Philosophical foundations of property law

OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 25/10/2013, SPi

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS

OF PROPERTY LAW

OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 25/10/2013, SPi

Philosophical Foundations

of Property Law

Edited by

JAMES PENNER

and

HENRY E. SMITH

1

OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 25/10/2013, SPi

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,

3

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Contents

Table of Cases vii

List of Contributors xiii

Introduction xv

1. ‘To Bestow Stability upon Possession’: Hume’s Alternative to Locke 1

Jeremy Waldron

2. Productive Use in Acquisition, Accession, and Labour Theory 13

Eric R. Claeys

3. Property and Necessity 47

Dennis Klimchuk

4. Private Property and Public Welfare 68

Alan Brudner

5. Average Reciprocity of Advantage 99

Brian Angelo Lee

6. Some Strings Attached: The Morality of Proprietary Estoppel 128

Irit Samet

7. Possession and Use 156

Arthur Ripstein

8. Possession and the Distractions of Philosophy 182

Lisa M. Austin

9. The Relativity of Title and Causa Possessionis 202

Larissa Katz

10. Defining Property Rights 219

Simon Douglas and Ben McFarlane

11. On the Very Idea of Transmissible Rights 244

James Penner

12. Psychologies of Property (and Why Property is not a

Hawk/Dove Game) 272

Carol M. Rose

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13. Property and Disagreement 289

Stephen R. Munzer

14. Emergent Property 320

Henry E. Smith

References 339

Index 357

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vi Contents

Table of Cases

Advanced Industrial Technology Corp. Ltd v Bond Street Jewellers Ltd (2006) EWCA

Civ 923. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Allen v Flood (1898) AC 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226–7, 230

Anchor Brewhouse Developments Ltd v Berkeley House (Docklands Developments)

Ltd (1987) 38 BLR 82, 284 EG 625. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Anderson v Gouldberg 51 Minn 294, 53 NW 636 (1892) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Anglian Water Services v Crawshaw Robbins & Co. Ltd (2001) BLR 173 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Armory v Delamirie (1722) 1 Stra 505; 93 ER 644 (KB) . . ............................. 206, 213

Armstrong v United States 364 US 40 (1960) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold (1989) Ch 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Asher v Whitlock (1865) LR 1 QB 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Aston Cantlow and Wilmcote with Billesley Parochial Church Council v Wallbank (2004)

1 AC 546 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

Attorney General of Hong Kong v Humphreys Estate (Queen’s Gardens) Ltd (1987)

AC 114 (PC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Austerberry v Oldham Corporation (1855) 29 Ch D 750 (CA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Automobile Ins. Co. of Hartford, Conn. v Kirby 144 So 123 (Ala Ct App 1932) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Bank of Credit and Commerce International (Overseas) Ltd v Akindele [2001]

Ch 437 (CA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Bank of New Zealand v Greenwood (1984) 1 NZLR 525 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Barbados Trust Co. Ltd v Bank of Zambia (2007) EWCA Civ 148 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Barker v Stickney (1919) 1 KB 121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Bartlett v Budd 2 F Cas 966 (D C Mass 1868) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Beale v Harvey (2003) EWCA Civ 1883 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Beverley’s Case (1603) 4 Co Rep 123b, 76 ER 1118 (KB). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Birmingham Development Company Ltd v Tyler (2008) EWCA Civ 859. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230–1

Bixler v First National Bank of Oregon 619 P2d 895 (Or Ct App 1980). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

BMW Financial Services (GB) Ltd v Bhagwanani (2007) All ER (D) 26 (CA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Bradford v Pickles (1895) AC 587. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Brady v Steamship African Queen 179 F Supp 321 (E D Va 1960). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Brewer Street Investments Ltd v Barclays (1954) 1 QB 428 (CA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Bridges v Hawkesworth (1851) 21 LJQB 75 (QB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Brown v Gobble 196 W Va 559, 474 S.E.2d 489 (1996). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Bryant v Lefever (1879) 4 CPD 172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Buckinghamshire County Council v Moran (1989) 3 WLR 152, 2 ALL ER 225 (CA) . . . . . . . . . . 80

