

6 Work and Kinetic Energy / 173

7 Conservation of Energy / 201

8 Conservation of Linear Momentum / 247

9 Rotation / 289

10 Angular Momentum / 331

R Special Relativity / R-1

11 Gravity / 363

12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity / 397

13 Fluids / 423

PART II OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

14 Oscillations / 457

15 Traveling Waves / 495

16 Superposition and Standing Waves / 533

PART III THERMODYNAMICS

17 Temperature and Kinetic Theory of Gases / 563

18 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics / 591

19 The Second Law of Thermodynamics / 629

20 Thermal Properties and Processes / 665

Contents in Brief

Thinkstock/Alamy

vii

PART IV ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

21 The Electric Field I: Discrete Charge Distributions / 693

22 The Electric Field II: Continuous Charge Distributions / 727

23 Electric Potential / 763

24 Capacitance / 801

25 Electric Current and Direct-Current Circuits / 839

26 The Magnetic Field / 887

27 Sources of the Magnetic Field / 917

28 Magnetic Induction / 959

29 Alternating-Current Circuits / 995

30 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves / 1029

PART V LIGHT

31 Properties of Light / 1055

32 Optical Images / 1097

33 Interference and Diffraction / 1141

PART VI MODERN PHYSICS: QUANTUM

MECHANICS, RELATIVITY, AND

THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER

34 Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Physics / 1173

35 Applications of the Schrödinger Equation / 1203

36 Atoms / 1227

37 Molecules / 1261

38 Solids / 1281

39 Relativity / 1319

40 Nuclear Physics / 1357

41 Elementary Particles and the Beginning

of the Universe / 1389

APPENDICES

A SI Units and Conversion Factors / AP-1

B Numerical Data / AP-3

C Periodic Table of Elements / AP-6

Math Tutorial / M-1

Answers to Odd-Numbered End-of-Chapter Problems / A-1

Index / I-1

viii Contents in Brief

Preface xvii

About the Authors xxxii

* optional material

Chapter 1

MEASUREMENT AND VECTORS / 1

1-1 The Nature of Physics 2

1-2 Units 3

1-3 Conversion of Units 6

1-4 Dimensions of Physical Quantities 7

1-5 Significant Figures and Order of Magnitude 8

1-6 Vectors 14

1-7 General Properties of Vectors 14

Physics Spotlight:

The 2005 Leap Second / 21

Summary 22

Problems 23

PART I MECHANICS

Chapter 2

MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION / 27

2-1 Displacement, Velocity, and Speed 28

2-2 Acceleration 35

2-3 Motion with Constant Acceleration 37

2-4 Integration 47

Physics Spotlight:

Linear Accelerators / 51

Summary 52

Problems 53

Chapter 3

MOTION IN TWO AND THREE

DIMENSIONS / 63

3-1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration 64

3-2 Special Case 1: Projectile Motion 71

3-3 Special Case 2: Circular Motion 78

Physics Spotlight:

GPS: Vectors Calculated While

You Move / 82

Summary 83

Problems 84

Chapter 4

NEWTON’S LAWS / 93

4-1 Newton’s First Law: The Law of Inertia 94

4-2 Force and Mass 95

4-3 Newton’s Second Law 97

4-4 The Force Due to Gravity: Weight 99

4-5 Contact Forces: Solids, Springs, and Strings 101

4-6 Problem Solving: Free-Body Diagrams 104

4-7 Newton’s Third Law 109

4-8 Problem Solving: Problems with Two

or More Objects 111

Extended

Contents

ix

Physics Spotlight:

Roller Coasters and the Need

for Speed / 114

Summary 115

Problems 116

Chapter 5

ADDITIONAL APPLICATIONS OF

NEWTON’S LAWS / 127

5-1 Friction 128

5-2 Drag Forces 139

5-3 Motion Along a Curved Path 141

*5-4 Numerical Integration: Euler’s Method 147

5-5 The Center of Mass 149

Physics Spotlight:

Accident Reconstruction—

Measurements and Forces / 158

Summary 159

Problems 160

Summary 194

Problems 195

Chapter 7

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY / 201

7-1 Potential Energy 202

7-2 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy 209

7-3 The Conservation of Energy 219

7-4 Mass and Energy 228

7-5 Quantization of Energy 231

Physics Spotlight:

Blowing Warmed Air / 233

Summary 234

Problems 236

Chapter 8

CONSERVATION OF LINEAR

MOMENTUM / 247

8-1 Conservation of Linear Momentum 248

8-2 Kinetic Energy of a System 254

8-3 Collisions 255

*8-4 Collisions in the Center-of-Mass

Reference Frame 271

8-5 Continuously Varying Mass and Rocket

Propulsion 273

Physics Spotlight:

Pulse Detonation Engines: Faster

(and Louder) / 277

Summary 278

Problems 279

Chapter 9

ROTATION / 289

9-1 Rotational Kinematics: Angular Velocity

and Angular Acceleration 290

9-2 Rotational Kinetic Energy 292

9-3 Calculating the Moment of Inertia 294

9-4 Newton’s Second Law for Rotation 301

9-5 Applications of Newton’s Second Law

for Rotation 303

9-6 Rolling Objects 310

Physics Spotlight:

Spindizzy—Ultracentrifuges / 316

Summary 317

Problems 318

x Contents

Courtesy of Rossignol Ski Company

Chapter 6

WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY / 173

6-1 Work Done by a Constant Force 174

6-2 Work Done by a Variable

Force–Straight-Line Motion 179

6-3 The Scalar Product 182

6-4 Work–Kinetic-Energy Theorem—Curved

Paths 188

*6-5 Center-of-Mass Work 190

Physics Spotlight:

Coasters and Baggage and Work

(Oh My!) / 193

Contents xi

Chapter 10

ANGULAR MOMENTUM / 331

10-1 The Vector Nature of Rotation 332

10-2 Torque and Angular Momentum 334

10-3 Conservation of Angular Momentum 341

*10-4 Quantization of Angular Momentum 350

Physics Spotlight:

As the World Turns: Atmospheric

Angular Momentum / 353

Summary 354

Problems 355

Chapter R

SPECIAL RELATIVITY / R-1

R-1 The Principle of Relativity and the

Constancy of the Speed of Light R-2

R-2 Moving Sticks R-4

R-3 Moving Clocks R-5

R-4 Moving Sticks Again R-8

R-5 Distant Clocks and Simultaneity R-9

R-6 Relativistic Momentum, Mass, and Energy R-12

Summary R-15

Problems R-16

Chapter 11

GRAVITY / 363

11-1 Kepler’s Laws 364

11-2 Newton’s Law of Gravity 367

11-3 Gravitational Potential Energy 374

11-4 The Gravitational Field 378

*11-5 Finding the Gravitational Field of a

Spherical Shell by Integration 384

Physics Spotlight:

Gravitational Lenses:

A Window on the Universe / 386

Summary 387

Problems 388

Chapter 12

STATIC EQUILIBRIUM

AND ELASTICITY / 397

12-1 Conditions for Equilibrium 398

12-2 The Center of Gravity 398

12-3 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 399

12-4 Static Equilibrium in an Accelerated Frame 406

12-5 Stability of Rotational Equilibrium 407

12-6 Indeterminate Problem 408

12-7 Stress and Strain 409

Physics Spotlight:

Carbon Nanotubes: Small

and Mighty / 412

Summary 413

Problems 414

Chapter 13

FLUIDS / 423

13-1 Density 424

13-2 Pressure in a Fluid 425

13-3 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle 432

13-4 Fluids in Motion 438

Physics Spotlight:

Automotive Aerodynamics:

Ride with the Wind / 448

Summary 449

Problems 450

PART II OSCILLATIONS AND

WAVES

Chapter 14

OSCILLATIONS / 457

14-1 Simple Harmonic Motion 458

14-2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 465

14-3 Some Oscillating Systems 468

14-4 Damped Oscillations 477

14-5 Driven Oscillations and Resonance 481

Physics Spotlight:

Moving to the Beat:

Millennium Bridge / 486

Summary 487

Problems 488

Chapter 15

TRAVELING WAVES / 495

15-1 Simple Wave Motion 496

15-2 Periodic Waves 503

15-3 Waves in Three Dimensions 509

15-4 Waves Encountering Barriers 513

15-5 The Doppler Effect 518

Physics Spotlight:

All Shook Up: Sediment Basins

and Earthquake Resonance / 524

Summary 525

Problems 527

Chapter 16

SUPERPOSITION AND STANDING

WAVES / 533

16-1 Superposition of Waves 534

16-2 Standing Waves 542

*16-3 Additional Topics 550

Physics Spotlight:

Echoes of Silence:

Acoustical Architecture / 554

Summary 555

Problems 556

PART III THERMODYNAMICS

Chapter 17

TEMPERATURE AND

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES / 563

17-1 Thermal Equilibrium and Temperature 564

17-2 Gas Thermometers and the Absolute

Temperature Scale 566

17-3 The Ideal-Gas Law 569

17-4 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 574

Physics Spotlight:

Molecular Thermometers / 584

Summary 585

Problems 586

Chapter 18

HEAT AND THE FIRST LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS / 591

18-1 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 592

18-2 Change of Phase and Latent Heat 595

18-3 Joule’s Experiment and the First Law

of Thermodynamics 598

18-4 The Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas 601

18-5 Work and the PV Diagram for a Gas 602

18-6 Heat Capacities of Gases 606

18-7 Heat Capacities of Solids 611

18-8 Failure of the Equipartition Theorem 611

18-9 The Quasi-Static Adiabatic

Compression of a Gas 615

Physics Spotlight:

Respirometry: Breathing

the Heat / 619

Summary 620

Problems 622

Chapter 19

THE SECOND LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS / 629

19-1 Heat Engines and the Second Law

of Thermodynamics 630

19-2 Refrigerators and the Second Law

of Thermodynamics 634

19-3 The Carnot Engine 637

*19-4 Heat Pumps 643

19-5 Irreversibility, Disorder, and Entropy 645

19-6 Entropy and the Availability of Energy 652

19-7 Entropy and Probability 653

Physics Spotlight:

The Perpetual Battle over

Perpetual Motion / 655

Summary 656

Problems 657

Chapter 20

THERMAL PROPERTIES AND

PROCESSES / 665

20-1 Thermal Expansion 666

20-2 The van der Waals Equation and

Liquid–Vapor Isotherms 670

20-3 Phase Diagrams 673

20-4 The Transfer of Heat 674

Physics Spotlight:

Urban Heat Islands: Hot Nights

in the City / 686

Summary 687

Problems 688

PART IV ELECTRICITY AND

MAGNETISM

Chapter 21

THE ELECTRIC FIELD I: DISCRETE

CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS / 693

21-1 Charge 694

21-2 Conductors and Insulators 697

21-3 Coulomb’s Law 699

xii Contents

Contents xiii

21-4 The Electric Field 704

21-5 Electric Field Lines 711

21-6 Action of the Electric Field on Charges 714

Physics Spotlight:

Powder Coating—Industrial Static / 719

Summary 720

Problems 721

Chapter 22

THE ELECTRIC FIELD II: CONTINUOUS

CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONS / 727

22-1 Calculating from Coulomb’s Law 728

22-2 Gauss’s Law 738

22-3 Using Symmetry to Calculate

with Gauss’s Law 742

22-4 Discontinuity of 749

22-5 Charge and Field at Conductor Surfaces 750

*22-6 The Equivalence of Gauss’s Law and

Coulomb’s Law in Electrostatics 753

Physics Spotlight:

Charge Distribution—Hot and Cold / 754

Summary 755

Problems 756

Chapter 23

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL / 763

23-1 Potential Difference 764

23-2 Potential Due to a System of

Point Charges 767

23-3 Computing the Electric Field

from the Potential 772

En

E

S

E

S

23-4 Calculation of V for Continuous

Charge Distributions 773

23-5 Equipotential Surfaces 781

23-6 Electrostatic Potential Energy 787

Physics Spotlight:

Lightning—Fields of Attraction / 791

Summary 792

Problems 794

Chapter 24

CAPACITANCE / 801

24-1 Capacitance 802

24-2 The Storage of Electrical Energy 806

24-3 Capacitors, Batteries, and Circuits 810

24-4 Dielectrics 817

24-5 Molecular View of a Dielectric 824

Physics Spotlight:

Changes in Capacitors—

Charging Ahead / 828

Summary 829

Problems 831

Chapter 25

ELECTRIC CURRENT AND

DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUITS / 839

25-1 Current and the Motion of Charges 840

25-2 Resistance and Ohm’s Law 844

25-3 Energy in Electric Circuits 849

25-4 Combinations of Resistors 854

25-5 Kirchhoff’s Rules 860

25-6 RC Circuits 868

Physics Spotlight:

Vehicle Electrical Systems:

Driven to Innovation / 874

Summary 875

Problems 877

Chapter 26

THE MAGNETIC FIELD / 887

26-1 The Force Exerted by a Magnetic Field 888

26-2 Motion of a Point Charge in a

Magnetic Field 892

26-3 Torques on Current Loops and Magnets 900

26-4 The Hall Effect 904

Physics Spotlight:

Earth and the Sun—

Magnetic Changes / 908

NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio

Summary 909

Problems 910

Summary 986

Problems 988

Chapter 29

ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS / 995

29-1 Alternating Current in a Resistor 996

29-2 Alternating-Current Circuits 999

*29-3 The Transformer 1004

*29-4 LC and RLC Circuits without

a Generator 1007

*29-5 Phasors 1010

*29-6 Driven RLC Circuits 1011

Physics Spotlight:

The Electric Grid: Power

to the People / 1019

Summary 1020

Problems 1022

Chapter 30

MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS AND

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES / 1029

30-1 Maxwell’s Displacement Current 1030

30-2 Maxwell’s Equations 1033

30-3 The Wave Equation for

Electromagnetic Waves 1034

30-4 Electromagnetic Radiation 1040

Physics Spotlight:

Wireless: Sharing the Spectrum / 1049

Summary 1050

Problems 1051

PART V LIGHT

Chapter 31

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT / 1055

31-1 The Speed of Light 1056

31-2 The Propagation of Light 1059

31-3 Reflection and Refraction 1060

31-4 Polarization 1070

31-5 Derivation of the Laws of Reflection

and Refraction 1077

31-6 Wave–Particle Duality 1079

31-7 Light Spectra 1080

*31-8 Sources of Light 1081

Chapter 27

SOURCES OF THE

MAGNETIC FIELD / 917

27-1 The Magnetic Field of Moving Point Charges 918

27-2 The Magnetic Field of Currents:

The Biot–Savart Law 919

27-3 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism 932

27-4 Ampère’s Law 933

27-5 Magnetism in Matter 937

Physics Spotlight:

Solenoids at Work / 947

Summary 948

Problems 950

Chapter 28

MAGNETIC INDUCTION / 959

28-1 Magnetic Flux 960

28-2 Induced EMF and Faraday’s Law 961

28-3 Lenz’s Law 965

28-4 Motional EMF 969

28-5 Eddy Currents 974

28-6 Inductance 974

28-7 Magnetic Energy 977

*28-8 RL Circuits 979

*28-9 Magnetic Properties of Superconductors 983

Physics Spotlight:

The Promise of Superconductors / 985

Atlas Photo Bank/Photo Researchers, Inc.

xiv Contents