Phương pháp xác định vấn đề trong học theo vấn đề = Method of determining the issues in problem-based learning

Nguyen Thi HSng Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 126(12): 159- 164

PHirONG PHAF XAC BINH VAN BE TRONG HOC THEO VAN BE

Nguyen Thi Hiing

Trudng Dai hac SuphQm - DH Thdi Nguyen

TOM TAT

Hpc theo van dl la mpt phuang phap su pham lay ngudi hoc ldm trung tam, trong do ngirdi hpc

hop tdc de giai quylt cdc van de phiic t^p va thyc tien. De tl chiic tot phuong phdp hpc tl'eo van

de thi xdc dinh van de Id mpt khau rdt quan trpng Trong bdi viet nay, chiing toi phan biet hii dang

van de va nhan thiy ring hoc theo van dl hucmg den van de phi cau triic. Id nhiing vin de kh6ng r5

rdng, khi dua ra chua xdc dinh dugc cau tra loi dung, c6 nhieu giai phdp vdi luong thong lin ldn.

Phuong phdp xdc djnh vdn dl phi ciu triic dupc dya tren nguyen ly, khdi niem trung tam. Tir

nguygn li, khai niem trung tam sg xay dyng thanh bdi toan hodc tim kilm sy tdn tai cua chiing

trong thyc tien hogc xay dyng cac yiu to trai ngugc.

Tir kh6a: Van di, gidi quyit vdn de, hgc theo vdn di, xae djnh vdn di, ky ndng gidi quyet vdn di

DAT VAN DE

Hgc theo vin dl (HTVD) la mdt phuong phap

su pham lay ngudi hgc lam trung tam, trong

do ngudi hgc hgp tac giai quyet cac van de

phirc tap, da dang va thyc tiln. Van dyng

HTVD trong day hgc d trudng dgi hgc se phat

huy dugc tinh tich cue, chii dgng trong hgc

tap Clia sinh vien, sinh vien dugc ren luyen

cac ky nang can thift (k;^ nang thu thap va su

dung tai lieu, ky nang lap ke hogch, lich trinh

lam vifc, ky nang thao luan, lam vifc nhdm,

ky nang trinh bay trudc dam ddng, bao ve kft

qua Clia minh, ky nang tu duy, ky nang giai

quyet vin de,...), sinh vien dugc tifp can vdi

nhirng vin dl thyc tifn va biit each td chuc

van dl. Vi vay HTVD cd hieu qua se khac

phyc dugc van de ma lau nay du luan xa hdi

vln ban khoan la giao due dai hgc cdn xa rdi

thuc tien.

Trong HTVD, giao vien cd vai trd hd trg hogt

ddng hgc tap, thao luan ciia sinh vien, dgc biet

tim tdi, xac djnh nh&ng vin dl ly thu, phii

hgp. Giai quylt vin de la mdi quan tam chinh

trong HTVD, cung nhu trong giao dye dgi

hgc. Tuy nhifn, de giai quylt vin dh. hifu qua

thi vin df la mdt yeu td quan trgng, xac djnh

dugc vin dl phii hop la rit can thilt

CAC DANG VA N D E

Trong HTVD, tuy thugc vao kha nang giai

quylt Clia ngudi hgc va kien thuc lien quan

'Tel 0912S05864

vdi cac ITnh vyc hgc tap ma cd the phan biet

van de cd cau triic va van de phi cau true.

* Van de cd cau triic (well-structured

problem): la nhirng vin dl rd rang, khi dua ra

da xac dinh dugc cau tra ldi diing, mgt giai

phap diing duy nhat vdi lugng thdng tin nhd,

dugc trinh bay trong sach giao khoa.

Trong van de cd cau triic, trang thai ban dau,

muc tifu va nhii'ng yfu td lifn quan dugc xac

dinh rd rang. Giai quyft van de cd cau triic

ddi hdi phai cd kifn thuc cu, cung cdng cu va

thdng tin de thuc hien cac budc theo mgt trinh

tu da dugc hudng dan. Chang ban, moi ngudi

ciing thuc hien cdng viec bat va dang nhgp

vao may tinh, truy cap vao email,...

Hau het cac van de sach giao khoa trong toan

hgc, khoa hgc ky thuat, hoac kinh doanh la

nhiing van dl cd cau triic. Vi du tim x trong

mgt phuang trinh dai sd, hoac cac phep tinh

toan thdng sd cac loai may mdc,... dfu cd

mgt cau tra Idi chinh xac,

Khi neu van de cd cau true, giao vifn hudng

ngudi hgc den nhirng ket qua da cd trudc do.

Vai trd ciia van de cd cau triic dugc trinh bay

nhu mgt nhiem vu de nhd va dugc td chuc,

gidi thieu bdi ngudi dgy.

* Van de phi cau true (ill-structured

problem): la nhirng vin df khdng ro rang, khi

dua ra chua xac djnh dugc cau tra Idi dung,

cd nhifu giai phap vdi lugng thdng tin ldn,

khdng day dii, chinh xac va rd rang,

159