Buckley v Gross (1863) 122 ER 213 . ................................................. 210, 218

Burrows v Sharp (1991) 23 HLR 82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Cambridge Water Co. Ltd v Eastern Counties Leather Plc (1994) 2 AC 264, (1994)

1 All ER 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Campbell v Griffin (2001) EWCA Civ 990, All ER (D) 294. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Campbell v Race 61 Mass 408, 54 Am Dec 728 (1851) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Canada Colors & Chemicals Ltd v Shea Brothers (1945) OWN 828 (Ont HCJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Canada Trust Co. v Ontario Human Rights Commission (1990) 69 DLR 4d 321. . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Chicago, B & Q. R. Co. v Chicago 166 US 226 (1897) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Claridge v South Staffordshire Tramway Co. (1892) 1 QB 422 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Clark v Maloney 3 Harr 68; 1840 WL 353 (Del 1840). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Clarke v Adie (1876) 2 App Cas 423 (HL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

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Club Cruise Entertainment & Travelling Services Europe BV v Department for

Transport (2008) EWHC 2794 (Comm). . . . ..................................... 222, 229

Cobbe v Yeoman’s Row Management Ltd (2008) 1 WLR 1752 (HL) . . ......... 128, 136, 142–5,

148, 153–4

Cochrane v Rymill (1879) 40 LT 744. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Cole v North Western Bank (1875) LR 10 CP 354 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Commonwealth v Plymouth Coal Co. 232 Pa 141, 81 A. 148 (1911) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Commonwealth of Australia v Verwayen (1990) 170 CLR 394 (HC Aus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Coniston Corporation v Village of Hoffman Estates 844 F2d 461 (7th Cir 1988). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Consolidated Co. v Curtis (1892) 1 QB 495. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Cook v Thomas and another (2010) EWCA Civ 227. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Copeland v Greenhalf (1952) Ch 488. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Costello v Chief Constable of Derbyshire (2001) 1 WLR 1437 (CA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Crabb v Arun District Council (1975) EWCA Civ 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153–4

Crossco No. 4 Unlimited and others v Jolan Ltd and others (2011) EWCA Civ 1619 (CA) . . . . 144

Cumming v Cumming 3 Kelly 460; 1847 WL 1361 (Ga 1847). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

D Pride & Partners v Institute for Animal Health (2009) EWHC 1617 (QB) . . . .... 222, 229, 231

Davis v Whitridge 33 SCL 232, 1848 WL 2429 (SC Ct App L 1848) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Deaderick v Oulds 86 Tenn 14; 5 SW 487 (1887). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

De Beers Abrasive Products Ltd v International General Electric of New York Ltd (1975)

2 ALL ER 599. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Decker v Browning-Ferris Industries of Colorado Inc. 931 P2d 436 (Colo 1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Dillwyn v Llewelyn (1862) EWHC Ch J67, 4 De G F & J 517. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

DKLR Holding Co. (No. 2) Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Stamp Duties (1982) 149

CLR 431. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Doe v Birchmore (1839) 9 Ad & El 662 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Doe d Bullen v Mills (1834) 2 Ad & El 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Doe d Carter v Barnard (1849) 13 QB 945. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Don King Productions Inc. v Warren (2000) Ch 291 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Douglas Valley Finance Co. Ltd v S Hughes (Hirers) Ltd (1969) 1 QB 738. ............. 217, 228

Dwyer v Staunton (1947) 4 DLR 393 (Alberta Dist Ct) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63–4, 66

Eads v Brazelton 22 Ark 499 (1861) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Earl of Worcester v Finch (1600) 4 Co Inst 85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Ellis v Loftus (1874) LR 10 CP 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

England v Cowley (1873) LR 8 Ex 126 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Euclid v Ambler 272 U.S. 365 (1926) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114–15

Everman v Hyman 29 NE 1140 (Ind App 1892) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd (2007) HCA 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Field v Sullivan (1923) VLR 70. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Fisher v Brooker (2009) UKHL 41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Fisher v Steward 1 Smith 60 (NH 1804) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 40–4

Fontainebleau Hotel Corp. v Forty-Five-Twenty-Five Inc. 114 So 2d 357

(Fla Dist Ct App 1959) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Fouldes v Willoughby (1841) 8 M & W 540, 151 ER 1153 (Exch) ..................... 207, 210

Fowler v Hollins (1872) LR 7 QB 616. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Freeman v Cooke (1848) 154 ER 652 (Exch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

French v Pearce 8 Conn 439 (1831) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Gale v Lindo (1687) 1 Vern 475. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Ghen v Rich 8 F 159 (D C Mass 1881). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37, 39

Giumelli v Giumelli (1999) 196 CLR 101 (HC Aus). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Goddard v Winchell 52 NW 1124 (Iowa 1892) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Goldman v Hargrave (1967) 1 AC 645. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Gonthier v Orange Contract Scaffolding Ltd (2003) EWCA Civ 873. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

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viii Table of Cases

Greasley v Cooke (1980) 1 WLR 1306 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Gregory v Piper (1829) 9 B & C 951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Hairston v Danville and Western Ry. Co. 208 US 598 (1908) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Hall v Hebert (1993) 2 SCR 159 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Hannah v Peel (1945) KB 509. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Haq v Island Homes Housing Association and another (2011) EWCA Civ 805 (CA) ..... 143, 145

Haslem v Lockwood 37 Conn 500 (1871). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–15, 19, 24, 28, 30–1, 34, 36, 38, 43

Henry and Mitchell v Henry (2010) UKPC 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Hibbert v McKierman (1948) 2 KB 142 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Hill v Tupper (1863) 2 H & C 121 (Exch Ch) . . . ...................................221, 234–5

Hodel v Irving 481 US 704 (1987) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Hoffman v Red Owl Stores Inc. 26 Wis 2d 683, 133 NW 2d 267 (1965) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Hollins v Fowler (1872) LR 7 QB 616 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Horn v Cole 51 N.H. 287, 1868 WL 2290 (1868) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Hunter v Canary Wharf (1997) AC 655, 2 All ER 426 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231–2

Hurst v Picture Theatres Ltd (1915) 1 KB 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Illinois Steel Co. v Budzisz 106 Wis. 499, 81 N. W. 1027, 82 N. W. 534 (1900) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Illinois Steel Co. v Paczocha 139 Wis 23, 119 NW 550 (1909) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Jackman v Rosenbaum Co. 260 US 22 (1922) . . . ..................................... 102, 106

Jacque v Steenberg Homes Inc. 209 Wis 2d 605, 563 NW 2d 154 (1997) . ............. 180, 285

Jennings v Rice (2002) EWCA Civ 159. . ............................................. 149, 153

Jonathan Yearworth & Ors v North Bristol NHS Trust (2009) EWCA Civ 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233–4

Jorden v Money (1854) 5 HLC 185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Keeble v Hickeringill (1707) 11 East 574, 103 ER 1127 (QB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32–4, 43, 230

Keewalk Proceedings Ltd v Waller (2002) EWCA Civ 1076 (CA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Kelo v City of New London 545 US 469 (2005). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Kepley v Scully 57 NE 187 (Ill. 1900) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass’n v DeBenedictis 480 US 470 (1987). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

King v David Allen & Sons Billposting Ltd (1916) 2 AC 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

King’s Prerogative in Saltpetre (1606) 12 Co Rep 12, 77 ER 1294 (KB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63–4, 66

Kynoch v Rowlands (1912) 1 Ch 527. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Lampet’s Case (1613) 10 Co Rep 46b. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Lampton’s Executors v Preston’s Executors 1 J J Marsh (24 Ky) 454, 1829 WL 1248,

19 Am Dec 104 (Ky 1829). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28, 41

Laverty v Snethen 68 NY 522 (1877) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Lawrence v Obee (1815) 1 Stark 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Laws v Florinplace (1981) 1 All ER 659 (Ch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Leigh & Sillavan Ltd v Aliakmon Shipping Co. Ltd (1986) AC 785 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

L’Hote v New Orleans 177 US 587 (1900). . . ......................................... 106, 116

Lord Compton’s Case (1580) 4 Leon 196 (CB). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Loretto v Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp. 458 US 419 (1982) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

MacKenzie v Blindman Valley Co-operative Association (1947) 2 DLR 687, 2 WWR 443 . . . . . 210

Malik v Kaylan (2010) EWCA Civ 113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Manitoba Fisheries Ltd v The Queen (1979) 1 SCR 101, 88 DLR (3d) 462 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Mapel v John 42 W Va 30, 24 SE 608 (1896). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Marzocca v Ferone 461 A2d 1133 (NJ 1983). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

MCC Proceeds Inc. v Lehman Bros. (1998) 4 All ER 675 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Meering v Graham White Aviation Company ltd (1918–19) All ER Ext 1490. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Merry v Green (1841) 7 M & W 623. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Miller v Jackson (1977) EWCA Civ 6, 3 ALL ER 338. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Mogul Steamship Co. Ltd v McGregor, Gow & Co. (1892) AC 25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Moorgate Mercantile v Finch (1962) 1 QB 701, 3 WLR 110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Morey v Fitzgerald 56 Vt 487, 48 Am Rep 811 (1884). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

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Table of Cases ix

Mouse’s Case (1608) 12 Co Rep 63, 77 ER 1341 (KB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63–6

National Provincial Bank v Ainsworth (1965) AC 1175 (HL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Nebraska v Iowa 143 US 359 (1892) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

OBG v Allan (2008) 1 AC 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237–9

OBG Ltd and others v United Kingdom (2011) ECHR 2087 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238–9

Ottey v Grundy (2003) EWCA Civ 1176 ............................................. 149, 151

Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd

(The Wagon Mound No 1) [1961] UKPC 1, [1961] AC 388 (PC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224–5

Parker v British Airways (1982) 1 QB 1004 (CA) . ................................ 190, 202, 206

Parker v Parker (2003) EWHC 1846 (Ch) . . . ......................................... 143, 148

Pegasus Leasing ltd v Confini (Unreported, 13 November 1991) (Austral.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Penn Central Transp. Co. v New York City 438 US 104 (1978) . . . . . . . . . .73, 103–4, 114–15, 117

Pennsylvania Coal Co. v Mahon 260 US 393 (1922). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72–3, 102–3, 107–8, 110

Perre v Apand Pty Ltd (1999) HCA 36 . . ............................................. 229, 231

Pierson v Post 3 Cai R 175 (NY 1805). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 34, 37–8, 43, 78, 183, 190

Ploof v Putnam 81 Vt 471 (1908); 83 Vt 494 (1910) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35, 48

Plymouth Coal Co. v Pennsylvania 232 US 531 (1914) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102–4, 107–12, 114

Powell v McFarlane (1979) 38 P & CR 452 (HC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Pridean Ltd v Forest Taverns Ltd (1996) EWCA Civ 1060, 75 P & CR 447 (CA) . . . . . . . . . .145–6

R v East Sussex County Council ex parte Reprotech (Pebsham) Ltd (2003) 1 WLR 348 . . . . . . . 128

R v Harding (1807) 1 Russ & Ry 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

R v Riley (1853) 169 ER 674 . . . ..................................................... 207, 210

R v Thurborn (1849) 175 ER 349. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206–7

R v Watts (1953) 1 SCR 505. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Ramsden v Dyson (1886) LR 1 HL 129. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Rapier v London Tramways Co. (1893) 2 Ch 588 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Re Ellenborough Park (1956) Ch 131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Re Montagu’s Settlement Trusts (1987) Ch 264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Re St Clair Beach Estates Ltd and MacDonald (1974) 50 DLR 3d 650 (Ont HCJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Redland Bricks v Morris (1970) AC 652 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Rhone v Stephens (1994) UKHL 3, 2 AC 310 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Riggs v Palmer 22 NE 188 (NY 1889) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199–200

Rly v McNicholl (1918) 88 LJKB 601 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Rooth v Wilson (1817) 1 B & Aid 59. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Rylands v Fletcher (1868) 19 LT 220 (HL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Sanborn v McLean 233 Mich 227, 206 NW 496 (1925) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Scribner v Beach 4 Denio 448, 47 Am Dec 265 (NY Sup Ct 1847) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Shelfer v City of London Electric Lighting Co. (1895) 1 Ch 287 (CA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Shell UK Ltd v Total UK Ltd (2010) EWCA Civ 180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Sledmore v Dalby (1996) EWCA Civ 1305, 72 P & CR 196 . . ......................... 149, 153

South Staffordshire Water Co. v Sharman (1896) 2 QB 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Sovern v Yoran 16 Or. 269, 20 P. 100 (1888) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Spartan Steel & Alloys Ltd v Martin & Co. Ltd (1973) 1 QB 27. . . ..................... 228, 238

Star Energy Weald Basin Ltd and another v Bocardo SA (2010) UKSC 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

State v DeCoster 653 A2d 891 (Me 1995). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

State v Schmid 423 A2d 615 (NJ 1980). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

State v Shack 277 A2d 369 (NJ 1971) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331–2

Sturges v Bridgman (1879) 11 Ch D 852 (CA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177–8

Taber v Jenny 23 F Cas 605 (D C Mass 1856) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Taddy & Co. v Sterious & Co. (1904) 1 Ch 354 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Tapling v Jones (1865) 11 HLC 290. ................................................. 227, 231

Thompson-Schwab v Costaki (1956) 1 WLR 335 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231–2

Thorner v Major (2009) 1 WLR 776 (HL) . . . ................................128, 142–4, 146–7

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x Table of Cases

Treasure Salvors Inc. v Unidentified Wrecked & Abandoned Sailing Vessel 640 F2d 560

(5th Cir. 1981). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Tulk v Moxhay (1848) 2 Ph 774, 41 ER 1143 (Ch) . . ................................. 197, 236

United States v Craft 535 US 274 (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

United States v General Motors Corp. 323 US 373 (1945) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

Uston v Resorts International Hotel Inc. 445 A2d 370 (NJ 1982). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Van Laethem v Brooker & Caradoc Estates Ltd (2005) EWHC 1478 (Ch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Vanhorne’s Lessee v Dorrance 2 US (2 Dall) 304 (1795) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Vincent v Lake Erie Transportation Co. 109 Minn 456, 124 NW 221 (1910) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35, 48

Vine v Waltham Forest Council (2000) EWCA Civ 106, [2000] 1 WLR 2383 (CA). . . . . . . . . . . 224

Walter v Selfe (1851) 4 De G & Sm 315, 64 ER 849 (Ch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Western Counties Manure Co v The Lawes Chemical Manure Co (1874) LR 9 Ex 218. . . . . . . . 229

Wetherbee v Green 22 Mich 311 (1871). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Wilson v New Brighton Panelbeaters Ltd (1989) 1 NZLR 74. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Winkfield, The (1902) P 42, (1902–3) All ER 356. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206, 218

Wood v Leadbitter (1845) 13 M & W 838, 153 ER 351 (Exch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Woodhouse v Jenkins (1832) 9 Bing 441. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

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Table of Cases xi

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List of Contributors

Lisa M. Austin, Associate Professor of Law, University of Toronto

Alan Brudner, Professor Emeritus of Law and Political Science, University of Toronto

Eric R. Claeys, Professor of Law, George Mason University

Simon Douglas, CUF Lecturer in Law, University of Oxford, Peter Clarke Fellow and

Tutor in Law, Jesus College, Oxford

Larissa Katz, Associate Professor of Law, University of Toronto

Dennis Klimchuk, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Western Ontario

Brian Angelo Lee, Associate Professor of Law, Brooklyn Law School

Ben McFarlane, Professor of Law, University College London

Stephen R. Munzer, Distinguished Professor of Law, University of California, Los Angeles

James Penner, Professor of Law, National University of Singapore

Arthur Ripstein, Professor of Law and of Philosophy at the University of Toronto

Carol M. Rose, Gordon Bradford Tweedy Professor of Law and Organization, Yale Law

School, Emer. and Ashby Lohse Chair in Water & Natural Resource Law, University of

Arizona, Rogers College of Law

Irit Samet, Senior Lecturer in the Dickson Poon School of Law, Kings College London

Henry E. Smith, Fessenden Professor of Law, Harvard University

Jeremy Waldron, University Professor, NYU Law School; Chichele Professor of Social and

Political Theory, University of Oxford

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Introduction

In 1992, in an article tellingly entitled ‘Too Much Property’,

1 Lawrence Becker

told us that one of the things which property theorists might now avoid recapitu￾lating at any great length was the ‘now-standard conceptual apparatus of property

theory: Hohfeld’s analysis of rights, Honoré’s analysis of ownership, and typologies

of justificatory arguments’.

2 ‘[W]e can reasonably now refrain from publishing

more than a swift, clear restatement of it.’ This conceptual apparatus, essentially the

idea that property is to be understood as a ‘bundle of rights’, such as the right to

possess, the right to use, the right to sell, and so on, appeared to present a stable

picture of the nature of property around which a consensus had formed. Individual

‘sticks’ in the bundle might draw differently on the different standard justifications.

For example, the right to possess a chattel3 might reflect a rights-based justification,

extending the right to bodily security, or more generally, autonomy, into the world

of tangible resources. On the other hand, the power to sell might better be justified

on utilitarian grounds, for example by the claim that the power to sell allowed

goods to move to their highest value user, thus enhancing allocative efficiency.

Becker also suggested that future work might ‘dispense with the search for a deep

justification of property rights (from metaphysics, moral psychology, natural rights,

developmental psychology, sociobiology, or whatever) and focus on the behavioural

surface: the observed, persistent, robust behavioural connections between various

property arrangements and human well-being, broadly conceived.’

4 Whilst Becker

did not himself use the analogy, his paper strongly suggested that property schol￾arship was approaching, if it had not already arrived at, a period of inquiry which in

Kuhnian terms one would describe as one of ‘normal science’.

In a somewhat different vein in 1993 Alan Brudner, commenting as editor of a

special issue on property theory published in the Canadian Journal of Law &

Jurisprudence, stated: ‘skepticism about private property as a stable concept is shared

by almost all of the . . . contributors. Some of them argue, while others assume, that

property is intelligible only as a social construct, as a perfectly malleable category

wholly at the service of collective goals.’

5

Whilst superficially presenting different pictures of the discourse at the time, it is

submitted that Becker’s and Brudner’s characterization of the contemporary state of

play can be fruitfully assimilated. The ‘standard conceptual apparatus’, embracing

1 Becker 1992. The piece is stated to be a review of Munzer 1990 and Waldron 1988, but is more a

rumination on the state of property theorizing. Munzer 1990 is probably the locus classicus for what

Becker calls the ‘standard conceptual apparatus’. 2 Becker 1992, 197. By ‘typologies of justificatory arguments’ Becker was referring to categories like

Lockean labour-desert theory, utilitarian justifications of property, personality accounts like Hegel’s,

and so on. 3 More accurately, the right to immediate, exclusive possession. 4 Becker 1992, 206. 5 Brudner 1993, 184–5.

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